DESIGN OF AN OFFSHORE THREE-BLADED

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE FOR WIND

TUNNEL EXPERIMENTS
Sukanta Roy, Hubert Branger, Luneau Christopher, Denis Bourras, Benoit
Paillard

To cite this version:

Sukanta Roy, Hubert Branger, Luneau Christopher, Denis Bourras, Benoit Paillard. DESIGN OF
AN OFFSHORE THREE-BLADED VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE FOR WIND TUNNEL
EXPERIMENTS. ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engi-
neering OMAE2017, Jun 2017, Trondheim, Norway. �hal-01629533�

HAL Id: hal-01629533

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01629533
Submitted on 6 Nov 2017

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés.
 Proceedings of the ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering
OMAE2017
June 25-30, 2017, Trondheim, Norway

OMAE2017-61512

DESIGN OF AN OFFSHORE THREE-BLADED VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE FOR

WIND TUNNEL EXPERIMENTS

Sukanta Roy Hubert Branger

IRPHE, Aix Marseille University, EOLFI CNRS, IRPHE, Aix Marseille University
13288 Marseille, France 13288 Marseille, France
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Luneau Christopher Denis Bourras Benoit Paillard

CNRS, Institut Pythéas- OSU CNRS/MIO, Aix-Marseille University EOLFI
13288 Marseille, France 13288 Marseille, France 75008 Paris, France
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT implementation of active pitch control in the developed turbine

will be investigated in future research.
The rapid shrinkage of fossil fuel sources and contrary
fast-growing energy needs of social, industrial and
technological enhancements, necessitate the need of different NOMENCLATURE
approaches to exploit the various renewable energy sources. α Angle of attack (°)
Among the several technological alternatives, wind energy is θ Azimuthal angle (°)
one of the most emerging prospective because of its renewable, σ Solidity ratio
sustainable and environment friendly nature, especially at its ω Rotational speed of the turbine (rad/s)
offshore locations. The recent growth of the offshore wind ρ Density of air (Kg/m3)
energy market has significantly increased the technological λ Tip speed ratio, TSR
importance of the offshore vertical axis wind turbines, both as AR Aspect ratio
floating or fixed installations. Particularly, the class of lift- ad Downstream interference factor
driven vertical axis wind turbines is very promising; however, au Upstream interference factor
the existing design and technology is not competent enough to C Chord length (m)
meet the global need of offshore wind energy. In this context, CFD Computational fluid dynamics
the project AEROPITCH co-investigated by EOLFI, CORETI CD Coefficient of drag
and IRPHE aims at the development of a robust and CL Coefficient of lift
sophisticated offshore vertical axis wind turbine, which would CN Normal force coefficient
bring decisive competitive advantage in the offshore wind CP Power coefficient
energy market. In this paper, simulations have been performed CPmax Maximum power coefficient
on the various airfoils of NACA 4-series, 5-series and Selig CQ Torque coefficient
profiles at different chord Reynolds numbers of 60000, 100000 CT Tangential force coefficient
and 140000 using double multiple streamtube model with tip DMST Double multiple streamtube
loss correction. Based on the power coefficient, the best FD Drag force (N)
suitable airfoil S1046 has been selected for a 3-bladed vertical FL Lift force (N)
axis wind turbine. Besides the blade profile, the turbine design FN Normal force (N)
parameters such as aspect ratio and solidity ratio have also FT Tangential force (N)
been investigated by varying the diameter and chord of the HAWT Horizontal axis wind turbine
blade. Further, a series of wind tunnel experiments will be n Number of blades
performed on the developed wind turbine, and the PIV Particle image velocimetry

1 Copyright © 2017 by ASME

R Radius of the turbine (m) a wide range of designs is experimentally expensive and time
Rec Chord Reynolds number taking procedure. In this context, Marten et al. [5] have
S Swept area (m2) developed a fast processing algorithm ‘QBlade’ based on
U∞ Free stream velocity (m/s) double multiple stream tube (DMST) model as described in
Ud Downstream induced velocity (m/s) [6,7]. The application of DMST for performance prediction of
Ue Equilibrium velocity between upstream and the VAWTs were also observed in the studies of Beri and Yao
downstream rotor disks (m/s) [8], Biadgo et al. [9] and Wang et al. [10].
Uu Upstream induced velocity (m/s)
Uw Wake velocity (m/s)
VAWT Vertical axis wind turbine
W Relative velocity (m/s)

INTRODUCTION
Since the energy crisis in early 1970s, the green and
renewable energy sources have grabbed much attention in both
industry and academic research. The adverse carbon emission
effects of fossil fuels and lack of availability issues push the
concern about the wind, water and solar energy alternatives.
Focusing on the wind energy conversion, there are two Figure 1. Frontal view of a 3-bladed Darrieus type VAWT
broad categories of modern wind turbines based on their
rotational axis, namely horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) To improve the performance of VAWTs for offshore
and vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). Although, the HAWTs applications, the project AEROPITCH co-investigated by
are dominating the wind energy market, in recent times, a EOLFI, CORETI and IRPHE, has been developing and testing
renewed interest has been observed on VAWTs. Particularly, VAWT models through analytical, numerical and experimental
the recent growth in offshore wind energy market and the approach. As a preliminary part of this project, a series of
interest on decentralized power generation enhance the simulations have been performed on several blade airfoils (Fig.
research possibilities on VAWTs. For offshore applications, the 2) using DMST model for designing a 3-bladed VAWT to be
VAWTs offer distinct advantages such as energy conversion tested in the wind tunnel facility at chord Reynolds numbers
capability regardless of wind direction, good positioning of (Rec) in the range 60000 to 140000. For wind tunnel model
generator and gearbox below the turbine that gives a simpler testing, the selection of such a low Rec (order of 104–105) can
and lighter structure, reducing the installation cost in offshore be justified through Similitude scaling approach for Froude
locations. Further, the structural stability at high-speed winds number and Reynolds number, as well explained in [11]. The
is another advantage of VAWT. The advantages of lower center approach was reported to be useful for model testing of large-
of gravity, reduced machine complexity and better scalability to scale real turbines operating at Rec in the order of 106.
large sizes made it interesting for offshore applications, and
several multi-megawatt offshore VAWT projects are currently
underway [1]. However, since the VAWT has a rotational axis
normal to the incident flow, the flow aerodynamics is more
complicated than that of well-known HAWTs [2].
The modern lift-driven VAWT was invented by a French
engineer GJM Darrieus in 1931 for both the “straight-bladed”
and “eggbeater types [3]. However, up to early 1970s, there has
been very less research on VAWTs. Afterwards, in last few
decades, a number of studies have been reported on VAWTs for
improving its performance [4]. The frontal view of a typical 3-
bladed H-Darrieus type VAWT is shown in Fig. 1.
The wind turbine performance is often characterized by
power coefficient and torque coefficient. The optimum
operating condition for such a turbine depends on the
aerodynamic force characteristics of the blade airfoil, turbine
solidity, chord length, turbine radius, turbine height, blade
twist angle and tip speed ratio. However, the investigations on
the blade airfoils of VAWTs are far fewer than those have been
carried out on the HAWTs, and the parametric investigation on Figure 2. Airfoils studied for the 3-bladed VAWT

2 Copyright © 2017 by ASME

 The first objective is to select a suitable airfoil from The lift and drag characteristics of the different airfoils
NACA 4-series, NACA 5-series, and Selig profiles (Fig. 2). tested in the study have been obtained using XFOIL algorithm
The next objective is to design the turbine with respect to a (integrated with open source code XFLR 5) at different chord
better aspect ratio (AR = H/D) and solidity ratio (σ = nC/2R) Reynolds numbers (Rec). However, the calculation has been
by varying the turbine radius (R) and blade chord length (C). kept to a small angle of attack that lies before and just beyond
stall point to avoid the effect of separation and non-
METHODOLOGY convergence. For the smooth operation with DMST, the polars
The analysis performed in the present work are based on of CL and CD obtained from XFOIL analysis have been
double multiple stream tube (DMST) model using QBlade v0.9 extrapolated to 360° angle of attack (Fig. 4) using the
[5], developed for the VAWTs (particularly, Darrieus type). The extrapolation method explained in [12].
first step for this analysis is to calculate the forces acting on
the VAWT blades (Fig. 3).

Figure 4. Polar extrapolation to 360° angle of attack

The next step is to define the VAWT geometry for each of

the airfoils in the QBlade blade design module using the
extrapolated polar data at each chord Reynolds number. The
chord length of each airfoil has been set to 0.09 m with turbine
radius of 0.8 m and turbine height of 0.9 m.
Figure 3. Forces acting on the VAWT blades Following the design step, the simulations have been
carried out for each of the airfoils. The double multiple stream
The lift coefficient (CL) and drag coefficient (CD) are given tube model, as described in [6,7], is modeled by a pair of
by: actuator rotor disks in tandem (Fig. 5), one at the upstream of
the turbine rotation (0°-180°) and another at the downstream
C L  FL (1) of the turbine rotation (180°-360°). Each of the turbine blades
0.5U 2 S
is discretized into number of elements, and the complete
rotational cycle of each element is divided into steps of 5° [5].
C D  FD (2) The flow through the turbine blades is sub-divided into a large
0.5U 2 S number of streamtubes. The different induced velocities are
where, ρ is the density of air and S is the blade swept area. calculated at the upstream and downstream locations for each
The values of CN (normal force efficient) and CT of the streamtubes. The effect of turbulence is neglected, and
(tangential force coefficient) are calculated by: two-dimensional flow is assumed.
As the flow passes through a particular streamtube, the
C N  CL cos   CD sin  (3) blades extract kinetic energy of the flowing fluid at the
upstream and downstream locations, and thereby the velocity
CT  CL sin   C D cos  (4) drops at each actuator rotor disk of each streamtube. The
freestream wind velocity, U∞ models the velocities at each
where, the angle of attack, α can be calculated from the
section through consideration of interference factors au at the
azimuthal angle (θ) turbine radius (R), rotational speed (ω),
upstream and ad at the downstream:
relative velocity (W) and local induced velocity (Uu) [8]:
U u  auU  (6)
U u sin 
tan   (5)
U u cos   R
U e  (2a u  1)U  (7)

3 Copyright © 2017 by ASME

 U d  a d (2a u  1)U  (8) steady assumption in the DMST model, which could not
predict well for unsteady flows at high tip speed ratios.
U w  (2a d  1)(2a u  1)U  Although the method has marginally over-predicted the
(9)
results, the use of this methodology allows the flexibility to
where, Uu is the induced fluid velocity at the upstream rotor
study a wide range of airfoils and turbine design parameters to
disk, Ue is the fluid velocity at the equilibrium plane between
obtain a suitable aerodynamic design of VAWT with
upstream and downstream rotor disk, Ud is the induced fluid
significantly lesser computational cost. The obtained design
velocity at the downstream rotor disk, and Uw is the fluid
can be further studied in detail through comprehensive CFD
velocity at the wake.
analysis.
If au = 1, zero energy extraction from the flowing fluid,
and au = 0, the fluid brought to rest.

Figure 6. Validation study for DMST VAWT model

Figure 5. Streamtubes on VAWT rotation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the present work, for a 3-bladed VAWT, several airfoils
The upstream and downstream interference factors are of NACA 4-series, NACA 5-series and Selig profiles (Fig. 2)
calculated for each height position based on the forces acting have been tested at chord Reynolds numbers of 60000,100000,
on their respective circular halves and integrated over the half- and 140000 for obtaining a suitable airfoil for the wind tunnel
circular rotation. These factors are calculated using the blade experiments under AEROPITCH project. The lift and drag
element theory and momentum equation over each streamtube characteristics of all tested models under each chord Reynolds
using the effect of CN and CT. number have been obtained with XFOIL aerodynamic tool, and
The torque coefficient (CQ) has been integrated over the extrapolated for a complete rotational cycle. DMST with tip
complete rotational cycle. The equations used in the present loss correction method has been adopted for all the simulations
work for derivation of au, ad and CQ can be found in [5, 6, and to calculate the power coefficient of the VAWT. Further, the
7]. The power coefficient (CP) has been obtained from CQ by: design parameters such as aspect ratio (AR = H/D) and solidity
ratio (σ = nC/2R) have been tested at the above- mentioned
C P  CQ  (10) chord Reynolds numbers.
where, λ represents tip speed ratio (TSR) of the turbine, given
by: Selection of Airfoil
The presented airfoils in this paper have been selected
R from a series of studies on various NACA 4-series, 5-series and
 (11)
U Selig profiles. The top 4 airfoils in each category is
demonstrated in the present paper. All the tested airfoils have
VALIDATION been set to 0.09 m chord length with turbine radius of 0.8 m
To validate the present methodology, a comparative study and turbine height of 0.9 m. For each case, the analysis has
has been performed for a two-bladed Darrieus type VAWT been carried out at TSR = 0 to 6 with step of 0.2.
using NACA 0015 airfoil (Fig. 6). The experimental data of At chord Reynolds number (Rec) of 60000, for NACA 4-
Sandia laboratory [13] for 17 m diameter VAWT have been series airfoils, as the thickness of the profile increases, a
compared with the present study using DMST model with tip reduction in the operating range is observed (Fig. 7). At Rec =
loss correction considering with and without the shaft gap. The 60000, the peak performance coefficient (CPmax) of 0.32 is
comparative study shows a good validation of the present observed for NACA 0015 at TSR = 3.8 among the tested
model, particularly tip speed ratio below 6. It is mainly due to NACA 4-series airfoils. NACA 0012, NACA 0018 and NACA

4 Copyright © 2017 by ASME

0021 have shown CPmax of 0.31 at TSR = 3.6, CPmax of 0.29 at a CPmax of 0.40 at TSR = 3.8. NACA 0018 and NACA 0012
TSR = 3.8 and CPmax of 0.24 at TSR = 3.8, respectively. NACA has shown a similar peak magnitude of 0.39 at TSR = 3.8 (Fig.
5-series seems not very interesting for VAWTs. Among the 13). At this Rec, the values of CPmax for NACA 5-series profiles
NACA 5-series airfoils NACA 63215 shown a CPmax of 0.28 at such as NACA 23015, NACA 23018, NACA 23021 and
TSR = 3.4 (Fig. 8). For VAWTs, at Rec = 60000, Selig profile NACA 63215 are obtained as 0.37, 0.36, 0.35 and 0.36,
S1046 has shown a CPmax of 0.33 at TSR = 3.4, whereas, a respectively (Fig. 14).
CPmax of 0.29 at TSR = 3.8 is calculated with S1048 (Fig. 9).

Figure 9. Variation of CP for Selig profiles at Rec = 60000

Figure 7. Variation of CP for NACA 4-series at Rec = 60000

Figure 10. Variation of CP for NACA 4-series at Rec = 100000

Figure 8. Variation of CP for NACA 5-series at Rec = 60000

At Rec = 100000, an almost similar trend of CPmax is

observed for better airfoils as found at Rec = 60000. The values
of CPmax are obtained as 0.37, 0.37, and 0.36 for NACA 0015 at
TSR = 3.8, NACA 0018 at TSR = 3.6 and NACA 0012 at TSR
= 3.8, respectively (Fig. 10). At this Rec, the values of CPmax for
NACA 23018, NACA 23015and NACA 63215 are obtained as
0.34 at TSR = 3.4, 0.34 at TSR 3.6, and 0.33 at TSR = 3.6,
respectively (Fig. 11). The Selig profile S1046 has shown a
CPmax of 0.38 at TSR = 3.4, whereas the nearest Selig profile
S1048 has shown a CPmax of 0.36 at TSR = 3.8 (Fig. 12).
Similarly, Figs. 13, 14, and 15 show the variations of CP at
Rec = 140000 for NACA 4-series, NACA 5-series and Selig
profiles, respectively. At Rec = 140000, NACA 0015 has given Figure 11. Variation of CP for NACA 5-series at Rec = 100000

5 Copyright © 2017 by ASME

 Among the Selig profiles, at Rec = 140000, a CPmax of 0.41 the chord length (C) and turbine height (H) are considered
at TSR = 3.6 is observed for S1046 as compared to CPmax of constants as 0.09 m and 0.9 m. The aspect ratio has been
0.39 at TSR = 3.8 for S1048 (Fig. 15). From this comparative varied by turbine radius R = 0.75 m, 0.5625 m, 0.45 m, 0.375
analysis at different chord Reynolds numbers, S1046 airfoil is m and 0.32 m to obtain AR = 0.60, 0.80, 1.0, 1.20, and 1.40,
obtained to be suitable for the project AEROPITCH. respectively. All the simulations are carried out for a 3-bladed
VAWT using S1046 at Rec = 60000, 100000, and 140000.

Figure 12. Variation of CP for Selig profiles at Rec = 100000

Figure 15. Variation of CP for Selig profiles at Rec = 140000

It has been observed that at low chord Reynolds number

(Fig. 16), smaller ARs (<1) have higher CPmax than the higher
ARs (>1). At Rec = 60000, the peak CPmax of 0.34 has been
obtained with AR = 0.80 at TSR = 3.2, whereas, CPmax of 0.32
at TSR = 3.6, CPmax of 0.33 at TSR = 3.0, CPmax of 0.32 at TSR
= 2.8, and CPmax of 0.30 at TSR = 2.8 are obtained for AR =
0.60, 1.0, 1.20, and 1.40, respectively.

Figure 13. Variation of CP for NACA 4-series at Rec = 140000

Figure 16. Effect of AR at Rec = 60000 for a 3-bladed VAWT

Figure 14. Variation of CP for NACA 5-series at Rec = 140000 As Rec increases to 100000 (Fig. 17), the performance has
been increased with higher ARs. A CPmax of 0.45 is obtained at
Analysis of Aspect Ratio (AR) TSR = 2.6 with AR = 1.20 in comparison to 0.44 (at TSR =
The turbine aspect ratio (AR) is defined as ratio height of 2.8), 0.44 (at TSR = 2.4), 0.43 (at TSR = 3.0), and 0.39 (at
the turbine (H) to the turbine diameter (D = 2R). In this study, TSR = 3.4) with AR = 1.0, 1.4, 0.8 and 0.6, respectively.

6 Copyright © 2017 by ASME

 The variation in the chord lengths is resulted in solidity
designs σ = 0.10, 0.17, 0.23, 0.37, and 0.43, respectively. All
the designs are tested with Selig profile S1046. Figs. 19-21
show the variations of power coefficients at Rec = 60000,
100000, and 140000.
It has been observed that with solidity ratio of σ = 0.17,
the 3-bladed VAWT shows better performance as compared to
other tested solidity designs. As the chord Reynolds number
increases, the turbine performance also increases significantly.
With σ = 0.17, CPmax of 0.40 (at TSR = 3.6), 0.47 (at TSR =
3.4), 0.49 (at TSR = 3.4) are obtained at Rec = 60000, 100000,
and 140000, respectively. Thus, after a series of simulations
with different chord Reynolds numbers, a 3-bladed VAWT
designed with S1046 airfoil, AR = 1.0, and σ = 0.17 is found
to be more suitable for wind tunnel experiments.
Figure 17. Effect of AR at Rec = 100000 for a 3-bladed VAWT

With the further increase of chord Reynolds number at Rec

= 140000 (Fig. 18), the turbine performance gets even better.
With AR = 1.20, a CPmax of 0.48 is calculated at TSR = 2.6. In
contrast, the values of CPmax obtained with AR = 0.60, 0.80,
1.0, and 1.40 are 0.41 (at TSR = 3.4), 0.45 (at TSR = 3.0),
0.47 (at TSR = 2.4) and 0.47 (at TSR = 2.8). Although, the
variation of turbine performance with respect to change in AR
is significant at different chord Reynolds numbers, however, it
has been observed that the design with AR = 1.0 is more
consistent at lower as well as higher chord Reynolds numbers.
Thus, AR = 1.0 has been selected for the analysis of solidity.

Figure 19. Effect of σ at Rec = 60000 for a 3-bladed VAWT

CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents an analysis for designing a 3-bladed
VAWT to increase its aerodynamic performance in terms of
power coefficient. The double multiple streamtube (DMST)
approach considering the tip loss correction found to be an
effective lower order accuracy performance prediction
methodology for analysis of a wide range of turbine designs in
a comparative manner with significantly lesser computational
cost. The study depicted the Selig profile S1046 to be suitable
for the wind tunnel experiments at target chord Reynolds
Figure 18. Effect of AR at Rec = 140000 for a 3-bladed VAWT numbers in in the range of 60000 to 140000. The test for
aspect ratio shows that the performance of the 3-bladed VAWT
Analysis of Solidity Ratio (σ) significantly varies with the change in AR at different chord
It is one of the most important parameter for the VAWT Reynolds numbers. The aspect ratio of 1.0 is more consistent at
design. It is defined as σ = nC/2R, where n is the number of lower as well as higher chord Reynolds numbers over a good
blades, C is the blade chord length and R is the turbine radius. range of TSR. A solidity ratio of 0.17 is found to be suitable for
To select a better design for the project, the chord length has increasing the turbine performance in the tested range.
been varied as 0.03 m, 0.05 m, 0.07 m, 0.09m, 0.11 m, and In continuation to this analysis, a series of wind tunnel
0.13 m; with turbine height (H) has been kept constant at 0.9 experiments will be conducted at different chord Reynolds
m, and AR = 1.0 is maintained for all the solidity test designs. numbers in the range 60000 to 140000.

7 Copyright © 2017 by ASME

 The wind tunnel experiments will be followed by PIV flow REFERENCES
visualization and sophisticated CFD simulations of the [1] Chen, J., Chen, L., Xu, H., Yang, H., Ye, C., and Liu, D.,
developed 3-bladed VAWT design. The active pitch control of 2016, “Performance Improvement of a Vertical Axis Wind
VAWT blades through servo control mechanism will also be Turbine by Comprehensive Assessment of an Airfoil Family,”
investigated in this project. Energy, Vol. 114, pp. 318–331.
It is worth mentioning that while designing a large [2] Islam, M., Ting, D.S.K., and Fartaj, A., 2008,
prototype, the high ARs gives more structural stability for a “Aerodynamic Models for Darrieus-type Straight-Bladed
given output due to shorter arms. It also minimizes the space Vertical Axis Wind Turbines,” Renewable and Sustainable
requirement. Thus, apart from AR = 1.0, higher ARs (AR > Energy Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 1087–1109.
1.0) will also be considered in the wind tunnel experiments by [3] Darrieus, G.J.M., 1931, “Turbine Having its Rotating Shaft
shortening the turbine arm lengths. Transverse to the Flow of the Current,” US Patent No.
1835081.
[4] Bhutta, M.M.A, Hayat, N., Farooq, A.U., Ali, Z., Jamil,
S.R., and Hussain, Z., 2012,“Vertical Axis Wind Turbine – A
Review of Various Configurations and Design Techniques,”
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, pp.
1926–1939.
[5] Marten, D., Wendler, J., Pechlivanoglou, G., Nayeri, C.N.,
and Paschereit, C.O., 2013, “Development and Application of
a Simulation Tool for Vertical and Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbines,” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2013, June
3-7, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
[6] Paraschivoiu, I., 1988, "Double-Multiple Streamtube Model
for Studying Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines," Journal of
Propulsion and Power, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 370–377.
[7] Paraschivoiu, I., and Delclaux, F., 1983, "Double Multiple
Figure 20. Effect of σ at Rec = 100000 for a 3-bladed VAWT Streamtube Model with Recent Improvements (for Predicting
Aerodynamic Loads and Performance of Darrieus Vertical Axis
Wind Turbines)," Journal of Energy, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 250–
255.
[8] Beri, H., and Yao, Y., 2011, "Double Multiple Streamtube
Model and Numerical Analysis of Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine," Energy and Power Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.
262–270.
[9] Biadgo, A.M., Simonovic, A., Komarov, D., and Stupar, S.,
2013, “Numerical and Analytical Investigation of Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine,” FME Transactions, Vol. 41, pp. 49–58.
[10] Wang, K., Hansen, M.O.L., Moan, T., 2015, “Model
Improvements for Evaluating the Effect of Tower Tilting on
the Aerodynamics of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine,” Wind
Energy, Vol. 18, pp. 91–110.
[11] Bachant, P., and Wosnik, M., 2016, “Effects of Reynolds
Number on the Energy Conversion and Near-Wake Dynamics
Figure 21. Effect of σ at Rec = 140000 for a 3-bladed VAWT of a High Solidity Vertical-Axis Cross-Flow Turbine,”
Energies, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 1–18.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [12] Montgomerie, B., 2004, “Methods for Root Effects, Tip
This work has been funded by the French Region PACA Effects and Extending the Angle of Attack Range to +- 180°,
through the APRF project AEROPITCH DEB-14-1204-2014- with Application to Aerodynamics for Blades on Wind
10915, and has been carried out in the framework Labex Turbines and Propellers,” Scientific Report, Swedish Defence
MEC, (ANR-10-LABX-0092) and of the A*MIDEX project Research Agency, FOI-R-1035-SE.
(ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), funded by the French Government [13] Worstell, M.H., 1981, “Aerodynamic Performance of the
program managed by the French National Research Agency DOE/Sandia 17-m-Diameter Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine,”
(ANR). AIAA Journal of Energy, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 39–42.

8 Copyright © 2017 by ASME