CHEMISTRY
ALEEN GLENN CALUGAS
Junior Teacher 1
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Describe the different functional groups
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are
compounds that came from
living things were thought to
contain a “vital force”.
- naturally produced when the liver
breaks down protein or amino
acids, and ammonia
UREA - used in agriculture as fertilizers
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
H2(g) + N2(g) → NH3(g)
NH3(g) + CO2(g) → CO(NH2)2(s) + H2O(g)
UREA
Organic compounds can be extracted from
CO(NH2)2 living things or synthesized in a laboratory.
Organic compounds are compounds in which one or more
carbon atoms are covalently bound to atoms of other elements,
most commonly hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen.
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
Electron Configuration [He]2s22p2
C Oxidation State
Electronegativity
+4, -4
2.5
Key Isotopes 12C, 13C, 14C
CARBON Catenation – ability to bond with
itself, forming chains, rings, and
branches
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- study of carbon-based compounds known
ORGANIC as organic compounds
CHEMISTRY - uses a system of prefixes to name
compounds
C Atoms Prefix C Atoms Prefix
1 meth- 6 hexa-
2 eth- 7 hepta-
3 prop- 8 octa-
4 but- 9 nona-
5 penta- 10 deca-
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- organic compounds containing only
HYDROCARBON two elements – carbon and
hydrogen
- classified as aliphatic hydrocarbon
• alkane or aromatic hydrocarbon
• alkene
• alkyne
• cycloalkane
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
saturated hydrocarbon (paraffins)
ALKANES - most basic type of organic compound and
contain only single bonds
- General Formula: CnH2n+2
- Naming Rule: Carbon chain prefix + –ane
H—H—H—H—H pentane (C H ) H—H—H—H—
5 12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
H—C—C—C—C—C—H H—C—C—C—C—H
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
H—H—H—H—H butane (C 4H10) H—H—H—H—
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
unsaturated hydrocarbon (olefins)
ALKENES - nonpolar organic compounds containing a
carbon to carbon double bond
- General Formula: CnH2n
- Naming Rule: Carbon chain prefix + –ene
H—H—H—H═H 1-pentene H═H—H—H—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
H—C—C—C—C═C (C5H10) C═C—C—C—H
1-butene
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
H—H—H—H═H (C4H8) H═H—H—H—
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
unsaturated hydrocarbon
ALKYNES - nonpolar organic compounds containing a
carbon to carbon triple bond
- General Formula: CnH2n–2
- Naming Rule: Carbon chain prefix + –yne
H—H—H—H
1-pentyne (C5H8) H—H—H—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
H—C—C—C—C♡C—H H—C♡C—C—C—H
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
H—H—H—H 1-butyne (C4H6H—H—H—
)
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
In naming aliphatic hydrocarbon, take note of the following:
Step 1 How many carbon atoms are present in the
chain?
Step 2 Are there multiple bonds between two carbon
atoms? If so, is it a double bond or a triple
bond?
Step 3 If Step 2 is a Yes; which side is the multiple
bond closer to?
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
1 Step 1 How many carbon atoms are
present in the chain?
1 2 3 4 4
Step 2 Are there multiple bonds between
two carbon atoms? If so, is it a
double bond or a triple bond?
CH2═CHCH2CH3 yes; double bond
Step 3 If Step 2 is a Yes; which side is the
1-butene multiple bond closer to?
to the left
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
2 Step 1 How many carbon atoms are
present in the chain?
5 4 3 2 1 5
Step 2 Are there multiple bonds between
two carbon atoms? If so, is it a
double bond or a triple bond?
CH3CH2C♡CCH3 yes; triple bond
Step 3 If Step 2 is a Yes; which side is the
2-pentyne multiple bond closer to?
to the right
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
3 Step 1 How many carbon atoms are
present in the chain?
4 3 2 1
4
Step 2 Are there multiple bonds between
two carbon atoms? If so, is it a
double bond or a triple bond?
CH3CH═CHCH3 yes; double bond
Step 3 If Step 2 is a Yes; which side is the
2-butene multiple bond closer to?
exactly in the middle
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- an atom or group of atoms that
imparts characteristic chemical
functional
properties to an organic
group compound
- site of a chemical reaction
- group that is formed by removing
a hydrogen atom from an alkane
alkyl group - less reactive portions of the
molecules
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
ORGANIC - functional groups bonded to one
COMPOUNDS or more alkyl groups
C Atoms in C Atoms in
Alkyl group name Alkyl group name
alkyl group alkyl group
1 methyl 6 hexyl
2 ethyl 7 heptyl
3 propyl 8 octyl
4 butyl 9 nonyl
5 pentyl 10 decyl
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
ALCOHOL ETHER ALDEHYDE
ORGANIC
AMINE KETONE
COMPOUNDS
CARBOXYLIC
AMIDE ESTER
ACID
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- has a hydroxyl group (–OH) bonded to a
carbon atom
- General Formula: R–OH
ALCOHOL - Naming Rule:
Corresponding alkane name – e + -ol
Alkyl group name + alcohol
methanol ethanol
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- has two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to
oxygen
ETHER - General Formula: R–O–R’
- Naming Rule: Alkyl group names + ether
dimethyl ether ethyl methyl ether diethyl ether
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- more reactive than ketones
- General Formula: R–COH
ALDEHYDE - Naming Rule:
Corresponding alkane name – e + -al
methanal
ethanal propanal
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- less reactive than aldehydes
- General Formula: R–CO–R’
KETONE - Naming Rule:
Corresponding alkane name – e + -one
2-propanone 2-butanone
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- contain the carboxyl functional group
- have higher boiling points than alcohols
CARBOXYLIC
and have weak acidic properties compared
ACID
to binary acids
organic - General Formula: R–COOH
acids - Naming Rule:
Corresponding alkane name – e + -oic acid
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- responsible for many pleasant smells and
tastes of fruits and flowers
- General Formula: R–COO–R’
ESTER - Naming Rule:
Alkyl group name + Corresponding
carboxylic acid name – -ic acid + ate
methyl ethanoate
ethyl ethanoate
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- organic compounds where an alkyl group is
bonded to a derivative of ammonia, NH3
AMINE - General Formula: R–NH2, R2–NH, R3–N
- Naming Rule: Alkyl group names + -amine
methylamine dimethylamine ethylamine
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
- carboxylic acids where the –OH part is
replaced by –NH2 group
AMIDE - General Formula: R–CONH2
- Naming Rule:
Corresponding carboxylic acid name + -amide
ethanoic acid ethanamide
methanoic acid methanamide
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
In identifying and describing organic compounds
containing functional groups, take note of the following:
Step 1 Are there functional groups in the structure?
Step 2 If Step 1 is a Yes; what family does the
compound belong to?
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
1 Step 1 Are there functional groups in
the structure?
Yes
Step 2 If Step 1 is a Yes; what family
does the compound belong to?
Carboxylic acid
ethanoic acid
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
2 Step 1 Are there functional
groups in the
structure?
Yes
Step 2 If Step 1 is a Yes;
what family does the
compound belong
to?
ethyl ethanoate Ester
LESSON 1 - Organic Compounds
3 Step 1 Are there functional
groups in the structure?
Yes
Step 2 If Step 1 is a Yes; what
family does the
compound belong to?
Ether
ethyl methyl ether
