FINAL COACHING - PALMR C.

Discussion

Total points128/242 D. Introduction

1. Nurse Maria is analysing a research article.  

What section in the article can she expect to
find the research question and study purpose? 4. Nurse Maria wants to go over the list of
reference used in the study which can be found
*
in which part?  
1/1 *

A. Discussion 1/1

B. Methods A. At the end of the article 

C. Results B. As part of the literature review

D. Introduction C. In the results sections

  D. In the introduction

2. Nurse Maria is looking for description of the  

type of measurement used in the study. She will
find this section of article?  5. Nurse Criselda believes that research is
significant to the nursing profession, hence, the
* study results should be disseminated. This is
because research allows ___.   
1/1 *
A. Conclusion 1/1
B. Introduction A. Liability within the practice of nursing
C. Results decreased

D. Methods B. A specialized body of knowledge to be

generated for use in health care delivery  
 
C. The scope of nursing practice to be expanded
3. A brief explanation of data collection and into areas formerly reserved to other discipline
analysis of procedure is found in which section
of the article?   D. Nursing responsibility to be more specifically
* defined

0/1  

A. Abstract  

B. Conclusion  
6. Which situation supports the charge of B. Rules and regulations are only suggested
negligence against a professional nurse?   standards of care and do not have to be
* followed.

1/1 C. These rules and regulation have the force of

the law.
A. A failure on the part of the nurse to establish
a therapeutic relationship with the patient. D. Violation of a rule and regulation is not the
same as violation of the nursing practice act.
B. A failure on the part of the nurse to ensure
that patient only received care for which they  
could pay
9. A patient injured at work, was seen by the
C. A failure on the part of the nurse to exercise factory occupational nurse. The nurse treated
reasonable and prudent care in treating a the wound and instructed the patient to get a
patient  tetanus anti toxin at the city health center. The
patient failed to follow instructions developed
D. A failure on the part of the nurse to allay tetanus and subsequently filed a lawsuit against
patient’s fear about an upcoming procedure. the nurse. What is most likely result of the
7. What does the court consider in determining ensuring trial? The nurse is   
the nurse’s legal liability for standards of care?   *
* 0/1
1/1 A. Liable, because there was no follow up to
A. Professional education, experience and ensure that the patient received the injection
specific conduct B. Not liable for the damages because the nurse
B. Professional experience, but not the has a right to expect that instructions will be
education and conduct followed

C. Professional conduct, but not the experience C. Liable, because tetanus is easily treatable
and education after diagnosis

D. Professional education, but not the conduct D. Not liable, because tetanus is reportable
and experience  disease and the health enter should have
insisted the treatment.
8. The BOARD of nursing brought action against
a nurse’s license based upon the violation of a  
regulation. What is TRUE about this scenario?    Situation 6 – A team of researchers is
* conducting a study on the effect of high dose
1/1 corticosteroids in improving the motor and
sensory outcomes of patients with spinal cord
A. Rules and regulations are internal to the injuries within 6 weeks if administered within 8
board nor the nurse
hours after injury. The study covers a three- B. Injection of corticosteroids within 8 hours
month period.   after injury

  C. Research methodology

10. On the basis of the nature of the D. motor and sensory outcomes patients with
investigation, which one of the designs listed spinal cord injuries
below would allow the researchers to have the
most confidence that the corticosteroids is 13. The manipulated variable to the
experimental group is the:  
effective in improving the motor and sensory
outcomes of patients with spinal cord injury:    *
* 1/1
1/1 A. Improved recovery and lessen hospitalization
period
A. Quasi or semi-experimental design

B. Non-experimental design B. Questionnaire in gathering pertinent data

C. Improved motor and sensory outcomes

C. Experimental design

D. Retrospective-prospective study D. Injection of corticosteroids within 8 hours

post spinal cord injury 
 
 
11. Which of the following is present in
Situation: As a nurse, you are expected to
conducting the above study?  
* participate in initiating or participating in the
conduct of research studies to improve nursing
1/1 practice. You should be updated on the latest
trends and issues affecting the profession and
A. Experimental group the best practices arrived at the profession.  
B. Subjects  
C. Variables 14. Which of the following is the most
D. Control group important reason for conducting a review of the
related literature before conducting a research
 12. In the above study, the researchers study?  
manipulate the variable under study. Which of *
the following variables is measured to
determine if the effect has occurred?   0/1
* A. The research design can be copied from a
1/1 previous study

A. Clients with spinal cord injury

B. A determination will be made about the 17. Deriving a propositional statement from a
existing knowledge in the identified topic theory involves the logical reasoning process
called:  
C. An instrument may be uncovered that will be *
appropriate for the proposed study
0/1
D. The feasibility of the study can be
determined A. Induction

15. Most research articles that appear in the B. Critical analysis

journal Research in Nursing and Health are
examples of   C. Conceptualization
* D. Deduction
0/1  
A. Primary sources 18. Which of the following theories was
B. Secondary sources developed by nurse theorist?  
*
C. Both primary and secondary sources
1/1
D. Neither primary nor secondary
A. Social cognitive theory
 
B. Hierarchy of needs theory
16. In conducting a literature review, the reader
C. Job satisfaction theory
is least interested in which of the following
information?   D. Uncertainty in illness theory
*
 
0/1
SITUATION: Bessie, a researcher, proposes a
A. Research study result study on the relationship between health values
B. Opinion about the research study and the health promotion activities of staff
nurses in a selected college of nursing.  
C. How the variables were operationally defined
 
D. Research study methodology
19. The primary purpose for reviewing literature
  is to:  
*
 
0/1
 

 
A. Generate broad background and C. Relationship between values and health
understanding of information related to the promotion activities
research problem of interest
 D. Staff nurses in selected college of nursing
B. Select topics related to the problem of
interest Situation: You are a nurse-researcher of a non-
government organization. Your research team is
C. Gather current knowledge of the problem of assigned to conduct several qualitative
interest researches.  

D. Organize material related to the problem of  

interest
22. You are working on a research article
  entitled “Becoming a Father”. Which research
design would probably be the most appropriate
20. In formulating the research hypotheses, to study the phenomenon of interest?  
researcher Bessie should state the research *
question as:   
* 0/1

1/1 A. Ethnographic

A. Is there a significant relationship between B. Grounded Theory

health values and health promotion activities of
C. Phenomenology 
the staff nurses?

B. What is the response of the staff nurses to D. Action Research

the health values?  
C. How do health values affect health 23. What type of sampling procedure is
promotion activities of the staff nurses? generally used in qualitative research design?   
D. How is variable "health value" perceived in a *
population? 1/1
21. The proposed study shows the relationship A. Quota
between the variables. Which of the following is
the independent variable?   B. Convenience
*
C. Simple Random
0/1
D. Purposive
A. Health values
 
B. Health promotion activities
 
 24. Which of the following is a qualitative D. Longitudinal
research design where lived experiences of
individuals are examined in their “life world”?    
* Situation: You are a nurse conducting statistical
1/1 analysis of a study entitled, “The Effect of
Gingko Biloba on Memory Retention of Nursing
A. Ethnographic Students preparing for the upcoming board
exam”.  
B. Grounded Theory
 27. Which of the following is the independent
C. Descriptive Studies variable?  
D. Phenomenological *

  0/1

25. The researcher explains to the participants A. The effect of Gingko Biloba
the nature of the study. Which of the following B. Memory Retention
describes the action of the researcher?  
* C. Administration of Gingko Biloba

0/1 D. Enhancing Memory Retention

A. Full Disclosure  

B. Informed Consent 28. Which of the following is the dependent

variable?  
C. Human Dignity *
D. Self-Determination 1/1
  A. The effect of Gingko Biloba
26. Which type of Data collection allows the B. Memory Retention
researcher to obtain information not just for a
single event but collection happens for a long C. Administration of Gingko Biloba
period of time?  
* D. Enhancing Memory Retention

 Situation: Research is essential to the

1/1
development of any profession. Through
A. Retrospective research, knowledge can be validated and
defined, and new knowledge can be generated.
B. Prospective A team of researchers proposed a study on the
C. Cross-Sectional individual effect of preoperative teaching on the
early ambulation of women who have
undergone abdominal hysterectomy. Target the sample size is to   
populations are women admitted on the same *
day for total abdominal hysterectomy.  
0/1
 
A. Determine the duration of the study
29. Which of the following designs would be
B. Establish the number of variables
most appropriate to use in attempting to
determine the participants’ early ambulation C. Consider the type of the study 
after they will be given preoperative
teachings?   D. Make the sample as large as possible
*
 
1/1
32. In the proposed hypothesis, “There is an
A. Time series design Inverse relationship between Scores in NLE and
Level of anxiety.” This kind of hypothesis
B. Pretest-posttest control group design belongs to which of the following category:   
*
 C. Solomon four-group design

D. One shot case study 0/1

A. Null, Non-directional
 

30. The independent variable that is B. Research, Null

manipulated is   C. Research, Directional
*
D. Research, Non-directional
1/1
 
A. Women
33. What is the Independent Variable in the
B. Abdominal surgery proposed hypothesis?  
C. Health outcomes *

0/1
D. Preoperative teachings

  A. National Licensure Exam

B. Scores in NLE 
31. In the proposed study, the researchers
defined the selected groups and asked what C. Level of Anxiety
sample size should be used. Since there are
many qualifiers that to some extent samples D. depression
must be specific to the study, the general rule in
 
 34. Which type of research inquiry investigates A. Complex, directional
the issue of human complexity (e.g.
understanding the human expertise)?   B. Complex, non-directional
* C. Simple, directional
0/1 D. simple, non-directional
A. Quantitative research  
B. Logical position 37. Nurse Fresco goes to the library to review
some related literature connected to his study
C. Natural Inquiry
for the purpose of:  
D. Positivism *

Situation: The use of massage and medication 1/1

to help decrease stress and pain have been
A. To identify if problem can be replicated
strongly recommended based on documented
testimonials.   B. Answering the research question
  C. Determine statistical treatment of data
35. What type of research best suits Nurse research
Queenie if he wants to do a study on this topic: D. Gathering data about what is already known
"Effects of massage and meditation on stress or unknown about the problem.
and pain":  
*

0/1 38. In 1979, The National Commission for the

protection of Human Subjects produced
A. Quantitative research Belmont Report that identified basic ethical
principles to guide research. These were:  
B. Applied research
*
C. Qualitative research
1/1
D. Basic research
A. freedom, advocacy, rules
 
B. autonomy, information, principles
36. Nurse Queenie formulated the following
hypothesis: “Massage decreases stress and pain C. Anonymity, maleficence, assent
among post-operative male clients”. The D. beneficence, justice, respect for the person
hypothesis can be classified as:  
*  

0/1  
   

39. The recipients of the experimental  

treatment in an experimental design or the
 
individuals to be observed in a non-
experimental design are called:    C. Non-equivalent control group
*
D. Quasi-experimental
0/1
 
A. Setting
41. With the research design used, which is the
B. Treatment major threat to the validity of the study?  
*
C. Subjects

D. Sample 1/1

A. testing
 

SITUATION: Diane, a nurse researcher is B. mortality

conducting research on use of touch therapy in C. maturation
reducing pain among geriatric clients residing in
a home care facility   D. selection bias

   

40. Diane conducted the study to 2 groups of 42. Which of the following is NOT true regarding
elderly experiencing chronic pain. The residents hypothesis?  
in Building A was assigned as experimental *
group while those residing in Building B was the
1/1
control group. Both groups’ level of pain was
assessed. The control group was given the usual A. An educated guess
analgesic they receive while the experimental
group was subjected to touch therapy and the B. a tentative guess about relationship between
usual analgesic they receive. The research two variables
design utilized is  
C. a temporary answer to research question
*
D. a general explanation of a phenomenon
0/1
 
A. Post-test control group
43. Which of the following is a null hypothesis
B. Pretest posttest control group
appropriate for Diane’s study?  
Incorrect *
1/1 45. Which is the dependent variable in the
study?  
A. There is no significant difference between the *
pain felt by the elderly before and after touch
therapy 0/1

 B. There is significant difference between the A. Muscle strength

pain felt by the elderly before and after touch
therapy B. Pool therapy

C. Use or non-use of pool therapy

C. There is association between between the
pain felt by the elderly before and after touch  D. None of the above
therapy
 
D. There is no association between the pain felt
by the elderly before and after touch therapy 46. It is hypothesized that paraplegics who
receive pool therapy will perform better on
  tests of muscle strength that those who do not.
The type of hypothesis formulated is  
44. To determine if there is significant
difference between the pain before and after *
the treatment, which of the following statistical 1/1
treatments may be used?  
* A. simple, directional

1/1 B. simple, non-directional

A. Pearson r C. complex, directional

B. t-test D. complex, non-directiona

 C. ANOVA  

D. Mean 47. Which method of data collection will be

utilized in this study?  
Situation: Nurse Manny, is part of the research *
team of a tertiary hospital. He is commissioned
to lead the team in conducting a study which 1/1
aims to determine if there is difference in the
A. interview
muscle strength of paraplegics who receive pool
therapy and those who do not.   B. Visual analogue scale
  C. Biophysiologic measures
   D. Questionnaire
   
   50. A retrospective study would involve a nurse
who suffered from backache:  
48. The data is collected to answer the research *
question. The data that will be collected will be
at what level of measurement?   0/1
*
A. Anytime before start of study
0/1
B. During the period of the study
A. Nominal
C. Previous to the study
B. Ordinal
D. No particular period
C. Interval
 
D. Ratio
 51. The purpose of the study is to determine
  the relationship between lifting techniques of
nurse and backache. The independent variable
49. Nurse Manny with the research team tested is:  
the muscle strength of the participants after *
administering pool therapy to one of the study
groups. The team is conducting which phase of 0/1
the research process?  
* A. Staff nurses

B. Backache
1/1

A. Conceptual C. Back injury

D. Lifting techniques
B. Design and Planning

C. Empirical  

52. Fifty nurses consented to the subjects of the

 D. Analytic
study, 25 nurses with backache and 25 nurses
SITUATION: Backache after duty hours has without backache. Lifting techniques were
become common among staff nurse assigned in employed by nurses without backache. Which
the stroke unit. A group of nurses decided to group is the control?   
make a retrospective study.   *

  1/1

  A. Group without backache

  B. Group without lifting activity

C. No group
D. Group with backache  

  55. If a researcher proposes to use only one

group, manipulation and a pre-test and post-
53. Due to some study constraints, the group test, this study can be categorized as a:  
decided to prospective study. The group should *
keep in mind that the study will be conducted
on which of the following factors?   0/1
*
A. Non- experimental
1/1
B. Quasi- experimental
A. At specified future time
C. True experiment
B. At a period when subjects are ready
D. Pre-experiment
C. When both subjects and the lifting activities
 
are ready

D. When there are patients who need lifting 56. If a researcher made use of only one group
and gathered data at 2 separate occasions prior
Situation: Experiments can be done through to an intervention and then gathered data twice
different ways or method; the following again after , this is categorized as:  
question will fall under different types of *
experiments.  
0/1
 
A. Pre-experiment
54. An experimental study on the effect of Flip
B. Non- experimental
Charts on clients adherence to DOTS which
made use of 2 groups which lacks random C. Quasi- experimental
assignment however utilized a pre and a post-
test measurement can be classified as:   D. True experiment
*
 
1/1
57. A TRUE experiment must meet the following
A. Pre-experiment criterion:  
*
B. Non- experimental
0/1
C. Quasi- experimental 
A. Control, Manipulation and Intervention
 D. True experiment
B. Manipulation, Inclusion criteria and
  convenience sampling
 
C. Administration of intervention, Control and  61. Which of the following is TRUE in an
Random assignment experimental study?   
*
D. Manipulation, randomization and Correlation
1/1
SITUATION: Researchers’ goal is to advance
knowledge and develop the highest-quality A. The control group receives the therapy being
evidence for practice, using the best method studied
available; however they must also adhere to the
B. Conditions affecting the subjects are left
dictates of ethical rules that have been
developed to protect human rights.   uncontrolled to allow generalization of findings

C. Subjects are randomly assigned to both

 
experimental and controlled groups
59. Jayson wants to do a study on this topic,
D. Clients are likely to perform the best are
"Effects of massage and meditation on stress
and pain." The type of research that best suits assigned to the experimental group
this topic is:   62. As a researcher, you know that the
* difference of an experimental research to a
quasi-experimental research is that,   quasi-
0/1
experimental research lacks which of the
A. Applied research following component of an experimental
research?
 B. Qualitative research *
C. Basic research 1/1
D. Quantitative research A. Manipulation
  B. Randomization
60. The type of research design that does not C. Either b or d
manipulate independent variable is:  
* D. Control

1/1  

A. Experimental design 63. In the study title “The use of massage and
meditation to help decrease stress and pain”,
B. Quasi-experimental design Pain is an example of what measurement:  
C. Non-experimental design *

 D. Quantitative design 1/1

  A. Nominal
B. Ordinal D. Double blind RCT

 C. Interval  66.To avoid the above situation what should

the nurse researcher do?  
D. Ratio *
SITUATION: Jin prepares for the orientation of 0/1
the new staff of the research department. He
plans to conduct a review of the basic concepts A. Randomize the subject and the person who
of research.   administer the treatment.

  B. Consider the subject, especially in

experimental group as powerful component.
64. Which of the following types of research
makes use of past events to answer a C. Tell the participants not to change their
problem?   behavior, thus avoid biases.
*
D. Manipulate all the participants according to
1/1 researchers’ will.

A. Ex post facto analysis  

B. Field experiment 67. One of the new staff asks when it is

considered that a research study is completed.
C. Case study Which of the following is the appropriate
D. Historical research response of you?  
*
65. The nurse researcher decided to use
experimental design on her study about the 0/1
effect of surgical operation on postoperative A. The research report is published in the
patients’ routine; however, there are research journal
experimental limitations despite of its benefits.
Nurses and hospital staff, as well as patients, B. The result is utilized by the nurse in the
might be aware of their participation and both hospital
groups might alter their actions accordingly.
C. The final report has been written and
What can you call these changes made by the
participants?   submitted to the CEO
* D. The findings are interpreted by the research
0/1 group

Situation 6: As a community health nurse, Nurse

A. Hawthorne effect
Roma is assigned to conduct research studies
B. Halo effect on various problems in her designated area.
Nurse Elenita should be aware of the different
C. Butterfly effect principles of nursing research.  
  D. Attempt to establish cause-effect
relationships between variables being studied
68. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic,
unpredictable, systemic connective tissue  
disorder that manifest itself primarily in the
joints. Approximately 1% of the Dumagat 70. Nurse Roma should know that which of the
following research methodologies is (are) being
population has Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with
three times as many women affected as men. used to generate new knowledge?  
*
The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis is not
curative, but palliative. It is an expensive and 0/1
often debilitating disease, both in financial and
psychosocial costs. From the above statement, A. Outcome research
Nurse Elenita should utilize what type of
B. Qualitative research
research design?  
* C. Quantitative research
0/1 D. All of the above
A. Quasi-experimental research 71. In the attempt to determine feasibility of a
study of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis,
 B. Descriptive research
which of the following is true about recruiting
C. Experimental research subjects?  
*
D. Correlational research
0/1
 
A. Time and money available do not need to
69. Nurse Roma wanted to conduct another consider when proposing sample size and
type of study. When she used the grounded composition
theory methodology, she will consider which of
the following?    B. The more specific the characteristics of the
* desired sample, the more difficult it will be to
recruit subjects.
0/1
C. Identify a large number of potential subjects
A. Begin her research with a firmly grounded and be assured that an adequate sample can be
theory to guide her  recruited
 B. Continually use data to reformulate, revise D. Having a small sample will not be jeopardized
and test proposition until a theory evolves from validity of study findings
the data.
 
C. Collect exactly the same data from each
participant  
   

72. Because of stress and pressure in her new  

job assignment as a researcher, a lot of ideas
74. Which of the following is an attempt to
made it hard for Nurse Roma to formulate a
problem. Which of the following is true about validate the findings from one study in an
independent study?  
clarifying and refining a research problem?    *
*
1/1
0/1
A. This is a very straightforward objective
process A. Duplication

B. Multiplication
B. Creativity and personal interest play no part
in selecting research problem to address C. Replication
C. The outcome of this process should be D. Reliability
identification of a problem that is clinically
relevant  

D. Several alternative problems should be 75. Respect for human dignity involves the
evaluated before selecting one for study participants right to self-determination which
means:  
Situation: Various question about research in *
general.  
1/1
73. A group of researchers assume that
inferiority complex occurs in hospitalized A. Participant is aware of the full nature of the
school-aged children in general. They therefore study
predict that the school aged children admitted
B. Participants has the freedom to decide on
in PGH manifest symptoms of inferiority
their own, free from coercion from participating
complex. Based on this example the research
or not
uses:  
*  C. Participants are aware that he/she is
protected from physical and psychological harm
0/1
D. Participants are confident that he/she will be
A. Deductive reasoning
treated the same even if he/she withdraws
B. Inductive reasoning from the research

C. Control   

 D. Randomization  

   
76. In any research study involving human A. An equal chance of being selected
being, it is important that an informed consent
for the study is obtained. The following are the B. Been selected systematically
essential information about the consent you C. selected based on criteria
should disclose to the subjects except:  
* D. Gathers another subject thru key informant

1/1  

A. Assurance of anonymity and confidentiality 79. The school nurse is interested in studying
marijuana usage among high school students.
B. Explanation of procedure and right to The school population into 4 groups for
withdraw comparison: freshmen, sophomores, juniors
C. Description of benefits, risk and discomforts and seniors. She then takes a random sample
from each subgroup. Which sampling design did
D. Consent needs to be signed before discussing the nurse utilized?   
the nature of research *

  1/1

77. Conceptual definitions are important A. Simple

because:   
* B. Systematic

C. Stratified
0/1

A. the meanings of terms may differ depending D. Snowball

on the study framework. SITUATION: A researcher investigated the effect
B. they tell others how the concept will be of crossing of a leg at the knee during blood
pressure measurement on the client’s blood
measured in the study.
pressure. Participants were recruited from the
C. they provide a dictionary definition that can outpatients of a government training hospital
be understood by everyone consisting of 50 males and 50 females, 21 to 70
years of age with a diagnosis of hypertension.  
D. they suggest how to precisely measure the
variables of interest  

80. Which of the following describe this type of

research?  
78. Random sampling ensures that each subject *
has:  
* 1/1

1/1 A.Quantitative research

B.Qualitative research exercise to help correct back pain?  
*
C. Applied research
0/1
D. Basic research
A. One group pretest post test design
81. The research question for this study may be
stated as follows.   B. Post test only control group design
*
C. One shot case study
0/1
D. Pre test Post test control group design
A.What is the blood pressure of the participants
before crossing a leg at the knee?  

83. Which of the following design will be utilized

B.What is the effect of crossing a leg at the knee
on the blood pressure of the participants? when if it is not possible administer a pretest or
when it would not make sense to administer a
C.What is the initial blood pressure of the pretest?  
participants with a leg crossed at the knee? *

D.What should be the position of the leg when 1/1

measuring blood pressure?
A. Post test only control group design
81. Which of the following distinguishes true
experimental research from quasi-experimental B. Time Series design
research?   C. One shot case study
*
D. Pre test Post test control group design
1/1
 
A. Size of sample
84. A researcher wants to use a true
B. The use of non probability sample experimental design in her study. However,
C. Random assignment of subjects to group which of the following circumstances would
require the use of a quasi-experimental design
D. The introduction of experimental treatment rather than a true experimental design?  
*
 
0/1
82. The researcher shifted their topic and
decided to identify the effect of specific exercise A. The research is going to administer a pretest
to lessen back pain. Which of the following to study participants
research design would be most appropriate to
B. It will not be possible for the researcher to
use in trying to determine if client’s low back
pain changes after they we’re taught an use random sampling to obtain study
participants in the research topic
C. The health care agency will not allow the Incorrect
researcher to assign study participants to
groups randomly  

 
D. The study will use a longitudinal design

   

D. Promote implementation of general

85. In the study title “the effect of crossing of a
leg at the knee during blood pressure standards
measurement on the client’s blood pressure”,  
blood pressure is an example of what
measurement:    
*
 
1/1
2. Lina who is admitted to the hospital with
A. Nominal autoimmune thrombocytopenia and a platelet
count of 21,000 develops epistaxis and melena.
B. Ordinal Treatment with corticosteroids and
C. Interval immunoglobulin has not been successful. MD
suggested splenectomy. Lina states: "I don’t
D. Ratio need surgery. This will go away on its own.”
Which ethical principle is to be followed in this
SITUATION - Many hospitals form bioethical circumstance?  
review committees to ensure quality of life of *
patients. You are invited by the nursing service
departments to participate in their bioethical 1/1
review committee. You are expected to know
A. Justice
the purpose and apply bioethical principles  

  B. Advocacy

C. Beneficence
1. Which of the following is the purpose of
ethical review committee?    D. Autonomy
*
Correct
0/1
 
A. Decrease public security of health care
provider's action  

B. Increase individual’s responsibility  

C. Enhance health care provider’s liability  

   

  5. You are commuting to work riding the MRT.

An older person collapsed and nobody seems to
3. Sherlyn is terminally ill and is experiencing notice her. The security guard tried to make her
severe pain. She has bone and liver metastasis. sit down but she remained unconscious. With
She had been on morphine for several months your help, you brought the patient to the
now. Sherlyn is aware that they are having nearest hospital. You learned that the woman is
financial problems. She decides to sign a DNR diabetic. Before reaching the clinic to measure
form. What ethical principle did Sherlyn and her her blood sugar, she developed hypoglycemia.
family utilize as basis for their decision to sign a You were able to save her life. What principle
DNR?   was applied?  
* *
0/1 1/1
A. Beneficence A. Beneficence 
B. Advocacy B. Advocacy
C. Autonomy C. Autonomy
D. Justice D. Justice
4. Catherine, a staff nurse working in a cancer  
unit is considered a role model not only by her
colleagues but also by her patients. She goes 6. Which of the following situations would
out of her way to help others. She is very active possibly cause a nurse to be sued due to
in their professional organization and she negligence?   
practices what she teaches. What ethical *
principles is she practicing?  
1/1
*

0/1 A. Nurse gave a client wrong medication and an

hour later, complained of dyspnea
A. Justice
B. While preparing a medication, the nurse
B. Advocacy notices that instead of 1 tablet, she put two
tablets into the client’s medicine cup
C. Autonomy
C. As the nurse was about to administer
D. Beneficence medication, the client questioned why the
  medication is still given when in fact the
physician discontinued it
 
D. Nurse administered 2 tablets of analgesic B.Confidentiality
instead of 1 tablet as prescribed. Patient
noticed the error and complained C. Truthfulness

D. Justice
7. If review of a patient’s record revealed that
this post operative patient had never consented  
to the eye surgery, of which intentional tort
might the surgeon have been guilty of?   10. After the attending physician checked the
* patient in the middle of the night and is about
to leave the ward suddenly remembers that he
1/1 forgot to write the new order for pain
medication, he verbally tells you to document it
A. Assault
on the physician’s order sheet. As the nurse,
B. Battery your best response is:  
*
C. Invasion of privacy
1/1
D. False imprisonment
A. “Thank you so much!!!”
8. The nurse performs a careful safety
assessment of the home of a frail elderly patient B. Get a second nurse to listen to the order, and
to prevent harm to the patient is acting in after writing the order on the physician order
accordance with which of the following sheet, have both nurse sign
principles?   
* C. “I am sorry but verbal orders can only be
given in an emergency situation. I’ll get the
1/1 chart and we can do this quickly”.

A.Autonomy D. Try calling another resident for the order or

wait until the next shift
B.Beneficence
 
C. Justice
11. Jayjay, 40 year old male, American citizen
D. Nonmaleficence who is on short stay in the Philippines, was
  admitted due to chest pain. His girlfriend
showed the nurse a health care proxy
9. A nurse supports a patient and family’s need designating her as the surrogate decision maker
to make decisions that is right for them is for Jayjay. The nurse knows that:  
practicing which of the following principles?   *
*
1/1
0/1
A. From Jayjay’s admission, the girlfriend shall
A.Autonomy be Steve’s decision-maker
B. Health care proxies cannot be honored in the  14. A female client in the terminal stage of
Philippines cancer is admitted to the hospital in severe
pain. The client refuses medication for the pain
C. The health care proxy has to be sent to the because it puts her to sleep and she wants to be
US Embassy first Embassy first awake. One day, despite the client's objection, a
D. Health care proxies are implemented only nurse administers the pain medication saying.
when the patient is incapacitated "You know that this will make you more
comfortable." The nurse in this situation could
  be charged with:  
*
12. A document which specifies the desired
types of medical treatment is called:   1/1
*
A.Battery
1/1
B.Assault
A. A living will
C.Invasion of privacy
B. A holographic will
D.Lack of informed consent
C. A last will
 
D. A good will
15.When the patient is asked to testify in court,
  s/he must abide by the ethical principle of:   
*
13. The patient’s medical record can work as a
double edged sword. When can the medical 0/1
record become the doctor’s/ nurse’s worst
enemy?   A. Privileged communication
* B. Informed consent
1/1 C. Solidarity
A.When a medical record is subpoenaed in D. Autonomy
court
16. Jayjay’s chart contains confidential
B.When it is missing information crucial for his plan of care. Which of
C.When the record is voluminous the following situations allows the use of the
chart in court proceedings?   
D. When the medical record is inaccurate, *
incomplete and inadequate
1/1
 
A.A written court order was issued by the judge
 
B.The client’s family requests for the chart to be  
used in court
 
C.The client refuses to have the chart used in
 
court

D.The doctor has requested for the chart to be 19. A lawsuit is filed for a negligent act
performed by a nurse. The employer of the
used as evidence
nurse is also included in the lawsuit. Which of
  the following principles pertain to this?   
*
17. A 72 year old, female client was admitted to
the emergency department. The nurse on duty 1/1
made a quick assessment and suspected the
patient is a victim of physical abuse. The nurse A. Epikia
priority action is focused toward.   B. Res Ipsa Loquitor
*
C. Double Effect
1/1
D. Respondeat Superior
A. Referring abusive family member for
psychiatric treatment Correct

B. Adhering to the mandatory abuse reporting  

laws
 
C. Encouraging the client to file charges against
 
the abuser
 
D. Removing the client from any immediate
danger  
18. When conflict arises regarding management  
of patient care, which of the following should
be upheld?   20. A patient refuses to take his antibiotic
* because he believes that it’s not giving him any
good. Which of the following actions of the
0/1 nurse is MOST appropriate?  
*
A. Physician’s orders 
0/1
B. Preference of the family
A. Explains to the patient that he needs the
C. Patient’s rights
medications for his recovery.
D. Institutional policy
B. Writes in the chart that the patient refuses to D. Following the patient’s preference
take his medication.
 
 C. Refer to the attending physician about his
23. A group discussion regarding an ethical
refusal.
problem was initiated. Julia, a member of the
D. Ask the patient to sign the waiver of group decided to use the Act Utilitarianism
responsibility theory to justify his opinion. Which of the
following reflects this theory?   
*
21.Nurse Angielyn was asked by her neighbor to 1/1
insert an IV needle and start an IV infusion for
her mother who is experiencing dehydration. A. Given circumstances, most humanistic action
Nurse Angie has never had the proper IV is considered.
therapy training and declined to do the
procedure. Which ethical principle was applied B. Decision is based on what brings greatest
good.
by Nurse Angie in this situation?  
* C. Determine the good and the bad
consequences of the action.
1/1

A. Beneficence D. An existing obligation prevails.

 
B. Fidelity

C. Nonmaleficence 24. Environmental sanitation as a health

problem. Which one is legal authority to protect
D. Autonomy the environment?  
*
 
1/1
22. Beneficence is an ethical principle that best
describes which of the following nursing A. R.A. No. 7392
action?  
* B. R.A. No. 7164

C. R.A. No. 7160

1/1

A. Observing the social workers classification of D. PD 856

clients  
B. Providing care that maximizes health  
C. Providing care according to patient’s private  
room rate
25. A nurse wrote in the nurse’s notes that a 1/1
client required emergency abdominal surgery
due to the fault of a very incompetent doctor. A. Non-maleficence
The nurse can be legally charged with:    B. Veracity
*
C. Beneficence
1/1
D. Paternalism
A. Slander
 
B. Libel
28.Pam-Pam is at risk of lawsuits. Which of the
C. Insubordination following actions will shield her from possible
lawsuits? 
D. Invasion of privacy

  I. Knowledge and implementation of

standards/protocol of care 
26. The attending physician prescribes one
tablet and the nurse accidentally administers II. Documentation of actions accurately and
concisely III. Document outcomes of care 
two. The nurse closely monitors the client for
adverse effects and finds none. When analyzing IV. Following all doctors orders that are legal
the potential for civil liability, the nurse knows and in writing   
that which of the following statements is
correct?   *
*
0/1
1/1
A.1, 2, 4
A. The nurse is liable for breach of duty
B. 2 & 3
B. The nurse is liable for negligence
C. 1, 2 & 3
C. The nurse is not liable for negligence
D. 2, 3 & 4
D. The nurse and the physician are both liable
 
 
29.The R.N. knows that the purpose of an
27. The physician instructed the nurses in the advance directive is to:  
unit not to tell the patient of his condition since *
the patient is in a medically fragile condition.
0/1
The nurse follows the physician’s orders. The
action of the nurses employed all of the A. Give every person the right to die with
following ethical principles, except:    dignity.
*
B. Encourage a person to determine how he or I. The senior nurse will schedule a private
she will die. meeting to discuss the observation 

C. Allow a patient to exercise the right of II. The concerned staff nurse will be encouraged
autonomy. to take responsibility 

D. Provide a means to prevent medical III. The senior nurse will clearly inform the
maltreatment concerned staff that her behavior is unethical 

SITUATION: You have been working in the area IV. If with resistance, the charge nurse will be
for almost 3 months and it seems that you are informed 
not yet familiar with the everyday hospital
V. The senior nurse will approach the concerned
routine. You have been reading the hospital
policy and most of the time you find staff in a calm and professional manner  
inconsistencies in the application.   *
  0/1
30. While discussing the client’s care with a A. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4
male nursing attendant, you detected an odor
of alcohol on the attendant’s breath. You should B. 5, 1, 3, 2, 4
plan to:  
C. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
*
 D. 2, 3, 5, 1, 4
1/1
32. Another client who is for discharge informed
A.Report to the senior nurse on duty
you that he took the remote control, as their
B.Warn the nursing attendant that he should souvenir. The appropriate thing for you to do is
stay away from the clients to:   
*
C.Monitor his performance closely
1/1
D.Tell the nursing attendant that he should go
home immediately A.Implement hospital policy accordingly

  B.Ignore the situation

31. A nurse observed a coworker administering C.Call the security to deal with the case
medication several hours after scheduled time.
D.Instruct the client to pay the item the cashier
When confronted the coworker just charted as
if the medication was given on time schedule.  
You reported to your senior nurse and expected
the following steps will be done. Arrange the  
following steps in chronological order using all
 
options. 
33.A post herniorrhaphy client has been waiting 1.Defensive when questioned on the
for four hours for his brother to fetch him. He discrepancies in the narcotic control sheet 
told you that he be allowed to go home alone.
2. Excessive work-related tardiness, absences,
Your FIRST appropriate action would be to:   
* and accidents 

3. Sloppy documentation 
0/1

A.Inform the surgeon 4. Social Isolation  

*
B.Prepare for ambulance conduction

C.Refer the client’s case to the head nurse 1/1

A.1, 2, 3 and 4
D.Allow him to go after signing a waiver

SITUATION: A nurse in the Medical Unit B. 2 and 4

suspects that a colleague is abusing chemicals C. 1 and 3
while on duty. Irregular reports on narcotics
medications sheet are noted when she is on D. 1, 2 and 3
duty.  
 

 
34. Which of the following should be the
 
appropriate action of the nurse?  
* 36. Health care agencies have policies in place
for “Do Not Resuscitate” (DNR) decisions when
1/1
the clients is either comatose or near death. In
A.Report to the nurse supervisor in a this situation, which of the following should be
confidential manner the responsibility of the nurse?  
*
B.Pretend not to know the situation
0/1
C.Personally call her attention in private
A.Know and follow the patient’s wishes
D.Write an incident report and submit to regarding resuscitation and the application of
administration life support system
  B.Ascertain that a written order DNR from the
physician is in place
35. To be vigilant when a co-worker is
suspected of abusing chemicals, it is imperative  C.Explain to the family the consequence of DNR
for the nurse to assess which of the following
substance abuse indicators?   D.Follow strictly the physician’s order
 37. Which of the following should the nurse  
take into consideration when the client has DNR
order?    
* 39. A nurse works in a college of nursing as a
1/1 faculty and needs further experience to possess
clinical skills and theoretical knowledge. Which
A. The DNR order is not separate from other of the following should this nurse pursue to
aspects of client’s care qualify for teaching current nursing practice?   *

B.The order of the physician is final and not 0/1

subjected to explicit discussion
A.Pursue master’s degree in other fields, such
C.The competent client’s values and choices as business or educational management
should always be given the highest priority
B.Possess a graduate degree in nursing and
D.Consider the views of the family who are pursue doctorate in advanced degrees in
against DNR nursing, education and administration

SITUATION: Increase demands for changes in C.Participate in continuing education program

nursing roles due to innovations in health care in national and international conference
and expanding health care system have
challenged nurses to commit to lifelong learning D.Keep license valid by updating professional
education with organized groups
and career development.  

  SITUATION: Floaters are another concept that

we should be familiar with. In delegating
38. The nursing education department of a patients and cases to a floater what are the
hospital is offering “Evidence-based Practice” to things that we need to consider. Which of the
prepare nurses before its implementation in the following cases should be delegated to a nurse
hospital. Which of the following refers to this from a different area?  
type of program?  
*  

40. A nurse from Psychiatric unit floated to

1/1
emergency department.   
A.Seminar workshop in evidence-based practice *

B.Continuing education in evidence-based 1/1

practice
A.Client with multiple fractures of the arm and
C.In-service education program screaming because of severe pain

 D.Scientific forum in evidence-based practice B.Client with chest pain and is restless

  C.Client who is suspected to be physically abuse

and is unconscious
D. Confused client intoxicated with alcohol B.Client receiving blood transfusion

  C.Client receiving medications through PICC line

41.A nurse from Ob unit nurse floated to D.Client who had undergone colon surgery,
oncology unit   having dysrhythmias
*
 
0/1
44. A nurse from Medical- surgical unit nurse
A.Post-hysterectomy client for discharge this floated to emergency department  
morning *

B.Client with ovarian cancer receiving 0/1

chemotherapy
A.Client with acute abdominal pain due to
 C.Client with breast cancer experiencing appendicitis
dyspnea due to pleural effusion
B.Client with congestive heart failure with
D.Client with lung cancer receiving pain crackles and severe pedal edema
medication with PCA pump.
C.Clients with ARDS in respiratory distress

D.Client in cardiac arrest due to massive MI

42. A nurse from Medical-surgical unit floated
to Labor and delivery department    45. A nurse from Pediatric Unit nurse floated to
OB Department  
*
*
1/1
1/1
A.Patient on labor with cervical dilatation of 8
cm A.Postpartum client who needs teaching on
breastfeeding
B.Patient on labor with placenta previa
B.Postpartum client who has DVT
C.Patient on labor on 40 weeks of age of
C.Postpartum client who had CS and is in pain
gestation

D. Patient on labor with PIH D.Postpartum client who delivered 4 hours ago
with distended bladder
 
 
43. A nurse from OB nurse floated to ICU  
 
*

0/1  

A.Client with diabetic ketoacidosis

46. Ms. Jean Anne is the Health Education 48. Which of the following provisions does NOT
program Officer of the Municipal Health Office. apply to R.A. 7305?  
She plans to develop programs based on the *
various laws and directives from the DOH. She
knows that all prescriptions of the municipal 0/1
health officer should be in generics. What law A. Promotes and improves the socio-economic
provides from this mandate?   well being of health workers
*
B.Develop their skills and capabilities
1/1
 C.Encourage those qualified and with abilities
A. R.A. 9173 to remain in government service.
B. R.A. 6675 D. Standardizes the salaries of nurse working in
the government.
C. R.A. 1080

D. R.A. 7160  

49. Which of these statements is not true about

 
a strategic plan?   
47. Jean Anne has to consider managing the *
resources of the MHO. She knows that the
delivery of basic services and facilities of the 0/1
national government was transferred to the A.Requires focus on the mission and vision of
local government units. Which of the following the organization
laws mandated this  
* B.Should not be done during financial crises

0/1 C.Requires an assessment of the environment

for opportunities
A. R.A. 7305
D.Needs to be revisited periodically
B. R.A. 7160

C. R.A. 4226 D. R.A. 9173

50. The collaborative role in a management is
D. R.A. 9173 used when:  
  *

1/1
 

  A.The nurse plans care with the patient

B.The nurse works with other members of the

health care team from other units.
C.The nurse initiates nursing action with co- 53. A nurse leader assumes a critical role in
workers planning, implementing and evaluating patient
care outcomes. All of the following are
D.The nurse defends rights of patients beneficial to the management of patient care in
  the hospital, except:  
*
51. A client is confined in your unit. He says that
he has difficulty sleeping because of the noises 1/1
in the hallway. When evaluating the effect the A.Integration of patient information
setting has on the quality of care provided to management into the system
the client evaluation being done is called:  
* B.Assess patient acuity and prepare appropriate
care
0/1
C.Focus of care in patient population rather
A.Quality assurance than individual patient
B.Quality improvement D.Equal allocation of resources in all service
C. Structure Evaluation units

D. Outcome Evaluation 54. Which of the following statements is NOT

true about performance appraisal?  
*

52. The client is given a sponge bath, vital signs 1/1

are checked, and medications are given on time.
The evaluation care provided to him by the A.Informing the staff about the specific
nurse is referred to as:    impressions of their work help improve their
* performance.

0/1 B. A periodic assessment of an employee's job

performance as measured by the competency
A.Nursing audit expectations

B.Process evaluation C.Patients are the best source of information

regarding personnel appraisal.
C. Outcome evaluation
D.The outcome of performance appraisal rests
D. Quality improvement
primarily with the staff
 
 
 
 
 
 
55.There are times when Kath evaluates her A.Formal
staff as she makes her daily rounds. Which of
the following is NOT a benefit of conducting an B. Informal
informal appraisal?   C. Staff
*
D. Line
1/1
 
A.The staff member is observed in natural
setting. 58. Ms. Glenda develops the standards to be
followed. Among the following standards, which
B.Incidental confrontation and collaboration is is considered as a structure standard?  
allowed. *
C.The evaluation is focused on objective data 0/1
systematically.
A.The patients verbalized satisfaction of the
D. The evaluation may provide valid information nursing care received
for compilation of a formal report
B.Rotation of duty will be done every four
weeks for all patient care personnel.
56. Which pattern of nursing care involves the C.All patients shall have their weights taken
care given by a group of paraprofessional recorded
workers led by a professional nurse who take
care of patients with the  same disease D.Patients shall answer the evaluation form
conditions and are located geographically near before discharge
each other?
59. The following are basic steps in the
*
controlling process of the department. Which of
0/1 the following is NOT included?   
*
A.Case method
0/1
B.Modular nursing
A.Measure actual performance
C. Nursing case management
 B.Set nursing standards and criteria
D. Team nursing
C.Compare results of performance to standards
57. Steph is often seen interacting with the and objectives
medical intern during coffee breaks and after
duty hours. What type of organizational D. Identify possible courses of action
structure is this?  
 
*
 
0/1
   

60. A new nursing graduate is attending an C.they are developed based on appropriate
agency orientation regarding the nursing model standards of care
of practice implemented in the health care
facility. The nurse is told that the nursing model D. they are nursing care plans and use the steps
of the nursing process
is a team nursing approach. The nurse
understands that planning care delivery will be  
based on which characteristic of this type of
nursing model of practice?   62.The nurse manager is planning to implement
* a change in the nursing unit from team nursing
to primary nursing. The nurse anticipates that
0/1 there will be resistance to the change during
A.a task approach method is used to provide the change process. The primary technique that
care to clients the nurse would use in implementing this
change is which of the following?  
B.managed care concepts and tools are used in *
providing client care
1/1
C.an RN leads nursing personnel in providing
care to a group of clients A.introduce the change gradually

B. confront the individuals involved in the

D.a single RN is responsible for providing
nursing care to a group of clients change process

C.use coercion to implement the change

 

61. A nursing instructor asks the nursing student D.manipulate the participants in the change
process
to describe the definition of a critical path.
Which of the following statements, if made by 63. A nurse notes that a postoperative client
the student, indicates a need for further has not been obtaining relief from pain with the
understanding regarding critical paths?   prescribed opioid analgesics when a particular
* licensed practical nurse (LPN) is assigned to the
0/1 client. The appropriate action for the nurse to
take is to:  
A.they are developed through the collaborative *
efforts of all members of the health care team
1/1
B.they provide an effective way of monitoring
care and for reducing or controlling the length A.Reassign the LPN to the care of clients not
receiving opioids
of hospital stay for the client

  B.notify the physician that the client needs an

increase in opioid dosage
C.Review the client's medication administration B.The leader serves the followers rather than
record immediately and discuss the being served.
observations with the nursing supervisor
C.The leader maintains full trust and confidence
D.Confront the LPN with the information about in the subordinates.
the client having pain control problems and ask
D.The leader possesses innate charisma that
if the LPN is using the opioids personally
makes others feel good in his presence.
 
 
64. A nurse manager is reviewing the critical
paths of the clients on the nursing unit. The 66. She reads about Path Goal theory. Which of
the following behaviors is manifested by the
nurse manager collaborates with each nurse
assigned to the clients and performs a variance leader who uses this theory?  
analysis. Which of the following would indicate *
the need for further action and analysis?   0/1
*
A.Recognizes staff for going beyond
0/1 expectations by giving them citations
A.a client is performing his own colostomy care B.Challenges the staff to take individual
B.purulent drainage is noted from a accountability for their own practice
postoperative wound incision C.Admonishes staff for being laggards.
C.a 1-day postoperative client has a D.Reminds staff about the sanctions for non-
temperature of 98.8F performance.
D.a client newly diagnosed with diabetes  
mellitus is preparing his own insulin for
injection 67. In the performance of your duty you must
possess knowledge to perform your job
65. A charge nurse considers shifting to appropriately. The organization mission is
transformational leadership. Which of the “Quality is in the details”. Which of the
following statements best describes this type of following statements support this mission?  
leadership?   *
*
0/1
1/1
A.Requiring competence and diligence in
A.The leader uses visioning as the essence of meeting the goals of the organization.
leadership
B.Making the smallest error or overlooking
  details can have negative impact on quality.
C.Performing one’s job to the best of one’s 70. The staffs of an outpatient clinic have
ability guided by principles. formed a task force to develop new procedures
for swift, safe evacuation of the unit. The new
D.Contributing to quality improvement procedures haven’t been reviewed, approved or
throughout the organization to highest degree shared with all personnel. When the nurse-
  manager receives word of a bomb threat, the
task force members push for evacuating the
68. Planning involves analyses of both external unit using the new procedures. Which action
and internal factors affecting the process. should the nurse-manager take?  
External factors include:   *
*
1/1
0/1
A.Determine that the procedures currently in
A.Strength place must be followed and direct staff to
follow them without question. 
B.Strength and weakness
B.Tell staff members to use whatever
C. Opportunities
procedures they feel are best
D. Opportunities and threats
C.Ask staff members to quickly meet among
  themselves and decide what procedures to
follow
69. Which of these statements is not true about
a strategic plan?   D.Tell staff members to assemble in the staff
* lounge; there the nurse-manager will quickly
gather opinions about evacuation procedures
0/1 before deciding what to do.

A.Requires focus on the mission and vision of 71. Miles thinks about primary nursing as a
the organization system to deliver care. Which of the following
activities is NOT done by a primary nurse?  
 B.Should not be done during financial crises
*
C.Requires an assessment of the environment
···/1
for opportunities
A.Collaborates with the physician
D.Needs to be revisited periodically
B.Provides care to a group of patients together
 
with a group of nurses
 
 
 
 
  

C.Provides care for 5-6 patients during their   74.The organizational chart for the nursing
hospital stay. department indicates the ff.: 

D.Performs comprehensive initial assessment I. Who has the legitimate power to make
decisions 
 
II. Identify gaps in the line of authority 
72. Functional nursing has some advantages,
which one is an EXCEPTION?   III. Shows one person is answerable to 2 or
* more persons 

0/1 IV. Suggests consistency in making decisions  

A.Psychological and sociological needs are *

emphasized.
···/1
B.Great control of work activities.
A. 1, 2, 3
C.Most economical way of delivering nursing
B. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3, 4
services.

D. Workers feel secure in dependent role C. 1, 3, 4

D. 1, 2, 3, 4
 

73. When Harry uses team nursing as a care  

delivery system, he and his team need to assess 75. The nurse manager prepares the process
the priority of care for a group of patients, standards. Which of the ff. is NOT a process
which of the following should be a priority?   standard?  
* *
1/1 0/1
A.Each patient as listed on the worksheet A. Initial assessment shall be done to all
patients within 24 hours upon admission
B.Patients who needs least care

C.Medications and treatments required for all B. Informed consent shall be secured prior to
any invasive procedure
patients

D. Patients who need the most care C. Patient shall fill up the customer’s feedback
prior to discharge
 
D. Patient education about illness and
  treatment shall be provided for all patients and
their families
  B. Policy

76. One of the patients asked the nurse if she C. Job description
will be available to take care of her from the
D. Manual procedures
time of admission and even after discharge. This
refers to what type of system of nursing care  
delivery?  
* 79. Which of the following conditions would
prevent Pamela from a malpractice suit?  
0/1 *
A. Primary Nursing 0/1
B. Team Nursing A. She performs her duty as prescribed in her
C. Nursing case management job description

B. Her action resulted to an injury resulted from

D. Case Method
non-compliance to the standard of care
 
C. The participation of the child’s parents
77. Mr. Musngi, a management instructor, met resulted to an injury to the child.
his students to clarify some unclear concepts to
D. She is aware of the possibility of the injury to
them. One of the students asked about staffing.
Mr. Roberto explained that staffing is an the patient
essential part of what management function?    
*
80. Which of the ff. articles is an example of
1/1 operational budgets?  
A. Organizing *

1/1
B. Controlling

C. Directing A. Fee for the Internet Service Provider

 B. Purchase of an operating room table

D. Planning

  C. Additional room for minor surgery

D. New anesthesia machine

78. One of the new staff nurses wants to
understand the channel of communication,  
span of control and lines of communication.   
*  

1/1  

A. Organizational structure
81. The Forty-Hour Week Law (Republic Act A. Setting Policies and Procedures
5901), provides that employees will work only
40 hours a week provided that they are working B. Budgeting
in hospitals with a minimum of how many bed C. Forecasting
capacity:  
* D. Program Scheduling

0/1  

A. 50-bed capacity 84. A kind of nursing planning that includes the

analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities
B. 75-bed capacity and strengths is also known as:  
*
C. 100-bed capacity

D. 150-bed capacity 1/1

A. Strategic Planning
 

82. It is a delivery system where the nursing B. SWOT Planning

staff is divided into teams who are responsible C. Fiscal Planning
for the care of a group of patients.   
* D. Contingency Planning

1/1 85. Mr. John, the new nurse administrator of

Quirino Memorial Medical Center had defined
A. Primary Nursing one of their specific objectives to the
B. Functional Nursing Government Official Council Meeting, “To
expand and upgrade he hospital infrastructure,
C. Total Patient Care its frontline, diagnostic and therapeutic services
to meet the demands of scientific advancement
D. Team Nursing
and technology in providing patient care”. The
SITUATION: Planning involves deciding what, Mayor becomes aware to the hospital needs
when where and how to do it, by whom and and therefore orders the municipal treasury to
with what resources.   allot a budget for the attainment of the
presented purpose. Mr. Cornejo was able to
  successfully achieve what component of SWOT
analysis?   
 
*
83. An element of planning which helps the
1/1
managers predict the future in which the plan
will be executed.    A. Strengths
*
B. Weaknesses
0/1
C. Opportunities C.Conduct a dialogue with the nursing staff and
head nurses and involve them in planning the
D. Threats new schedule
86.Theory Y is correctly described by all, but D.Avoid discussing the issue with the staff and
one, of the following statements:    implement the new schedule as planned
*
88. The nurse manager evaluates her staff
1/1 nurses for their work attitude and ethics. The
A. Applicable for people who enjoy work and manager determines that her staff nurse shows
have self-control work accountability when the staff nurse:  
*
B. Uses threats as a prime motivator
1/1
C. Uses praise and recognition as the key
motivators A. Performs tasks based on her job description

D. A guide for managers to develop the B. Follows the standards of safe nursing practice
potential of each person C. Directs the work of her fellow nurses
  D. Answers for the consequences of her own
87. The chief nurse is trying to implement a new decisions
method of staff assignment in the unit. Nurses 89. Under the principles of Total Quality
are now required to render 6 day workweeks Management, identifying quality improvement
instead of the usual 5 days a week. Majority of opportunities is the responsibility of which
the staff resist the change, while a few other group?  
nurses who welcome the opportunity for extra *
income, are more willing to accept the change.
The nurse supervisor can effectively implement 0/1
this change by choosing which course of
A. Administration
action?  
* B. Medical practitioners
1/1 C. Nurse
A.Explain the purpose of the change and D. All health care personnel
reinforce management decision
 
B.Postpone the implementation of the new
schedule to let the antagonistic feelings of the 90. The nursing supervisors and the Chief Nurse
staff “cool down” are brainstorming on ways to implement
process standards. Which of the following is
NOT a process standard?  
*
1/1 this?  
*
A.Initial assessment shall be done to all patients
within twenty four hours upon admission. 0/1

B.Informed consent shall be secured prior to A. Organization Man

any invasive procedure
B. Impoverished Management
C.Patients’ reports 95% satisfaction rate prior to
discharge from the hospital. C. Country Club Management

D. Team Management
D.Patient education about their illness and
treatment shall be provided for all patients and  
their families.
93. Her former manager demonstrated passion
91.The objectives of continuing professional for serving her staff rather than being served.
education programs in nursing are the She takes time to listen, prefers to be a teacher
following, EXCEPT:   first before being a leader, which is
* characteristic of  
1/1 *

1/1
A.Protect and promote the general welfare of
the public by attaining the highest standards
and quality in the practice of profession

B.Make the professional globally competitive by

maintaining capability for delivering
professional services

C.Augment the nurse educational preparation

for admission to the practice of his profession

D.Make available latest trends in the profession

brought by scientific and technological
advancement in the profession

92. Ms. Alexa is newly-promoted to a patient

care manager position. She updates her
knowledge on the theories in management and
leadership in order to become effective in her
new role. She learns that some managers have
low concern for services and high concern for A. Transformational leader
staff. Which style of management refers to
B. Transactional leader
C. Servant leader  96. She reads about Path Goal theory. Which of
the following behaviors is manifested by the
D. Charismatic leader leader who uses this theory?  
  *

94. On the other hand, Ms. Alexa notices that 0/1

the Chief Nurse Executive has charismatic A. Recognizes staff for going beyond
leadership style. Which of the following expectations by giving them citations
behaviors best describes this style?  
* B. Challenges the staff to take individual
accountability for their own practice
1/1
C. Admonishes staff for being laggards.
A. Possesses inspirational quality that makes
followers gets attracted of him and regards him D. Reminds staff about the sanctions for non-
with reverence performance.

B. Acts as he does because he expects that his  

behavior will yield positive results
97. One leadership theory states that “leaders
C. Uses visioning as the core of his leadership are born and not made,” which refers to which
of the following theories?  
D. Matches his leadership style to the situation *
at hand.
1/1
 
A. Trait
95. Which of the following conclusions of Ms.
Alexa about leadership characteristics is TRUE?   B. Charismatic
*
C. Great Man 
0/1
D. Situational
A. There is a high correlation between the
 
communication skills of a leader and the ability
to get the job done. 98. She came across a theory which states that
the leadership style is effective dependent on
B. A manager is effective when he has the ability
to plan well. the situation. Which of the following styles best
fits a situation when the followers are self-
C. Assessment of personal traits is a reliable tool directed, experts and are matured individuals?  
for predicting a manager’s potential. *

D. There is good evidence that certain personal 1/1

qualities favor success in managerial role
A. Democratic
B. Authoritarian C. Dominance

C. Laissez faire D. Compromise

D. Bureaucratic 101. One staff suggests that they review the

pattern of nursing care that they are using,
  which is described as a:  
99. Feri is a Unit Manager I the Medical Unit. He *
is not satisfied with the way things are going in 1/1
his unit. Patient satisfaction rate is 60% for two
consecutive months and staff morale is at its A. job description
lowest. He decides to plan and initiate changes
B. system used to deliver care
that will push for a turnaround in the condition
of the unit. Which of the following actions is a C. manual of procedure
priority for Harry?  
* D. rules to be followed

1/1  

A. Call for a staff meeting and take this up in the 102. Which of the following is TRUE about
agenda. functional nursing?  
*
B. Seek help from her manager.
1/1
C. Develop a strategic action on how to deal
with these concerns. A. Concentrates on tasks and activities

D. Ignore the issues since these will be resolved B. Emphasizes use of group collaboration
naturally.
C. One-to-one nurse-patient ratio
 
D. Provides continuous, coordinated and
100. After discussing the possible effects of the comprehensive nursing services
low patient satisfaction rate, the staff started to
 
list down possible strategies to solve the
problems head-on. Should they decide  to vote 103. One of the ethical obligations of nursing is
on the best change strategy, which of the accountability. Accountability means that the
following strategies is referred to this? staff nurse is responsible for:  
* *
0/1 1/1
A. Collaboration A. The behavior of clients who are
noncompliant
B. Majority rule
B. The consequences of his or her actions, even D. Result in extensive statistical data bases
mistakes in judgment needed to provide patient care

C. The behavior of other staff members who are  

negligent in their nursing care
 
D. The consequences of an administrative
 
decision to decrease nursing staff

  106. To ensure the provision of safe and quality

nursing care, clinical practice guidelines have
104. Functional nursing is:   been developed. Which of the following are not
* examples of clinical practice guidelines?  
*
1/1
1/1
A. Primarily utilized in providing continuous,
coordinated and comprehensive nursing care. A. Protocol

B. Most appropriate in facilitating skills B. Clinical pathways

development in a student nurse on proper
suctioning. C. Research expectations

D. Algorithms
C. The best method on organizing clients care
with a registered nurse acting as a leader to a 107.The nurse manager prepares the process
group of nursing personnel standards. Which of the ff. is NOT a process
D. Also known as one-on-one nursing standard?   
*
 
1/1
105. A nurse manager, understands that the
A. Initial assessment shall be done to all
development of TQM and CQI are meant to:  
* patients within 24 hours upon admission

B. Informed consent shall be secured prior to

0/1
any invasive procedure
A. Serve as a system of external measures and
C. Patient shall fill up the customer’s feedback
balance
prior to discharge
B. Protect patients and families during a health
D. Patient education about illness and
care crisis
treatment shall be provide for all patients and
C. Assure society that cost containment would their Families
not compromise safety
 

 
   

108.One of the new staff nurses wants to 110. The nurse manager assigned a group to
understand the channel of communication, develop a project intended to improve the
span of control and lines of communication.    existing procedure related to the prevention of
* ventilator associated pneumonia among ICU
patients. A team leader was selected by the
1/1 group. Which of the following will the team
A. Organizational structure leader do FIRST?  
*
B. Policy
1/1
C. Job description
A. Tell the group to state their objectives
D. Manual procedures
B. Formulate a list of desired outcomes
Situation 8 – During a staff meeting in the
Intensive Care Unit, the nurse manager C. Set a target
reported a list of procedures that need to be D. State actions to be done by each member of
reviewed and updated. One of these the group
procedures is the precautionary measures
related to ventilator associated pneumonia.    

  111. The team leader organized the group.

Which of the following actions of the team
109. While brainstorming, the group mentioned leader reflect organization? The team leader:  
the use of evidence-based techniques. Which of *
the following statements given by the members
of the group reflect evidence-based methods?   1/1
*
A. Assigned tasks to each member
1/1
B. Eliminated non-performing members of the
A. “Let us ask opinions of experts.” group

B. “The experiences of the nurses must be C. Checked the assignments of each member of
obtained.” the group

C. “Review of related literature will be very D. Determined which actions will be done first
helpful.”
 
 D. “We must agree on a common procedure.”
 
 
 
 
112.Which of the following data will be MOST 114. On the other hand, this major function of
helpful to the group to ensure continuous the management process actuates efforts
process improvement?   towards the accomplishment of goals. It
* includes updating policies and procedures:  
*
0/1
0/1
A. Non-conformances to suctioning procedure
A. Planning
B. Incidences of ventilator associated
pneumonia during the last month B. Organizing

C. Experiences of nurses when managing care of C. Directing

intubated patients
D. Controlling
D. Documentation of observations of intubated
 
 
115. She noticed that policies and standard
Situation: A professional nurse is assumed to operating procedures (SOP’s) are strictly
update herself about the profession to maintain implemented in the hospital. What
competence in practice. The nursing management function is this?  
management process is a topic for both staff *
and head nurses.  
1/1
 
A. Planning
113. This major function of the management
B. Organizing
process establishes formal authority. It defines
qualifications and also includes staffing:   C. Controlling
*
D. Directing
1/1
116. When giving responsibilities to the staff
A. Planning members she should consider the following:  
B. Organizing *

1/1
C. Directing

D. Controlling A. Job description

 
 

   

 
 
B. Abilities of the staff   Situation: Deuce is conducting a study on the
perceived usefulness of the new BSN curriculum
C. Preference of the staff being implemented in the college of nursing:  
D. Her own decision  
Situation: Buddy is the new supervisor of the 119.Initially the researcher wanted to gather
medical-surgical unit with 40 bed capacity.    data on 5 randomly selected sections in the first
  year level in the college of nursing, this kind of
sampling is categorized as:  
117. A critical component of the supervisory *
process is delegation. Which of the following is
the most empowering to the staff?   0/1
* A. Cluster sampling
0/1 B. Stratified sampling
A. Delegation starts at top management C. Network sampling
B. Delegation frees the manager to do other D. Systematic sampling
task
 
C. Effective delegation requires the nurse
manager to determine the abilities of the staff 120.Upon consultation with his adviser, they
decided the findings would be more
D. Delegation enables the staff to improve representative of the sample when he will
competence and confidence include data collection among 1st year students
  compromising of 50 respondents from male 16
y/o, male 17 y/o, female 16 y/o and female 17
118. . Nurse Buddy has been delegating routine y/o.  
tasks to her subordinates. The purpose of *
delegating is for her:  
* 1/1

0/1 A. Cluster sampling

A. To avoid doing the task herself and to give B. Systematic sampling

others opportunities to develop their abilities C. Stratified sampling
 B. To solve more problems that require a  D. Snowball sampling
higher level of expertise
SITUATION 11: You are a nurse researcher and
C. To give others something you want to determine the effect of music
therapy on frequency of pain and amount of
pain medication required by cancer patients   
121.The dependent variable is:   1/1
*
A. Problem statement
0/1
B. Conceptual definition
A. A stimulus or activity that is varied by the
researcher. C. Theoretical Framework

D. Operational definition
B. The quality, property, or characteristic
identified in the problem  124.Which of the following is true about the
relationship between a study framework and
C. A characteristic or element of the human
subjects involved in the study the hypotheses?  
*
D. The response that the researcher wants to
understand 0/1

A. Hypothesis is formulated to be tested using

 
the theory or propositions from within the
122.You formulated the following hypothesis. theory
“Cancer patients who receive music therapy
complain less frequently of pain and require B. The hypotheses are not meant to be testable,
but the framework is.
less pain medication than cancer patients not
receiving music therapy." This is classified as   C. If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher
* does not need to have a framework.
0/1 D. Hypotheses are inductively identified from
the theory
A. Complex, directional hypothesis

B. Simple, associative hypothesis  

125.You decided to develop a theoretical

C. Simple, nondirectional hypothesis
framework. In conducting this, which of the
D. Complex, null hypothesis following should be done? 

  I. Select a theory that will guide and direct the

research process. 
 
II. Conduct a comprehensive review of literature
  on studies that used this theory base 
123.The statement below is an example of III. Operationalize the study variables by
which of the following? "In this study, pain is selecting the instruments that will be used to
reflected as a score between 0 and 10 on the test the concepts 
Pain Rating Scale."  
*
IV. Examine various theories to determine what A. Been selected based on criteria
might be appropriate to examine the research
problem.   B. Been systematically selected

C. Characteristics that match other samples

*

1/1 D. An equal chance of selection

 128. Among the sampling methods, the nurse

A. 3,4
researcher knows which of the following
B. 1,2,3,4 methods is the weakest form of sample
selection and should be avoided?   
C. 1,4 *
D. 2,3 0/1
SITUATION: Sampling is an essential part of the A. Quota
research process.   
B. Purposive
 
C. Snowball
126.A researcher knows that selection of
samples is important factor to consider and D. Convenience
must be given crucial attention because it will
 
serve as a portrait. A researcher should know
that a sample is a group drawn from:   129.Which sampling method allows the use of
* any subgroup of research subject?  
···/1 *

0/1
A. Population

B. Universe A. Quota

B. Purposive
C. Study group

D. Representative C. Snowball

D. Convenience
127. A nurse researcher is conducting a lecture
to nursing students about different sampling  
method when one of the students asks what
random sampling is. The nurse researcher is  
correct when she stated that random sampling
 
assures that each subject has:  
*  
1/1  
  participant?   
*
130.The nurse researcher utilized the snowball
sampling, in which he can easily get a sample 0/1
through the help of the seeds. Seeds in
snowball sampling refer to:    A. 18th
* B. 12th
0/1 C. 15th
A. Samples from population strata. D. 29th
B. Sample selected by the researcher with set of  
criteria.
133. Nurse Meli selected units in the sample by
C. Early sample members who can refer other some sort of chance. Which of the following
people who meet eligibility criteria. samplings did Nurse Melissa use?  
D. Subjects purposely selected and believed to *
be knowledgeable about the issues under the 1/1
study.
a. Simple random sampling
131. You decided to include all barangays in the
municipality and chose a sampling method that b. Systematic sampling
would get a representative sample from each
c. Stratified sampling
barangay. The appropriate method would be:  
* d. Cluster sampling
1/1 134. As a researcher, you know the different
types of sampling method. One study had
A. Cluster sampling
applied a type of sampling that uses a technique
B. Stratified sampling whereby they subdivided the population into
areas or section and then took a random sample
C. Systematic sampling from each section. The researcher chose which
D. Random sampling type of sampling method?  
*
 
0/1
132 .The nurse researcher chose to use
a. Purposive sampling
systematic sampling in obtaining 500 needed
participants in his studies to be conducted at b. Cluster sampling
Brgy. Malupet. In his population list, he learned
that the population of the baranggay is 10, 000.  
He has chosen the 9th individual in the list.
 
What would be the next number of the
  

c. Systematic sampling 137. All of the following are appropriate

methods of data collection for determining
d. Stratified sampling client’s pain, except:  
  *

135. Which of the following refers to the device 0/1

or technique an investigator employs to collect A.Pain rating scales
data:  
* B.Likert scale

0/1 C. Interview

a. Samples D. Delphi technique

b. Instruments  

c. Sampling technique 138. Results of the study show that Subjects in

the experimental group experienced less pain
d. Statistical test than subjects in the control group (p=.001). All
  of the following are correct inferences, except:  
*
136. Patients with osteoarthritis were identified
first and were asked to participate in the study. 0/1
66 subjects were equally divided into two A.The findings are statistically significant.
groups using fishbowl selection. One group of
patients sat quietly for 20 minutes each day, B.The research hypothesis was supported
while another group listened to music for 20
minutes each day. All, but one, of the following C.The null hypothesis should be retained
are correct inferences from this situation:   D.The null hypothesis should be rejected
*
 
0/1
139. More than 1600 prospective participants
A.Random assignment was present in the study were chosen from 2 universities and a
community hospital because they were likely to
B.It is a true experimental design
have insurance and see health care providers
C.There is no control group in this design regularly. Age groups were established 40-45,
46-50 and 51- 100. Which sampling method
D.It is a quantitative experimental design should you use to attain a suitable sample
  population?  
*
 
1/1 142. Which section of the RESEARCH report will
you read to be able to know what is already
A.Simple Random known about conformance of staff nurses to the
B.Quota sampling procedure on preparing clients for
hemodialysis?  
C. Systematic sampling *

D. Snowball sampling 1/1

  A.Literature review 

140. In the application of the statistical tests, B.Introduction

the researchers selected 0.05 level of
significance. Which of the following is the C.Sampling design
appropriate response of the researcher when D. Research design
asked for the meaning of level of significance?  
*  

0/1 143. After hypothesis testing, the hypothesis

“There is no significant difference between the
A.It is the level of acceptance of the null extent of conformance of the staff nurses with
hypothesis more than 2 years experience and the extent of
B.It is the basis for the decision to accept or conformance of the staff nurses with less than 2
reject hypothesis years experience” was accepted. Which of the
following is the MOST appropriate
C.It means the obtained results were not likely interpretation of this finding?  
to have been the result of chance *

D.It signifies probability of rejecting a true null ···/1

  A.The staff nurse differ in their level of

conformance
141. Collecting data from a sample to determine
the characteristics of a population is the B.The more experienced staff nurses conformed
purpose of what type of research?  
* C.Length of experience of the staff nurses does
not affect their level of conformance
0/1
 D.The higher the level of experience of the staff
A. Correlational nurse, the higher is the level of conformance

B. Experimental  

 C. survey  

D. historical  
144. A team of researchers conducted a study A. Plagiarism
on the relationship of the completed surgical
cases and the extent of performance of B. Quotation
standard competencies among Level 3 nursing C. Assumption
students assigned in the Operating Room. In
correlational study, the researcher examines D. paraphrase
the:  
SITUATION 20: Nurses use research to provide
*
evidence-based care that promotes quality
0/1 health outcomes for individuals, families,
communities and health care systems.  
A.Questionnaire used to collect data from large
samples.  

B.Difference between two correlated groups.  

C.Relationship between or among two or more 147.The study examines the effect of heart
variables. transplantation on psychosocial functioning. In
this study, the researcher should 
D.Cause and effect relationship.
I. make assumptions of the study 
145. Random sampling or probability sampling
includes all the following techniques, except:    II. Identify the study variables 
*
III. Manipulate the independent variable 
0/1
IV. Draw conclusions based on related literature
A. Simple random sampling review  

B. Stratified random Sampling *

C. Cluster sampling 1/1

D. Purposive Sampling A. 1,2,4

  B. 2,3

146 .The use of another person’s ideas or C. 1,4

wordings without giving appropriate credit
D. 1,2
results from inaccurate or incomplete
attribution of materials to its sources. Which of  
the following is referred to when, another
person’s idea is inappropriately credited as  
one’s own:  
 
*

1/1
148.The researcher is using a semantic 1/1
differential scale to collect research data. Which
of the variables below is the researcher most A. focus on the meaning of the experiences 
likely investigating?   B. conduct a quantitative study
*
C. use probability sampling techniques
1/1
D. utilize both inferential and descriptive
A. patient's actions in response to the entrance statistics
of a specialist into their room
 
B. clients' evaluation of nurse practitioners
151. When determining adequate number of
C. stress response (BP, P and R) in college participants, the research team will consider
students to the announcement of a pop quiz which of the following?  
*
D. self-reported measure of an individual's
values 0/1
  A. Sample size of the participant will be
149. In which type of research is there high determined before the study
researcher control, random assignment, and B. Number of participants will be adequate
laboratory setting?   when data obtained are saturated.
*
C. Participants should be representative of the
1/1 target population
A. Descriptive D. The convenience type of sampling will be the
B. Correlational most appropriate sampling method.

 
c. Experimental

d. Quasi-experimental 152. During the interpretation phase, the

research team is expected to answer which of
SITUATION 4: A group of nursing students the following questions?   
decided to conduct a phenomenological *
research project on the lived experience of
patients.   1/1

A. What do the findings show?

 

150.A research study explores homeless B. What is going on with the patients with
Parkinson’s disease?
patients’ experience of satisfaction with health
care. In this study, the researcher will  
*
C. What is the meaning of the experience of 0/1
patients with Parkinson’s disease in the nursing
homes? A. 2,3

C. 2,3, 4
D. Are the themes justifiable and grounded
from the data? D. 3,4
SITUATION 20: Nurse Abby studies the impact 154.The study hypothesis is that children who
of a guided imagery on the pain of children use guided imagery have less pain than children
during burn dressing changes.   who do not use guided imagery. This hypothesis
  is classified as  
*
152. The independent variable in this study is  
* 1/1

A. Simple, directional
0/1

A. Use of guided imagery B. Complex, directional

C. Simple, non-directional
B. Pain

C. Burn dressing changes D. Complex, non-directional

 
D. Impact of guided imagery
155. Nurse Abby assigned children at Burn Unit
A as experimental group while those admitted
153. Nurse Abby conducts a review of related at Burn Unit B as comparison group. Level of
literature. Which of the statements listed below pain was asked before the intervention. Guided
concerning the literature section of a research imagery was implemented at Burn Unit A during
report are correct?   dressing change. Level of pain of both groups
was again assessed after the intervention.
I. A good literature review only presents Nurse Abigail utilized which research design?  
supportive sources.  *
II. The review concludes with a statement as to 0/1
how the present study will contribute to the
existing body of knowledge in that subject area.  A. Quasi-experimental

III. Both classic and current sources must be  B. Non-equivalent control group design
included. 
C. Pre-test post-test control group design
IV. The literature cited must be relevant to the
D. Post-test only control group design
research under consideration.   

*  
 

156. To measure the dependent variable, the

researcher 

I. May use numerical rating scale 

II. Should use interval level of measurement 

III. Use t-test as statistical tool 

IV. Assess the child’s level of pain  

0/1

a. 1,2,3,4

 b. 1,2,4

c. 1,4

d. 1,2,3