Unit 3

1. Draw the relative field pattern for two isotropic point sources of the same amplitude
but opposite phase , spaced λ/2 apart.
Ans.

2. Calculate the directivity in dB for the broadside array and end fire array consisting of
λ
8 isotropic elements separated by 4 distance.
Ans.
For Broadside array,
2L 2×𝑛𝑑
D= 𝜆 = 𝜆 ; D in dB = 10 log10 D = 6.02 dB
For End fire array ,
4L 4×𝑛𝑑
D = 𝜆 = 𝜆 =8 ; D (dB) = 9.03 dB

λ
3. A uniform linear array consists of 12 isotropic point sources with a spacing of . If
4
the phase difference is 900 , calculate the HPBW, beam solid angle and effective
aperture.
Ans.
Given,
λ λ
n=12, d= 4 , L=nd= 12( 4 )= 3λ
HPBW:
2
HPBW = 57.3√L/𝜆 degree = 46.80
Directivity:
4L 3𝜆
D= 𝜆 =4* = 12
𝜆
Directivity in dB = 10 log10 (12) = 10.79 dB
Beam solid angle:
4𝜋 4 × 𝜋
Ω= = = 1.0467 S𝑟
𝐷 12
Effective aperture:
𝐷𝜆2 12 × 𝜆2
𝐴𝑒 = = = 0.955 𝜆2 m2
4𝜋 4𝜋

4. State the principle of pattern multiplication and thereby applying the principle, draw
the radiation pattern of 4 isotropic point sources and 8 isotropic point sources
λ
separated by the distance of 2
 Ans.

The principle of pattern multiplication states that “the radiation pattern of an array is the
product of the pattern of the individual antenna with the array pattern of isotropic point
sources each located at the phase centre of the individual source.” Total phase pattern is the
addition of the phase pattern of the individual sources and that of the array of isotropic point
sources.

The resultant pattern of an array of non-isotropic identical radiators is given by

E = [Ei (θ, ϕ) × Ea (θ, ϕ)] × [Epi (θ, ϕ) + Epa (θ, ϕ)]

Fig Linear arrays of 4 isotropic elements spaced λ/2 apart and fed in phase

(a) (b)

Fig (a) 4-isotropic elements λ/2 apart (b) Radiation pattern

Now elements (1) & (2) are considered as one unit & is considered to be placed between
the midway of the elements & so the elements (3) & (4) as another unit assumed to be placed
between the two elements . These two units have the same radiation pattern ie, bidirectional &
the radiation pattern of two isotropic antennas spaced λ/2 is shown below:

(a) (b)

Fig (a) 2 units array where one element is spaced λ (b)Radiation pattern
 Thus 4 -element spaced λ/2 apart have been replaced by two units spaced λ, & by doing
so, the problem of determining the radiation of 4 - elements have reduced to find out the
radiation pattern of two antennas spaced λ apart.

Radiation Pattern of 8 isotropic elements fed in phase spacedλ/2apart:

(a) (b)

Fig (a) Linear Array of 8 isotropic elements spaced λ/2 (b) Equivalent two units
array spaced 2 λ

In this case, 4 isotropic elements are assumed to be one unit and then to find the
radiation pattern of two units spaced a distance 2λ apart. The radiation pattern of 8 isotropic
elements is obtained by multiplying the unit pattern of 4 individual elements and group pattern
of two isotropic radiators spaced 2λ.

5. Illustrate the effects of non uniform excitation in Binomial array.

1. It is an array in which the amplitudes of the antenna elements in the array are
arranged according to the coefficients of the binomial series and an array with non
uniform amplitude.
2. The amplitudes are arranged in such a way that the resultant radiation pattern has
no minor lobes.
The secondary lobes can be eliminated if the following two conditions are satisfied.

i) Spacing between the two consecutive radiating sources does not exceed λ/ 2
ii) The current amplitudes in radiating sources are proportional to the coefficients of the
successive terms of the binomial series.

Relative amplitudes for the arrays of 1 to 6 radiating source are as follows:

These coefficients for any number of radiating sources can be obtained from Pascal's
triangle.

Pascal’s Triangle

It may be noted the elimination of secondary lobes takes place at the cost of
directivity. Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) of Binomial array is more than that of a
uniform array for the same length of the array. For example, for radiating source n=5,
spaced λ/2 apart HPBW of binomial arrays & uniform arrays are respectively 230 &
310 .Thus, in a uniform array, secondary lobes appear but principal lobe is sharp &
narrow whereas in John stone's binomial array width of beam widens but without
secondary lobes.
 Unit 4

1. A reflex klystron operates under the following conditions. Vo=600 volt,

Unit 5

1. A slotted line is used to measure the frequency and it was found that the distance
between nulls is 1.85cm Given the guide dimensions as 3 x 1.5cm, calculate the value
of the frequency.
Ans.
Distance between two minima is λg/2 which is 1.85cm (given). So, λg=1.85x2=3.70cm.
Considering dominant mode of given waveguide, cutoff wavelength
λc=2xa=2x3cm=6cm. Therefore, free space wavelength is by the expression
1 1 1
= + Using this expression we obtain λ0=3.15cm
20 2g 2c
2. The experiment was carried out with a 50 coaxial slotted line to determine unknown
load impedance. The short circuit was placed at the load plane and the voltage minima
were recorded at z=0.2cm, 2.2cm, 4.2cm. The short circuit was then removed and
replaced with the unknown load. The standing wave ratio was measured as 1.5 and
voltage minima were recorded at z=0.72cm, 2.72cm, 4.72cm as shown in Fig. Find the
load impedance. Derive the necessary formula used.

0 1 2 3 4 5
Unknown Short
load circuit

Ans.

Using the above formula we obtain