Unit 1

Number System

By
Dr. Sharda Vashisth
 Learning Objectives

• Common Number System

• Conversion Among Bases
• Conversion Exercises
 Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Quantities/Counting

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
 Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
Etc.
23 10111 27 17
 Conversion Among Bases

• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
 Decimal to Decimal
Just for fun

Decimal Weight

12510 => 5 x 100= 5

2 x 101= 20
1 x 102= 100
125

Base
 Binary to Decimal

Technique
• Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the
Decimal “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
Binary 0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
Bit “0” 0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Technique
• Multiply each bit by 8n, where
n is the “weight” of the bit 7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
• The weight is the position of 2 x 81 = 16
the bit, starting from 0 on the 7 x 82 = 448
right 46810
• Add the results
 Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Hexadecimal

Technique
• Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
 Decimal to Binary
Technique
• Divide by two, keep track
Decimal of the remainder
• First remainder is bit 0
(LSB, least-significant bit)
• Second remainder is bit 1
• Third remainder is bit 2
2 125 • And So On
Binary 2 62 1
31 0
2
2 15 1
12510 = (?)2 7 1
2
3 1
2
12510 = 11111012
2 1 1
0 1
 Octal to Binary

Technique
Octal
• Convert each octal digit
to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation

7058 = ?2

7 0 5
Binary

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
 Hexadecimal to Binary

Binary Hexadecimal

10AF16 = ?2

Technique 1 0 A F
• Convert each
hexadecimal
digit to a 4-bit
equivalent 0001 0000 1010 1111
binary
representation
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Technique 123410 = ?8
• Divide by 8
8 1234
• Keep track of the remainder 154 2
8
19 2
8
2 3
8
0 2

123410 = 23228
 Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Hexadecimal

123410 = ?16

16 1234
Technique 77 2
16
• Divide by 16
4 13 = D
• Keep track of the remainder 16
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Binary to Octal

Binary Octal

10110101112 = ?8
Technique
• Group bits in threes, starting on 1 011 010 111
right
• Convert to octal digits

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
 Binary to Hexadecimal

Binary Hexadecimal

10101110112 = ?16
Technique
• Group bits in fours,
starting on right 10 1011 1011
• Convert to
hexadecimal digits

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
 Octal to Hexadecimal
Technique
• Use binary as an intermediary,
Octal Write 3-bit binary equivalent of
each number
• Make groups of 4 bits
• Write the hexadecimal equivalent

10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6
Hexadecimal

001 000 111 110

2 3 E
10768 = 23E16
 Hexadecimal to Octal
Technique
Octal • Use binary as an intermediary
• Write 3-bit binary equivalent of
each number
• Make groups of 4 bits
• Write the hexadecimal equivalent

1F0C16 = ?8

Hexadecimal
1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1F0C16 = 174148 1 7 4 1 4
 Conversion Exercise
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

 Conversion Exercise

Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
 Common Powers

Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value

10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro µ .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000
 Common Powers

Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value

210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally applies
Example
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =
 Exercise – Free Space

Determine the “free space” on all drives on a

machine in the lab

Free space
Drive Bytes GB
A:
C:
D:
E:
Etc.
 Review – multiplying powers

• For common bases, add powers

ab ´ ac = ab+c

26 ´ 210 = 216 = 65,536

or…
26 ´ 210 = 64 ´ 210 = 64k
 Fractions

Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875
 Fractions

• Decimal to binary x
.14579
2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.
 Fractions
• Octal to Decimal

Source: Book- Modern Digital Electronics by R P Jain

 Fractions
• Decimal to Octal Example: (3287.5100098) 10 = ( ? )8

Source: Book- Modern Digital Electronics by R P Jain

 Fractions
• Hexadecimal to Decimal

Source: Book- Modern Digital Electronics by R P Jain

 Fractions
• Decimal to Hexadecimal Example: (675.625) 10 = ( ? )16

Source: Book- Modern Digital Electronics by R P Jain

 Fractions
• Binary to Octal

• Binary to Hexadecimal

Source: Book- Modern Digital Electronics by R P Jain

 Conversion Exercise

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!
 Conversion Exercise

Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
Thank You