ROXAS, JOEY MAY S.
BSN-1A
M4 Check-in Activity 2
1. Hybridization
The process of merging two atomic orbitals to produce a new variety of hybridized
orbitals.
Valence bond theory is extended to include the idea of hybridization, which clarifies
bond formation, bond energy, and bond lengths.
During the hybridization process, atomic orbitals with similar energies are mixed
together. Typically, two orbitals, two 'p' orbitals, an 's' orbital mixed with a 'p' orbital, as
well as an 's' orbital mixed with a 'd' orbital, are combined.
The new orbitals produced by this procedure are known as hybrid orbitals.
Only when bonds are formed does hybridization take place, not in a single gaseous atom.
2. Bond Characteristics
Covalent bonding can exist as a gas, a solid, or a liquid.
High melting and boiling points characterize ionic bonding.
Metal bonds are highly bendable, often in a solid form, and excellent heat and electricity
conductors.
Inside chemical molecules, they keep atoms bound together.
The difference in electronegativity determines how strong a chemical connection is.
3. Sp3 Hybrid
It is combining one 2s orbital with three 2p orbitals to get four hybrid orbitals with
similar properties.
Ethane (C2H6) and methane are two examples of sp3 hybridization.
25% s character and 75% p character make up each sp3 hybrid orbital.
They have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.
These are directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron and make an angle of
109°28’ with one another.
4. Sp2 Hybrid
An atom's s and p orbitals from the same shell combine to generate three equivalent
orbitals.
Also called trigonal hybridization.
At 1200, a combination of s and p orbitals developed in trigonal symmetry.
The triangular planar structure of the molecules results from the sp2 hybridization of the
core atom and its links to three other atoms.
One's' orbital and two 'p' orbitals of equivalent energy are combined to create the new
hybrid orbital known as sp2.
5. Sp Hybrid
Is noticed when an atom's single main shell's single s and single p orbitals combine to
create two new equivalent orbitals.
The new orbitals formed are called sp hybridized orbitals.
It produces 180° angled linear molecules.
Also called diagonal hybridization.
Every sp hybridized orbital has 50% s and 50% p character, making up the total quantity
of s and p character in each orbital.
6. Polarity
An object has polarity when it has two distinct, opposing poles that can either attract or
repel one another.
In order to describe the movement of electrons, the phrase is frequently used in the fields
of electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and electronic signaling.
A molecule's behavior is influenced by the movement of electrons in covalent bonds
either toward or away from its atoms, which is known as molecular polarity.
Electrons move from the negative pole to the positive pole if the two poles are connected
by a wire or another conductive channel.
This flow of charge constitutes an electric current.
7. Bond Order
The quantity of electrons enmeshed in a bond between two molecules' atoms is measured
as bond order.
It serves as a gauge of how stable a chemical bond is. The strength of a chemical
connection often increases with bond order.
Bond order often corresponds to the number of bonds that exist between two atoms.
When the molecule has antibonding orbitals, exceptions take place.
The valence electrons in an atom are used to form bonds. The energy of electrons differs
widely. Each orbital within a level of energy has a different amount of energy.
When two or more of an atom's electrons are in different orbitals, the atom may attempt
to hybridize or mix them
8. Bond Energy
It is described as the quantity of energy needed to disintegrate a mole of molecules into
their individual atoms.
It gauges how powerful a chemical connection is. Bond strength is another name for bond
energy, as is bond enthalpy (H).
Based on an average of bond dissociation values for species in the gas phase, typically at
298 Kelvin, bond energy is calculated.
A molecule's internal bond-dissociation energies are averaged to get bond energy values.
It may be found by measuring the enthalpy change of breaking a molecule into its
component atoms and ions and dividing the value by the number of chemical bonds.
9. Bond Length
The Bond Length measures the typical separation between the two atoms' nuclei when
they are joined by a covalent bond.
Bond order and atomic radius are the two elements that directly influence bond length.
Inverse relationships exist between bond length and energy.
The sum of the covalent radii of the two atoms is typically how long the connection
between them is.
Indicated in picometers is bond length.
10. Bond Angle
A bond angle in a covalent species is the angle formed by two bonds that share the same
atom.
The average angle between the orbitals that contain bonding electron pairs surrounding
the main atom in a molecule is known as the bond angle.
The location of bond pairs, lone pairs, core atoms, and surrounding atoms are all given by
the bond angle, which allows us to establish the structure and geometry of the molecules.
It is measured in degree or minute or second.
The number of lone pairs, size, electronegativity, and size of the surrounding atoms all
play a role in this.
