TUTORIAL CHAPTER 4

PART A
1. Determine the molecular structure of phospholipids.
A. Three fatty acids molecules each joined to one glycerol molecule
B. Three glycerol molecules each joined to one fatty acid molecule
C. Two fatty acids molecules each joined to one glycerol molecule
D. Two glycerol molecules each joined to one fatty acid molecule

2. Determine the correct base-pairing of nitrogenous bases in ribonucleic acid (RNA).

A. Adenine (A) - Uracil (U)
B. Guanine (G) - Uracil (U)
C. Adenine (A) - Cytosine (C)
D. Guanine (G) - Thymine (T)

3. Name a chain of amino acids which are linked together and can be found in the
enzyme, amylase.
A. Membrane lipid
B. Nucleic acid
C. Polysaccharide
D. Polypeptide

4. Indicate the characteristics of saturated fats.

A. Solid in room temperature.
B. Liquid in room temperature.
C. The sources of saturated fats are mostly from plants and fishes.
D. The fatty acids of saturated fats contain double bonds between the carbon chain.

5. Choose incorrect statement regarding to the function of carbohydrates.

A. Chitin is a carbohydrate that is used in insects and other arthropods in the
structures of their exoskeleton.
B. Starch is a carbohydrate that is used by some plants as a way to store glucose.
C. Glycogen is a carbohydrate that is used by animals as a way to store glucose.
D. Glucose is a carbohydrate that is utilized by all life forms in the construction of
nucleotides.

6. Indicate the true statement of lactose.

A. Made of two molecules of glucose.
B. Soluble in water.
C. Not a reducing sugar.
D. Bond that is formed is α-1,2 glycosidic bond.

7. Identify the sequence on the complementary strand, if the nucleotide sequence of one
strand DNA helix is GTAACT
A. ACTAGA
B. CATTGA
C. ACAAGT
D. GGATTA

8. Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

 A. amino and carboxyl
B. amino and sulfhydryl
C. carbonyl and carboxyl
D. carbonyl and amino

9. Select the three types of carbohydrates which consist of long glucose chains.
A. wax, glycogen, cellulose
B. cellulose, starch, silk
C. starch, glycogen, cellulose
D. starch, chitin, silk

10 Which of the following is not a characteristic of DNA?

A. Antiparallel
B. Contain ribose
C. Double-stranded
D. Complementary

11. If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule so that it has only
carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule becomes a _____ molecule.
A) carbohydrate
B) carbonyl
C) carboxyl
D) hydrocarbon

12. The functional group - NH2 is a(n)

A) carboxyl group
B) amino group
C) hydroxyl group
D) phosphate group
E) carbonyl group

13. Which of the following is not a lipid?

A) chitin
B) unsaturated fat
C) steroids
D) prostaglandins

14. Glucose is a
A) protein
B) disaccharide
C) nucleic acid
D) monosaccharide
E) starch

15. Triacylglycerol contains fatty acids and

A) glucose
B) glycogen
C) glycerol
D) guanine
E) an amino group
16. Animals store glucose in the form of
A) amylose
B) glycogen
C) glycerol
D) guanine
E) cellulose

17. In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of reaction would join two subunits
together?
A) hydrophobic reaction
B) hydrolysis reaction
C) dehydration reaction
D) denaturation reaction

18. Assuming they all had the same number of carbon atoms, which of the following has
the most C-H bonds?
A) an unsaturated fat
B) a polyunsaturated fat
C) a polysaccharide
D) a saturated fat

19. Predict the last product of celullose after hydrolysis

A) fructose
B) sucrose
C) glucose
D) galactose

20. A carbon skeleton has a functional group of amino, this molecule has tendency to
_____.
A) ionized into partially positive charge
B) accept hydrogen ion because its basic
C) ionized into partially negative charge
D) give off hydrogen ion because its basic

21. Which of the following is not a disaccharide?

A) sucrose
B) maltose
C) lactose
D) all of the above are disaccharides

22. The general term for a large molecule made up of many similar subunits is
A) polymer
B) functional group
C) peptide
D) helix
E) pectin

23. Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions involve removing or adding _______________

to macromolecule subunits.
 A) CH and NH2
B) C and H
C) COOH and H
D) OH and H
E) C and O
24. The empirical formula for carbohydrates is
A) (CHO)2
B) (CH20)n
C) 2(CHO)n
D) (C2HO)n
E) (CnHnOn)
25. Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all polymers of glucose.
A) True
B) False
26. Hydrolysis of one molecule of a triglyceride to glycerol and fatty acids yields two
molecules of water.
A) True
B) False
27. In a lipid bilayer ___________ tails point inward and form a region that excludes
water.
A. acidic
B. basic
C. hydrophilic
D. hydrophobic
E. none of these
28. Unlike the saturated fatty acids, UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS: are found
mostly in animal fats and oils
A. contain hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
B. are often covalently bonded to sugars
C. lack of carboxyl group
D. contain double covalent bonds between carbons in their hydrocarbon chain.
29. Glycerol consist of one hydroxyl group and fatty acid consist of 3 carbonyl group at
their chemical structure.
A) True
B) False
30 All of the following are true of protein denaturation except that it
A) is a shape change
B) is always irreversible
C) may be caused by a pH change
D) could result from a temperature change
31. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
32. Nucleic acids are chains of 5-carbon sugars linked by ____ bonds with an organic
base protruding from each sugar.
A) amino
B) phosphodiester
C) carboxyl
D) phosphate
33. Double helix describes the structure of a molecule of
A) protein
B) disaccharide
C) starch
D) monosaccharide
E) DNA
34. In the formation of a macromolecule, what type of bond would join two amino acid
subunits?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) peptide bond
35. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called the
A) primary structure
B) secondary structure
C) tertiary structure
D) quaternary structure
36. The globular shape of a protein is called the
A) primary structure
B) secondary structure
C) tertiary structure
D) quaternary structure
37. In a DNA molecule, what holds together nitrogenous bases from the two polymer
chains?
A) phosphodiester bonds
B) ionic bonds
C) covalent bonds
D) peptide bonds
E) hydrogen bonds
38. In nucleic acids, the purine nitrogenous bases are
A) uracil and thymine
B) cytosine and guanine
C) thymine and cytosine
D) adenine and guanine
E) guanine and thymine
39. In proteins, elements of secondary structure combine to form a(n)
A) domain
B) motif
C) alpha helix
D) beta sheet
E) chaperone
40. At what level(s) of protein structure would you expect to find disulfide bridges?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) only in B and C
41. Which of the following is a characteristic of proteins?
A) Some may enhance the rate of specific chemical reactions.
B) They may form either long, thin fibrous molecules or compact, rounded
globular molecules.
C) They store genetic information for cellular metabolism.
D) They form through hydrolysis reactions.
E) A and B
42. Amino acids and proteins are ionized at typical biological pH such that both the
amino group and the carboxyl group gain hydrogen ions to become -NH3+ and -COOH,
respectively.
A) True
B) False
43. A protein with quaternary structure contains four domains.
A) True
B) False
44. Both glycoside and peptide linkages result from dehydration synthesis.
A) True
B) False
45. The group of molecules called nucleotides contain:
A) phosphate groups.
B) pyrimidines.
C) purines.
D) pentose (a 5-carbon sugar).
E) all of the above.
46. Nucleotides have a nitrogenous base attached to a sugar at the:
A) 1' carbon
B) 2' carbon
C) 3' carbon
D) 4' carbon
E) 5' carbon
47. The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by:
A) ionic bonds.
B) hydrogen bonds.
C) nonpolar covalent bonds.
D) polar covalent bonds.
E) hydrophobic exclusions.
48. Determine the correct pair of nitrogenouse base (purine and pyrimidine) at DNA
strands
A) uracil and thymine
B) thymine and cytosine
C) adenine and thymine
D) cytosine and uracil

49. Which bonds would you find in the primary structure of a protein?
I peptide bonds
II ionic bonds
III hydrogen bonds
A I only
B II only
C I and II only
D I, II and III

50. What would be transcribed from this DNA base sequence?

3' –C–C–G–A–A–T–G–T–C– 5'

A 3' –G–G–C–U–U–A–C–A–G– 5'

B 3' –G–G–C–T–T–A–C–A–G– 5'
C 5' –G–G–C–U–U–A–C–A–G– 3'
D 5' –G–G–C–T–T–A–C–A–G– 3'

51. Which of the following options, are the pyrimidine bases found in DNA?

A) uracil and thymine

B) thymine and cytosine
C) adenine and thymine
D) cytosine and uracil

52. Three of the bases found in nucleic acids are pyrimidines and two are purines. Which
of the following is correct?
Pyrimidines Purines

A) Adenine and thymine; cytosine and guanine

B) Adenine and cytosine; thymine and guanine
 C) Uracil and thymine; adenine and guanine
D) Cytosine and uracil; thymine and cytosine

53. Primary structure protein is in linear sequence of amino acids joined by

phosphodiester
bond
A. True
B. False

PART B
Describe the process of condensation reaction to build up polymer. (2
marks)

Identify and explain in details the components that build the monomer of nucleic acid.
(6 marks)

Differentiate DNA and RNA. (2 marks)

Name four common functional groups found in components of biological molecules.

(2 marks)

What is the general formula for monosaccharides? Write the formula for a monosaccharide
that has five carbons. (2
marks)

What happens when a protein is exposed to excessive heat or high pH. (1 mark)

Determine the functional group and draw the chemical structure based on the following
properties:-
a) forms polar compound

b) forms alcoholic compound

c) acts as basic

d) acts as acidic
State the main difference between steroid and lipid, give 2 examples for steroid.

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid.

Describe about phospholipid and steroid, give an example for each.

Indicate two importance of polysaccharides in animal and plants, give an example for each.

Describe the major function of lipids.

Illustrate components involved in nucleotides of DNA and RNA.

List two types of RNA and its function.

Explain the structure of primary, secondary and tertiary protein.

Indicate the bond form for glucose and fructose, valine and arginine, glycerol and 3 fatty
acid and adenine and thymine.

Indicate five functions of protein and briefly describe for each function.

Discuss the factors affecting the solubility of proteins in water.

Draw and label a simple diagram to show how DNA is constructed from sugars, phosphates
and bases.