Corruption definition

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We define corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. The word corruption is derived
from the Latin word “corruptus,” which means “corrupted” and, in legal terms, the abuse of a trusted
position in one of the branches of power (executive, legislative and judicial) or in political or other
organizations with the intention of obtaining material benefit which is not legally justified for itself or for
others.

Corruption erodes trust, weakens democracy, hampers economic development and further exacerbates
inequality, poverty, social division and the environmental crisis.

Exposing corruption and holding the corrupt to account can only happen if we understand the way
corruption works and the systems that enable it.

Corruption can happen anywhere: in business, government, the courts, the media, and in civil society, as
well as across all sectors from health and education to infrastructure and sports.

Corruption can involve anyone: politicians, government officials, public servants, business people or
members of the public.

Corruption happens in the shadows, often with the help of professional enablers such as bankers,
lawyers, accountants and real estate agents, opaque financial systems and anonymous shell companies
that allow corruption schemes to flourish and the corrupt to launder and hide their illicit wealth.

Corruption adapts to different contexts and changing circumstances. It can evolve in response to
changes in rules, legislation and even technology.

Some blame the Philippines’s corruption problem on the merging of Filipino traditions with American
institutions. One Filipino political scientist told Smithsonian magazine, “Americans taught us the idea of
honesty and integrity in civil service but local culture conflicts with the democratic model.” With no
tradition of civil service and the prevalence of strong family and community ties, bribery and nepotism
have seeped into the system.

In the 1990s the Philippines was regarded as one of the world’s most corrupt nations. Most corrupt
nations: 1) Nigeria; 2) Pakistan; 3) Kenya; 4) China; 5) Cameroon; 6) Egypt; 7) Columbia; 8) Uganda; 9)
the Philippines; 10) Indonesia. [Source: Transparency International]

In a survey of 10 Asia-Pacific nation, the Philippine civil service was voted most corrupt. The World
Competitiveness Report ranked the Philippines just below Russia and Indonesia for tax evasion, irregular
payments and favoritism towards well-connected companies. There was a corruption scandal on the
new $657 million international terminal at the Manila airport
Causes of corruption

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JUSTICE DELAY, which is no justice at all, is the ROOT CAUSE of Government Corruption.

The real cause behind corruption is absence of a "respectable justice system". Philippine justice is not
credible, and most of the Filipino people are losing respect for it, because it can not enforce the rule of
law against prominent characters and powerful corrupt government officials. Philippine justice is
"POLITICALLY ADULTERATED" which means that it is more dominated by politicians who consider
themselves the superior elites of society at the expense of the rights of the common people.

some of the key common driving forces that generate it, What is common to all countries, which are
among the most corrupt, has been identified by Svensson [10]; all of them are developing countries or
countries in transition,

 with rare exceptions, low-income countries,

 most countries have a closed economy,

 the influence of religion is visible (Protestant countries have far the lowest level of corruption),

 low media freedom and

 a relatively low level of education.

Regardless of the above, corruption cannot be assessed unambiguously, since there is never only
one phenomenon that is responsible for the occurrence and the development of it; corruption
always arises from an array of several, interrelated factors, which can differ considerably from one
another. Among the most commonly mentioned factors that influence the development of
corruption are: political and economic environment, professional ethics and legislation.

Political and economic environment

The more is the economic activity in the country regulated and limited, the higher the authority and the
power of officials in decision making and the greater the possibility of corruption, since individuals are
willing to pay or offer payment in order to avoid restrictions. Corruption is also strongly influenced by
the low salaries of public administration employees (state officials), who are therefore trying to improve
their financial position by receiving bribes, and consequently, the socio-economic situation of the
government officials also affects the phenomenon of corruption. This is demonstrated also by Allen et al.
in their study where they find that corruption arises because agencies, institutions and the government
can no longer control corruption effectively due to underpaid officials, which is a problem especially in
the developing countries, where they do not have the sufficient tax revenue to properly reward the local
officials.

Professional ethics and legislation

Lack of professional ethics and deficient laws regulating corruption as a criminal offense, and the
prosecution and sanctioning of it are also an important cause for the emergence and spread of
corruption. A great influence comes also from the ineffective sanctioning of corruption, which only
increases the possibility of continuing the corruptive actions of those involved, creating at the same time
a strong likelihood that others will join in the corruption due to this inefficient sanctioning.

Solution

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The required solution to government graft and corruption, is therefore JUSTICE REFORM.

The solution, therefore, to the above is to ACTIVATE the sovereign power of the people that has been
enshrined in Article II, Section 1, of the constitution which says: "Sovereignty resides in the people and
all government authority emanates from them." The politicians in the high places of government have
never recognized this people's sovereign power and authority, except only during election time for their
personal embellishments.

Therefore, in order to force powerful political public officials, including the President, to recognize the
people's power and authority, the people must be given their sovereign deciding voice in justice and
keep away the deciding power of justice in the hands of solo judges and solo prosecutors in serious
criminal cases. The only way to accomplish this is through the creation of the Grand Jury and Trial Jury
Systems.

As human resource manager in the public sector, the CSC seeks to build a civil service imbued not only
with the value of excellence but also with integrity. It continually upholds the principle that “Public office
is a public trust” and, thus, has undertaken various programs specifically to curb corruption and
promote good governance.

The CSC’s anti-corruption initiatives are as follows:

Implementation of the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (Republic Act No. 9485)

 The Anti-Red Tape Act or ARTA is a law that seeks to reduce bureaucratic red tape and to curb
corruption brought about by inefficient and unclear frontline service procedures. The CSC
implements the ARTA through the following programs:

Republic Act No. 3019 (The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act) is the main anti-corruption law. It
enumerates certain acts of public officers that constitute graft or corrupt practices
  Persuading, inducing or influencing another public officer to perform an act constituting a
violation of rules, or an offense in connection with official duties
 Requesting or receiving any gift, present, share, percentage or benefit, for himself or for any
other person, in connection with any contract or transaction between the government and any
other party, wherein the public officer in his official capacity has to intervene under the law

There are two existing approaches to minimizing corruption, formal and informal mechanisms. Formal
Mechanisms include laws, rules, regulations and issuances promulgated by government to prosecute ,
investigate and/or prevent corrupt practices. Informal Mechanism are located outside of the
government structure and include civil society groups and non-government organizations, both those
based locally and those with international connections.

Other mechanisms aside from laws, have been instituted to stop corruption before it occurs. These
include:

 Staff education and training programs on values of honesty and integrity in the performance of
public duty.
 The inclusion of training on honesty and integrity in public officials in early education programs
 A system of incentives and rewards to encourage appropriate conduct by public officials and
employees.

Number 3

Many of us question this condition that they are tired of hearing this problem in
this country. I think it is the most common problem of government in our society
here in the Philippines. These are a few impacts of corruption in our country on
taxes, salary, and health outcomes. Through the impact of corruption on taxes:
Because of corruption, less taxes are levied than would otherwise be, as some of
the taxes end up in the pockets of corrupt tax officials. There are also frequent tax
relieves in the corrupt countries, selective taxes and various progressive taxes; in
short, there is much less money than the country could have, and so corruption,
through the country’s financial deficit, also affects the economic growth; and
conclude the findings on the negative impact (both indirect and direct) of
corruption on economic growth. Income was also significant in the regression
were income, with more correct responses in municipalities with richer
households. Delays in salary payments at the municipal –but not the facility- level
also seemed to adversely affect knowledge, perhaps due to the drain of the most
qualified personnel. Another variable which appears to matter is the supply of
medicines which suggest unsurprisingly that decisions at the municipal level or
higher are relevant to the quality of services that health facilities can provide. The
number of personnel however has a negative and significant effect perhaps
reflecting nepotism and over-employment in the government. Alternatively, more
personnel could proxy for greater demand for health services in densely
populated areas, which may lead to poorer service.

Hays, J. (2008). Corruption in the Philippines. Retrieved from: [Link]

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Sumah, S. (2017). Corruption, Causes and Consequences. Retrieved from:

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Transparency International (n.d). Retrieved from: [Link]

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Camello, M. (n.d). Basic Cause of Government Corruption. Retrieved from: [Link]

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Anti-Corruption Initiatives. Retrieved from: [Link]

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Quimbo [Link] (2016). Anti-Corruption in the Philippines. Retrieved from:

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Martinez, R (1999). Strategies of Corruption prevention in the Philippines: mobilizing civil society
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