WASTE DISPOSAL ROUTINE AND ITS PERCEIVED 

EFFECTS ON HEALTH AMONG RESIDENCES 

OF BRGY. BONBON, BUTUAN CITY

A Research Presented To The Senior High School Faculty 

Of Saint Joseph Institute of Technology 
Basic Education Department
Butuan City

In Partial Fulfilment of The Requirements for

Practical Research I

Amper, Jessica Beatriz P. 

Cardino, Prince Roy G.
Cortez, Rian Carl M.
Estopin, James Andrei B.
Requiron, Rene Jr. C.
Ruiz, Lexi G.
Tabasa, Lovely T.
Tuhoy, Mark Jay T.
 ii

October 2022
 1

CHAPTER  1

INTRODUCTION
                    

         In the Philippines, there has been a growing problem with waste disposals.

Garbage generation in the Philippines is expected to rise further in the coming years.

According to an analysis, the nation's waste management challenges may include an

increase in waste volume, lax enforcement of the law, a lack of sanitary landfills, and

improper waste disposal. The country has a population of 100,987,437 persons (Philippine

Statistics Authority [PSA], 2017). The waste generation per person is 0.70kg/day in highly

urbanized city areas, 0.60kg/day in urban city areas, and 0.30 kg/day in rural areas

(Atienza, 2017). Poor waste disposal practices impede household progress toward

integrated solid waste management. For accurate decision-making in the transition to a

more sustainable approach, knowledge of current practices and perceptions of waste

management is required. The waste crisis is a global as well as a national and local

concern: it is estimated that about 70% of wastes generated worldwide are disposed of

improperly (either openly dumped (33%) or not sanitarily landfilled (37%) (World Bank,

2018).

            Waste disposal means removing and destroying or storing damaged used or

other unwanted materials including packing waste (glass, paper, or plastic), domestic,

commercial, and agricultural. Disposal includes dumping, and burial landfill sites (Adogu

et al., 2015). Several studies have found that improper waste disposal and management

from households, communities, and people can have an impact on public health, which can

be classified as physical, biological, noncommunicable diseases, psychosocial, and

 2

ergonomic health risks. Biological vectors such as flies, rodents, and insects breed in

contaminated soil, air, and

 3

water. Many diseases, such as diarrhea, dysentery, gastrointestinal problems, and so on, are

caused sequentially by these biological vectors. Kolekara et al. (2016) have shown some

negative aspects in the efficient and accurate determination of the amount of waste generated,

including the lack of sufficient data, especially in developing countries and especially in rural

areas, as well as the high degree of uncertainty. Proper waste management is both a public

benefit and an individual obligation. An increasing number of studies and programs (Kurisu,

2015; Fearon and Adraki, 2014; Haider et al. 2015; and Mukherji et al. 2016) claim that the

perceptions and behavior of people toward waste management are major factors influencing

the transformation of individual behavior and attitude from ‘discarding waste improperly’ to

‘managing waste sustainably’. One person's improper waste disposal has an impact on the

entire community. Every individual, establishment, and institution in every city in the

Philippines has been tasked by policies to contribute significantly to the process of keeping

their communities and environment clean. The education of young people in the field of

environmental protection both in family and in schools is a priority, representing an efficient

way to reduce the amount of waste (Rada, 2016). A proper education of the public in the

community about the provision of more communal trash bins in every street and the daily,

weekly, and or monthly collection of waste that should be implemented in every barangay.

With this platform it could become advantage and could benefit to prevent exposing the

public in municipalities to diseases (Jangsawang, 2015). There was a general perception of

every city that every local resident in the community either; children, youth, and adult,

should poses a routine that’s responsible for transporting their waste from the households to

dumping sites. There is no age in being responsible of cleanliness to the community and
 4

environment all of us are responsible for taking care to our mother earth and to be a role

model in each everybody for the good responsibilities towards on environment cleanliness.

Humans have the responsibility to be more knowledgeable and familiar with

cleanliness practices that can benefit not only the individual, but also the entire

community of the said barangay due to their impact and benefits. Butuan City, the

capital of Caraga Region in Northeastern Mindanao, has an estimated population of

337,063 with an annual growth rate of 1.6% (PSA, 2015). The increasing urbanization

and population growth have led to an increase in the amount of waste that is accumulated

in the city. Providing a planned and solution for waste disposal has still remained a

herculean task where it requires a large amount of physical strength where governments

cannot succeed due to a lack of cooperation with people. People uneducated about

domestic matters of waste disposal have a poor attitude toward waste dumping in their

residences. They can accomplish several health benefits for the environment if

individuals take a significant part in waste removal. Human health can be impacted by

garbage exposure, with children being vulnerable to these toxins. The dumping of

chemical waste into the environment results in chemical poisoning, direct exposure can

cause illnesses through chemical exposure. To demonstrate a link between health and

waste, several research has been conducted throughout the world. By managing waste, it

will make a difference to the world even though we cannot permanently remove wastes

but by doing practices and eco-friendly environment. A safe and clean world will be

embraced. The effect of living in an unhygienic and untidy environment may lead people
 5

to become demoralized and less motivated to improve conditions around them (Hasan,

2019).

              The Waste poses a threat to the health of the residents in Brgy. Bonbon Butuan

City, and also to their environment if it is not stored, collected, and disposed of properly.

Every local resident in every slum of barangays, purok has not only have been aiding

leadership from barangay officials, in every purok there is a local youth resident that

gathered and has been elected to turn into leadership namely and known as The

Sangguaniang Kabataan (SK). They are known as the leader of implementing fiesta

activities, the leader of implementing a peaceful community practice and these youth

officials have been the second advocate for the implementation of cleanliness in their

barangay. But unfortunately, there are some common problems that every barangay clusters

experiencing is the lack of income. with the lack of a management budget and weak policy

for waste management of local communities in developing cities. especially for clusters

that have the amount of garbage less than 5 tons per day, open dumping or open burning is

the most common municipal solid waste management, leading to severe impact on the

environment.

               This study has been idealizing the local residence in Brgy. Bonbon Butuan City

on their sustainable management and eco-friendly waste disposal concept that has been

their routine and could impact to the other local communities about a good waste disposal.

The local residence of Brgy. Bonbon should create a routine and have a public participation

campaign with the 3R's concept (Reduced, Reuse and Recycle) must be launched to reduce

and separate waste from households to be mixed with combustible waste, organic waste,
 6

and recycled waste. According to the study of Kersuwan et al. (2015) if the separation at

the source is successful, the treated waste of about 2.5 tons is divided into wet and dry

fractions. The wet fraction can be easily treated by conventional composting to produce

soil conditioners and generate income for communities. The dry fraction must be treated by

an incinerator. However, due to the high moisture content and low heating value of the

waste, the incinerator needs to run with additional fossil fuel, causing high operating costs.

(Kerdsuwan et al., 2015)

               The residents of Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City, should be responsible for their waste

disposal and to create a routine that could let them use a guidance to follow every day in

their lives. and also, they should conduct a fund collection in every household that would

be able to help the barangay officials to conduct more advocacies about proper waste

disposal, more trash bins, and a vehicle for waste collection in every street in barangay. In

the long run the local residents in the said barangay and purok, will mostly be the one who

will benefit from the cleanliness and safety of their environment in the community. Waste

disposal has been a long-time problem in the society where programs and awareness are

still running through the current years. However, poor information dissemination strategy

on solid waste management will make the public less aware and less participative on the

program (Nolasco, Baguia, & Padua, 2019) The ultimate goal of waste management was to

prevent or to reduce the impact of waste materials on human health (Babaei et al., 2015).

The overall objective is simple, it is to guarantee that the community in, Brgy. Bonbon to

have the knowledge on how to properly dispose of their rubbish, to discover various ways

to get rid of their garbage, and their routine of disposing waste in their respective
 7

household.  Raising awareness among readers, the industry, and society about the positive

impact of proper waste disposal on individuals' lives. This study was carried out at Brgy,

Bonbon, Butuan City to evaluate people's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors with relation

to disposal of household waste.

Review of Related Literature

          This part it presents an overview of some related literature and studies

reviewed by the researches to support and explain the existence of the research problem.

Related Literature

Waste Disposal

Most human activities generate waste (Brunner and Rechberger, 2014).

Unplanned placement of communal bins or garbage sites could endanger water resources,

especially water sources like rivers and streams. In time, other groundwater sources

including hand-dug wells and boreholes will also be impacted (Odonkor et al., 2020).

According to the article of Amaechi, (2022) proper waste disposal is needed to properly

execute waste management. Without properly executing waste disposal, difficulty in

waste management also emerge. Through humans’ waste disposal occurs as it is also

proven that human activities and lack of discipline are the main reason for improper

waste disposal that makes the problem difficult to resolve. Waste poses a threat to public

health and the environment if it is not stored, collected, and disposed properly (Yoada et

al, 2022). As Mamady (2016) mentioned inadequate waste practices in the

community level have dire consequences of improper planning and zoning of cities and

neighborhoods (Mamady, 2016). Solid waste is waste that is worthless, undesirable or

abandoned as a result of everyday activities in the community (Mishra et al., 2013). The
 8

awareness programs have to be conducted on safe waste disposal and efforts should be

made to sustain the supervision of household management (Mukama et al., 2016). As for

the modernization, technological advancement and increase in global population created

rising in demand for food and other essentials. This has resulted to rise in the amount of

waste being generated daily by each household (Rajouri, 2013).

              Thus, the most important processes are quantification and characterization of

all the sustainable solid waste management systems according to Senzige, et al. (2014).

Landfills are one of the methods that are used for waste disposal and it is cheapest

disposal of solid waste in landfills as waste management techniques (Mahmood et al.,

2015). Several human activities that include, among others, technological applications to

change the ecosystems may, also, result in environmental pollution (Nadal et al. 2016).

Waste quantity modeling plays an important role in day-to-day waste management

planning and operation (Vu et al., 2019). As the volume of wastes increases, so also does

the variety of the waste increases (Vergara et al., 2012). According to the study of

Kwarteng et al. (2022) Inappropriate disposal of solid waste can have a major adverse

impact or consequences on humans in the society both in terms of the natural

environment and health. 

Waste Management

           The collection, transportation, processing, recycling, or disposal of waste

materials is referred to as waste management. The term usually refers to materials

produced by human activity, and it is usually done to reduce their impact on health,
 9

aesthetics, or amenity. Waste management is also carried out in order to reduce the

environmental impact of materials and recover resources from them. It can also involve

solid, liquid, or gaseous substances, each with its own set of methods and fields of

expertise (Azuelo, [Link], 2016). Waste Management is one of the things to be considered

by the government as performance and political will of local officials can be attributed to

the varying readiness of each municipality, barangay officials, and households in the

implementation of waste segregation strategies. Without the support of local officials,

programs such as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act will not progress beyond

the current method of mixed collection and open waste dumping (Azuelo, [Link], 2016).

Without a proper government method of reducing waste will not be implemented as for

The Local Government Unit (LGU) is in charge of enacting and ensuring proper solid

waste management. The National Government has granted local governments (LGUs)

local autonomy in order to make them effective partners in achieving national goals,

which includes LGUs to facilitate solid waste management (Vivar, 2015). The lack of

awareness and poor management of MSW management by actors, particularly in

developing nations, has become a serious issue (Naveen et al., 2018) Although

developing countries generate less solid waste than developed ones, mismanaged solid

waste disposal pollutes the environment. Lack of waste management knowledge also

contributes to a variety of environmental problems (Naveenetal., 2018). Solid waste

management is the discipline concerned with the control of solid waste generation,

storage, collection, transfer, processing, and disposal (Mishra et al., 2013).

 10

         For decades, both urban and rural communities have struggled with waste

management issues. Republic Act 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000, was enacted to protect public health and the environment

while encouraging resource conservation and recovery, as well as public cooperation and

responsibility. Common areas for improvement have also been identified, such as the

need to accelerate transition timelines, supplement national and local government

complementation, invest in appropriate technologies and facilities, and sustain public and

private sector engagements (Dominggo et al.,2021). According to Muralikrishna et al.

that waste management program is a way to give awareness and take action for people to

go outside their respective homes and clean their environment. An effective and efficient

waste management program is a way for an area to have a clean and safe environment.

(Muralikrishna et al., 2017).  Improving waste management practices have reduced

pressures associated with waste disposal, such as pollution from incineration or

landfilling and has also mitigated pressures associated with extracting and processing

new resources. (WHO, 2015). For preventing any serious environmental health risks and

treatment of these wastes management is strongly required (Doğruparmak, 2011). 

              It was found that the solid waste management is considered inefficient due to

a lack of knowledge in proper waste handling and the importance of segregating waste

properly as proper waste handling start at home (Abas et al. 2020). There are different

types of methods that can be used for Waste Management where it gives option for

people to use. The major methods of waste management are 1.) Recycling—the recovery

of materials from products after they have been used by consumers. 2.) Composting—an
 11

aerobic, biological process of degradation of biodegradable organic matter. 3.) Sewage

treatment—a process of treating raw sewage to produce a non-toxic liquid effluent which

is discharged to rivers or sea and a semisolid sludge, which is used as a soil amendment

on land, incinerated or disposed of in land fill. 4.) Incineration—a process of combustion

designed to recover energy and reduce the volume of waste going to disposal. 5.) Landfill

—the deposition of waste in a specially designated area, which in modern sites consists

of a pre-constructed ‘cell’ lined with an impermeable layer (man-made or natural) and

with controls to minimize emissions. 6.) Environmental monitoring of all potential

sources of pollution from different waste management options has been, and is being

continuously, carried out and thus a great deal is known about the types and number of

substances emanating from them (Subramoniam, 2015).

Waste Disposal in Philippines

             On the contrary, developing living standards, increasing population, and

rapid urbanization, todays have created huge amounts of solid waste in all countries

worldwide (Zhao et al., 2015). Mentioned by Benson et al. (2021) with regards to general

solid waste, the Philippines is estimated to generate 8,218,580.85 tons of plastic waste

annually as the pandemic progresses. The proposed system relies heavily on the success

of source-separated collections, which are as yet not widely practiced in the Philippines.

In addition, there are limited studies on the impact of the proposed MSWM system on

cities and municipalities. The maximum capacity of each treatment facility and a market

for valuable outputs (e.g., recycled materials, compost, and energy generated from waste)

is necessary for the proposed MSWM system to function sustainably in the city (Olalo,
 12

2022). Addressing environmental issues would help ensure environmental sustainability

(Keles, R., 2012). Avsar et al.’s (2022) study revealed that recycling packaging waste

collection helped the environment. Part of the problem is the inadequate waste

management infrastructure around the country. It comes as no surprise that the

Philippines is experiencing a waste crisis. More people, and living in dense, often ill

planned urban areas, in poor living conditions, can only result in more waste that cannot

be handled by an already stretched and overburdened waste management system (Arthur,

2022). Poor waste management also placed the Philippines third among the largest

contributors of plastic waste with an estimated 0.75 million metric tons of mismanaged

plastic entering the ocean every year (Jambeck et al. 2015)

Routine of Waste Disposal 

               Household waste is collected using dustbins, plastic sacks or wheeled bins,

depending on local arrangements. After collection, approximately 85 per cent is disposed

of by burying it in landfill sites, 10 per cent is burned in incineration plants and less than

5 per cent is recycled (Waite, 2013). Under current situation, separating waste at source

requires a behavioral change, and regulative element is essential so that government

authorities aim to achieve an increase in correctly sorted recyclables and a decrease in

missed-sorted waste through their public policy (Sukholthaman et al., 2016). Wan et al.

(2014) state that awareness of consequence showed positive influence on recycling

intention. At the same time, other important studies have shown that the amount of waste

is directly influenced by the residential environment of households, with significant

differences according to the location of the household (in rural or urban areas) (Yang et
 13

al., 2012). Flores et al. (2017) reported that people in communities practice indiscriminate

dumping wastes, brought about by the lack of dustbins or areas to collect wastes. In the

study conducted by Ferronato and Torretta (2019), it was highlighted that avoiding the

production of trash is an effective way of lessening waste problems in developing

countries. Another way of reducing the generation of waste is through recycling of used

materials (Babaei et al., 2015). Practices such as reducing waste generation, composting

and recycling are slightly practiced. To educate and encourage citizens to practice

household recycling processes (Villarino et al., 2020). Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. It is

advisable that these activities or strategies be adopted and incorporated as part of the

SWM program (Limon, 2020). According to the article of Bagayas S. (2020). The rapid

development, rollout, adaptation, and implementation of these policies may leave

vulnerabilities in the waste management chain and even pose further risks to the public’s

health, especially in the absence of routine policy review and adaptation.

Effects of Waste Disposal on Health

        Several researchers have looked into the health and environmental effects of

waste disposal, and they've discovered that waste and health are inextricably linked

(Habib and Sarkar, 2017). Improper disposal can lead to adverse health outcomes, for

example through water, soil and air contamination, Vulnerable groups such as children

are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes (WHO, 2021). One can develop diseases

such as asthma, birth defects, cancer, cardiovascular disease, childhood cancer, COPD,

infectious diseases, low birth weight, and preterm delivery. Bacteria, vermin and insects

can also be added to the problem that trash causes (Acevedo et al., 2019). Another
 14

category of health effects that can be closely related to household solid waste

management is noncommunicable diseases. Some studies estimated that the pollutions

from the dumpsite might cause cancers and additional source of income. On the other

hand, this practice causes serious health problems, aggravating the socio-economic

situation (Aweng, 2014). 

            Household waste is one of the primary sources of MSW comprising of food

wastes, paper, plastic, rags, metal and glasses from residential areas (Fadhullah et al.,

2022).  In fact, direct exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure as the

release of chemical waste into the environment leads to chemical poisoning. Many

studies have been carried out in various parts of the world to establish a connection

between health and hazardous waste (Subramoniam, 2015). Therefore, educating people

through information dissemination on how to handle produced solid waste has become

essential (Padua et al., 2019). Scholars have further highlighted the consequences of

improper solid waste management and these include much pressure on the available

health facilities resulted from treating the contacted communicable diseases (Ajani et al.,

2021). Certainly, among households, especially in areas with poor living conditions, there

is fear of the negative consequences associated with improper household waste disposal,

which include environmental pollution, unpleasant smells, and the proliferation of

disease-causing insects (Salem et al., 2020). 

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

 15

        This study is supported by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is applied to

show the relationships between attitude, social pressures and perceived control over the

act of recycling, as determinants of intention to recycle as well as recycling behavior.

According to the study of Strydom (2018) it is envisaged that the results from this study

would inform waste management decision-making and highlight areas of possible

intervention that would have the most impact at household level to positively change

behavior towards increased recycling. Decision-making related to household recycling

includes the structure, functioning, and placement of recycling programs, the

infrastructure requirements to support behavioral expectations, and the focus of

communication strategies and awareness programs (Strydom, 2018). Accompanying

another theory to support the research is the Waste Separation Behavior, in line with the

efforts to decrease the amount of the waste produced through recycling, mentioned by

Schultz et al. (2013) waste separation behavior became increasingly important to address

as a waste management problem today. Different regions present different regulations

regarding waste management behavior. Due to the waste facilities' distinct trash streams,

this makes it easier to recycle these waste materials. They have a lot less sifting to do

themselves as a result. Every nation has its own views on how to achieve this (as do

certain towns and areas). A straightforward biodegradable and non-biodegradable method

are chosen by some. Recent studies show that the lowest rate of littering occurs when a

waste receptacle is available and close to the location of waste holder, fewer than 20 feet

away (Schultz et al., 2013).

 16

         To elaborate, a study conducted by Alvarez et al. (2017) found different ways of

waste disposal that leads to improper waste management in the barangay; and, the

previous projects done by the barangay to try to solve the problem, which failed due to

lack of support from the government and insufficient funds. Multiple studies have found

that waste disposal cause infectious diseases affecting the health and devastating

consequences.  According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2011). Inadequately

disposed rubbish could trigger off mortality, cancer, and even reproductive health issues.

These negative impacts could be due to the mismanagement of waste activities in our

cities and suburban areas. Hence, without proper routine and segregation of residences it

causes a negative impact on human health in the barangay. The issues that are evident in

Brgy. Bonbon was their waste disposal how residents manage their waste and the effects

of waste disposal to their health. Figure 1 shows the diagram on how the process will

work in conducting the study.

 17

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the IPO model (Input-Process-Output Model) of

the study about the Waste Disposal Routine and Its Perceived Effects on Health Among

Residences of Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City.

Statement of the Problem

          The objective of this study is to let the residents of Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City to

be aware and understand the effects of waste disposal in their health. Another objective is

to know the routines of residents in their way of disposing wastes. Many factors affect the

residents on waste disposal such as lack of awareness and knowledge of waste disposal

where it may lead to bad habits of routine in their own garbage. This study seeks to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in term of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Purok of the residents; and

1.4 Ways of Waste Disposal;

2. How do the residents manage the effects of waste disposal on health?

3. What is the residents’ awareness in regards to waste disposal?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the waste disposal routine and effects

on health among the residents of Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City?

Statement of the Hypothesis

 18

       There is no significant relationship between the waste disposal routine and effects

on health among the residents of Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City.

Significance of the Study

This study is the waste disposal and the people of Brgy. Bonbon, who’s health

is affected by this. We have written this research as to benefit the living standards of the

residents, and to be of help to people interested or have a need for this research. It is also

for the advancement of awareness of waste disposal to every community.

            Medical Personnel. Our goal would be to help medical practitioner in

providing a causal sequence in its surroundings and whether it’s a factor that can be

aided. To help remove the risk of diseases and disorders that can arise in an environment

where the residents are not familiar of the effects of improper waste disposal. And to

open the eyes of the people in the government in what might be a future filled with an

ailment laden nation, to make them take action before this prognosis take hold of our

future. We are striving to make research to benefit the lives, of not only the people of

Brgy. Bonbon, but for other places that are plagued with the same complications. 

              Parents and Guardians. As their mission and their role in society and to their

community of being the caretaker and authority in their household. This study will be an

assistance for parents and guardians to further nurture their offspring and support them in

creating a place that children would grow in to be healthy in their later stages of life.
 19

               Other Researchers. This research will also be at service for other researcher in

their exploration to subjects that have something to do with this study. We aspire for this

research to be a supplementary knowledge for other researchers to find a new

understanding in this matter.

                 Residences. It is their responsibility in the community to set an example for

the future residences. This study will help as a guideline for the residences to learn how

to be clean and can create routine in which other residences can join and help maintain

cleanliness in a community and also supports in creating a place where the residences in

the community would grow in to be a healthy place.

Definition of Terms

The following terminology are defined in the context of this research for a

better understanding of this study. The terms that are frequently used in this study are

crucial and may provide of use to the residents of, Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City.

            Waste Management. is defined as: the different approaches and procedures

designed and implemented to identify, control and handle the different types of waste

from generation and until disposal. Full implementation of waste management processes,

including waste prevention and reuse, and recycling wherever possible, has and can

further help avoid considerable environmental impact. 

 20

          Waste Segregation. as the process of identifying, classifying, dividing, and

sorting waste in an effort to reduce, reuse, and recycle materials. It is important because

some wastes can be hazardous and can contaminate the environment if not managed

properly. Some of these wastes might also have the ability to spread illness, contaminate

water sources, or contaminate land with various leachates.

           Public Health.  the science of preserving and enhancing people's and their

communities' health. In order to accomplish this effort, healthy lifestyles are encouraged,

disease and injury prevention research is conducted, and infectious disease detection,

prevention, and response are studied.

          Bulky waste. refer to the Enormous solid waste objects, such as furniture,

automobiles, large vehicle parts, trees, branches, stumps, and other oversize wastes,

whose size makes them difficult or impossible to handle using standard collection,

processing, or disposal procedures other unwanted materials that, due to size or

noncombustibility, cannot be safely disposed of at resource recovery combustion

facilities or landfills as acceptable solid waste but can be disposed of at specially

permitted and available landfills as determined by the Superintendent.

               Routine.  a customary or established method, at work, there is no set or fixed

routine; each day is unique. The practice of such activities and behaviors. A regular way

of doing things in a particular order. 

 21

               Disposal. the action or process of throwing away or getting rid of something.

a disposing of or getting rid of something: the disposal of wastes, recovery and

reprocessing of waste materials for use in new products.

         Recycling. refer to the action or process of converting waste into reusable

material. Entails gathering and processing things that would otherwise be discarded as

rubbish in order to create new products.

                Waste.  any useless, unwanted or discarded substance or material, whether

or not such substance or materials has any other or future use and includes any substance

or material that is spilled, leaked, pumped, poured, emitted, emptied, or dumped onto the

land or into the water or ambient air.

Resident. anyone who resides in a community that has a set of standards that

they must adhere to, such as laws and ordinances, as well as any other type of humanity.

It is a person's residence is the location that they call home.

 22

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, population and

sample of the study, sampling design, research instrument, ethical consideration, data

gathering procedure, scoring and qualification of the data, and statistical treatment of the

study.

Research Design

The researchers conduct a descriptive research design and organize an

empirical case study, a type of quantitative research that could test the reliability and

validity of the problems in Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City in their waste disposal routine and

perceived effects on health. A population, circumstance, or phenomena is intended to be

correctly and methodically described through descriptive study. What, where, when, and

how inquiries can be answered, but why questions cannot. A descriptive research strategy

can examine one or more variables using a wide range of research techniques

(McCombes, 2019). Collecting and analyzing numerical data is what is meant when
 23

conducting quantitative research. It is typically used to identify trends, averages,

forecasts, as well as causal connections between the variables under investigation. It is

also used to extrapolate study findings to the population under consideration.

In this study, all the purok from Brgy. Bonbon Butuan City was surveyed

about their current lifestyle routine and the problems they are encountering in improper

waste disposal that could affect the health in the community. This case study is a process

that focuses on people's specific problems that they are currently experiencing. This case

study is a method that focuses on the particular issues that people are facing right now.

Through these encounters, the researchers would offer a creative and practical approach

to address the specified issue.

Research Locale

This research was conducted in a community. Brgy. Bonbon, City of Butuan.

The study examines how waste disposal affects residents' behavior in the Brgy. Bonbon.

One of the most prevalent issues in the area is the inappropriate disposal of waste, it may

have an impact on how the barangay's residents currently live. According to the findings,

the residents of Brgy's have some issues with their surroundings. This issue could be

harmful to both the locals and the environment. The citizens' understanding of their

current circumstance is based on their personal experiences.

Population and Sample of the Study

The study population involved the residents of Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City.

Which has a total of five thousand nine hundred and three (5903) individuals living in a
 24

total of one thousand forty-four (1044) households with one thousand six hundred

twenty-five (1625) families from a total of ten (10) puroks. This total population was

provided by the officials of Barangay Bonbon, the researchers asked permission for the

information of each resident. In determining the sample size, the researchers multiplied

the population proportion and sample, equal to the sample size of Three hundred eighty-

seven (387). Specifically, the number of respondents from each purok is Forty-three (43)

from P-1, Forty-five (45) from P-2, Twenty-four (24) from P-2a, Three (3) from P-2b,

Thirty-three (33) from P-3, Seventy-two (72) from P-4, Fifty (50) from P-5, Sixty-five

(65) from P-5a, Thirty-four (34) from P-6, and Eighteen (18) from P-7. Therefore, a total

of three-hundred eighty-seven (387) residents participated in answering the survey

questionnaire.

Table 1.

Stratified Random Sampling

No. of Puroks No. of Residents No. of No. of Respondents

Households

P-1 681 127 43

P-2 717 104 45

P-2a 391 85 24

P-2b 57 16 3

P-3 520 112 33

P-4 1137 227 72

P-5 802 123 50

 25

P-5a 1028 110 65

P-6 541 130 34

P-7 299 55 18

Total 5903 1044 387

Sampling Design

The study will utilize stratified random sampling and simple random sampling

as one of the specific random/probability sampling methods to select the participants. To

guarantee equal chances of selection from the population size according to the needs of

the research project, this sampling will be used.

Research Instrument

The instrument that researchers used in this research is a survey questionnaire

to obtain reference data from the respondents. The researchers used survey questionnaires

as a source of gathering appropriate data in Brgy. Bonbon. The survey questionnaire was

adapted from the study of “Waste disposal routine and its perceived effects on health

among residences of Brgy. Bonbon, Butuan City.” The questionnaire is a list of questions

that have been meticulously prepared to be answered by a group of people and is

intended to gather data and facts. The researcher introduced themselves to the crowd and

gave a brief explanation of what she was doing there. The survey participants were

friendly and forthcoming with their responses.

In gathering an appropriate data, the researcher gave the residents of Brgy.

Bonbon a questionnaire, the survey questionnaire consists of four (4) parts made by the
 26

researchers. Part I of the research instrument involves questions about the demographic

profile of the participants. Part II of the research instrument contains questions about the

respondents’ methods of waste disposal routine. Part III is how residents manage the

effects of waste disposal on health. Part IV of the study is the awareness/knowledge of

residents on the effects of waste disposal. Part V perceived effects of the residents about

waste disposal. The researchers provided a survey questionnaire and was given to the

respondents without any bias in gathering the data.

Ethical Consideration

The texts in this paper are all documented truthfully according to the results of

the research. Anything not in accordance with the procedures and processes of writing

this, will not be written, as we ought to be true in each letter and word. This research will

also not bring the harm of misinforming masses with falsities. Thus, no research will be

done that can conceivably cause a detriment, whoever or wherever, to those involved in

the process. We also won't do publication with no consent or approval to the ones

involved. We vow that we were objective on our stand when writing this piece. We won't

lean to a side regardless of how we want the result to go to our wishes. We would not

omit anything that can help or support the making of this, whether it be interviews or

data, we would extensively investigate every information.

Data Gathering Procedure

Each researcher gathered their specific set of information essential to the

study's topic. The researchers created their self-made questionnaire with the intention of

collecting data from participants as it will provide an accuracy. For conducting the first
 27

draft questionnaire, the researchers consulted the assigned advisor and validators for the

approval of the set questionnaire. The preparation of research instrument was completed

and the survey's questionnaire was precise and reliable. To validate the conclusions, the

researchers gave the questionnaire to the respondents through the use of random sampling

techniques. The researchers personally instructed the participants. In instances where

respondents did not understand. The participants had a specific amount of time to

complete the survey, according to the researchers. Once everything was finished, the

researchers analyze and exhibit the information they had obtained, and they could then

develop the study's conclusions and recommendations.

Scoring and Qualifications of the Data

A. Demographic Profile

AGE SCALE

15 below 1

16 – 18 2

19 - 25 3

26 - 35 4

36 - 44 5

45 – 50+ 6

GENDER SCALE

MALE 1

FEMALE 2
 28

PUROK SCALE

Purok 1 1

Purok 2 2

Purok 2a 3

Purok 2b 4

Purok 3 5

Purok 4 6

Purok 5 7

Purok 5a 8

Purok 6 9

Purok 7 10

B. Methods/Ways of Waste Disposal used

VERBAL DESCRIPTION SCALE

RECYCLING 1

BURNING/INCINERATION 2

BURYING/LANDFILL 3

WASTE COMPACTING 4
 29

COMPOSTING 5

 VERMICOMPOSTING 6

C. Management of residents on the effects of waste disposal on health    

VERBAL DESCRIPTION SCALE MEAN RANGES

ALWAYS 1 3.50 - 4.00

AGREE 2 2.50 – 3.49

NEUTRAL 3 1.50 – 2.49

 NEVER 4 1.00 – 1.49

D. Level of awareness/knowledge about the effects of waste disposal

VERBAL DESCRIPTION SCALE MEAN RANGES

STRONGLY AGREE 1 4.50 – 5.00

AGREE 2 3.50 - 4.49

NEUTRAL 3 2.50 – 3.49

DISAGREE 4 1.50 – 2.49

 STRONGLY DISAGREE 5 1.00 – 1.49

E. Perceived effects of waste disposal routine and health among residents

VERBAL DESCRIPTION SCALE MEAN RANGES

ALWAYS 1 3.50 - 4.00

 30

AGREE 2 2.50 – 3.49

NEUTRAL 3 1.50 – 2.49

 NEVER 4 1.00 – 1.49

Statistical Treatment of the Study

The collected data was tabulated and statistically analyzed by the researchers

with the data instruments of the study.

Arithmetic Mean. It measures the responses on each rating statement of the

independent and dependent variable.

Slovin’s Formula. It is used to calculate the sample size necessary to achieve a

certain confidence interval when sampling a population.

Probability Value. This tool is used to determine the significant relationship

between the independent and dependent variable.

Weighted Mean. This determines the average rating on each of the independent

and dependent variables.