TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE – facts, information, and skills
acquired through experience or education.
– awareness or familiarity gained by
experience of a fact or situation.
– the sum of what is known: the body of truth,
information, and principles acquired by
humankind.
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
1. Episodic Knowledge
- refers to biographical memory
reflecting not only what happened but
also where and when it happened.
ex. memories of childhood days
- refers to memory of information about
specific past events that involved the self and
occurred at a particular time and place.
2. Semantic Knowledge
- deals with memories and information
that are not tied to our personal biographies.
- refers to generalizations,
concepts, facts and their associations.
What we eat this morning for breakfast.
Episodic Knowledge
“We should eat like a king in the morning and
like a pauper in the evening”.
Semantic Knowledge
Remembering one’s first day in school
Episodic Knowledge
Ther e is always first time in everything we do.
Semantic Knowledge
Types of Semantic Knowledge
1. Declarative knowledge
- deals with the statement of truth.
- deals with what we know about
the world.
1. 1 Descriptions 1.4. Causal relationships
1. 2. Time elements 1.5. Episodes
1. 3. Process 1.6. Principles
1.7. Concepts
2. Procedural Knowledge
- the knowledge about how things are
to be done.
3. Conditional Knowledge
- accounts for knowing when
4. Strategic Knowledge
- helps us organize our problem-
solving processes by specifying the stages
followed in order to arrive solutions.
Example:
Knowing a strategy Declarative knowledge
Knowing how the strategy works or is implemented
Procedural knowledge
Knowing when to employ the strategy
Conditional knowledge
Knowledge to be considered
legitimate needs to undergo the
following basic processes:
a. Rational - based on correct premise.
b. Empirical - can be verified
c. Pragmatic – refer to practical results.
Organization of Semantic Knowledge
1. Facts – things that are known to be true.
examples
A straight line is the shortest distance
between two points.
Mahabharata is the longest epic in the world.
Facts are differentiated from:
Data – things gathered through the process of
research.
Information – definite knowledge
Ideas - suggestions, impressions or opinion.
Hitchhikes – ideas that are triggered by
suggestions.
Wisdom – gained through experience.
2. Concepts – general categories of things, events
and qualities that are linked by common
features.
ex. concept of learning evaluation
motivation scores
transmutation
reinforcement
assessment
feedback strategies
3 Different Structures of Concepts
1. Properties – common characteristics shared
by all the examples of a concept.
2. Signs – words or symbols that name a concept.
3. Referents – examples of concepts
Example:
Concepts “chair”, “stool” and
“bench”.
Properties: They are pieces of furniture use
for sitting.
Signs: chair, stool, bench
Referents: electric chair, rocking chair,
wheel chair
1. Simple concept –plain and straightforward
2. Complex concept consists of two types:
2.1 Conjunctive concepts – defined by the
simultaneous presence of two or more common
qualities.
ex. mother (female and acting as a parent)
2.2 Disjunctive concept – refers to the existence
of one of two common qualities or both.
ex. influenza (high temperature and colds).
1. Concrete concept -a concept whose
physical characteristics permit us to
classify objects.
ex. categorizing things based on color, texture,
shape.
2. Defined concept – a concept that is treated
beyond its physical characteristics.
ex. teacher and students are defined objects.
Types of Categories
1. Natural categories – natural groupings that
occur in natural setting.
ex. universe, stars, butterflies, birds, rivers
2. Artifact categories – man-made categories
ex. books, schools, curricula, gadgets, equipment
3. Nominal categories – labels assigned to a
situation or thing that is prespecified.
- its meaning is unstable/ may change
ex. neighbor
A neighbor may be a friend.
A neighbor may be an enemy.
Generalizations
- statements that contain the if-then or
predictive characteristics.
ex.
“ As reinforcement increases, the level of
motivation, the patterns of learning
change”,
