A
Micro Project Report on
BUILD A CIRCUIT ON LED FLASHER BY USING AEDIUNO
Course Name: Digital Technique
Semester III
Diploma in Computer Engineering
Guided By
Prof . MD Shakel Sir
Submitted By
1. Syed Danish Ali
2. Mehfuz Khan
3. Sufiyan Khan
4. Mohammd Omar
Institute Code : 366
Computer Department of Computer Engineering
Jamia Polytechnic
Akkalkuwa – 425451
[2022-23]
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, PUNE
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.
Roll No: of Third Semester of Diploma
Program in Engineering & Technology at [ your college name ] , has completed the
Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject ______________in the academic year2022-23as
per the MSBTE prescribed curriculum of I Scheme.
Place: Pune Enrollment No:
Date: / /2022 Exam Seat No:
Project Guide Head of the Department Principal
Seal of Institute
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Index…
Sr. No 111 Page No
Title
1 Annexure I – Proposal 4-5
2 Annexure II – Project Report 6-14
3 References 15
4 Evaluation Sheet 16
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Annexure I
Micro Project Proposal
Title of Project:
1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:
a) To develop programs using embided C concept.
b) To develop programs of Ardiuno Program we use Ardiuno ide.
c) For delevop Led buffer we use Ardiuno circuit.
d) To Blinking led program to create blinking using algorithms.
2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed:
a) To develop programs of led buffer.
b) Implement various blinking algorithms.
c) Implement standard algorithm to develop various blinking program.
3.0 Proposed Methodology:
The work will be distributed among 4 students involved in the group. To complete the Project “To create a Led
buffer using Ardiuno, embedded C data will be collected from reference books, and internet with related
algorithms. The data will be analyzed and interpreted. Finally the data will be organized and presented in the
form of Program.
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4.0Action Plan:
SR. Details of Activity Planned Planned Name of Responsible
NO. Start date Finish Team Members
date
Discussion and Finalization of All team members
1
the Project Title
2 Preparation of Abstracts
3 Literature Review
4 Collection of Data
Discussion and Outline of
5
Content
Rough Writing of the Project
6
Contents
Editing and Proof Reading of
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the Content
Final Completion of the All team members
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Project
All team members
Seminar Presentation, viva- During During
9 voce, Assessment and Practical Practical
Submission of Report
Exam Exam
5.0Resources Required:
Sr. no. Name of Specifications Qty. Remarks
Resource/material
01 Laptop/Computer i-3,4GB,Windows10 1
02 Ardunio Software Embided C Language …….
Bread board 128..Group of Connected
03 terminal, size 175*67*8 mm 1
Led Different colors of leds
04 3v of leds. 5
Jumper Wires Male to Male pin wire 10
05
Battery 9v,lippo Battery 1
06
Battery cap 2 Terminals battery cap
07 (+,-) 1
5
Signature of the Teacher
AnnexureII
Micro Project Report
Title of Project:
1.0 Rationale:
This course provides an introduction to the principles of DIGITAL TECHNIQ. In particular, the
course will consider methods for. The emphasis of the course will be placed or understand how the
various elements that underline Digital technique(different binary forms, algorithms) interact in the
design of graphics software system and also enables student to create impressive digital electronic
easily and efficiently.
4.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:
e) To develop programs using embedded C concept.
f) To develop programs of Ardiuno Program we use Ardiuno ide.
g) For delevop Led buffer we use Ardiuno circuit.
h) To Blinking led program to create blinking using algorithms.
5.0 Course Outcomes Addressed:
d) To develop programs of led buffer.
e) Implement various blinking algorithms.
f) Implement standard algorithm to develop various blinking program.
6.0Actual Methodology Followed:
The work will be distributed among 4 students involved in the group. To complete the Project “To create a
program using embedded C”, data will be collected from reference books, and internet with related algorithms.
The data will be analyzed and interpreted. Finally the data will be organized and presented in the form of
Program.
abstract and Introduction:
In this project, we are going to show LED flashing by using Timer IC Atmega 328 Ardunio.
In electronics, an LED circuit or LED driver is an electrical circuit used to power a light-emitting
diode (LED). The circuit must provide sufficient current supply (either DC or AC, see below) to light the LED
at the required brightness, but must limit the current to prevent damaging the LED. The voltage drop across an
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LED is approximately constant over a wide range of operating current; therefore, a small increase in applied
voltage greatly increases the current. Very simple circuits are used for low-power indicator LEDs. More
complex, current source circuits are required when driving high-power LEDs for illumination to achieve correct
current regulation.
Basic Circuit :-
The simplest circuit to drive an LED is through a series resistor. Although simple, this circuit is not the most
energy efficient circuit to drive an LED, since energy is lost in the resistor. More complicated circuits
improve the energy efficiency.
An LED has a voltage drop specified at the intended operating current. Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's circuit
laws are used to calculate the appropriate resistor value to obtain the desired current. The value is computed
by subtracting the LED voltage drop from the supply voltage and dividing by the desired operating current.
If the supply voltage is close or equal to the LED forward voltage, then no reasonable value for the resistor
can be calculated. An LED should not be operated without some form of current limiting. If the supply
voltage is close to the forward voltage of the LED, then a better method of current limiting must be used - a
series resistor cannot be used in these conditions.
This basic circuit is used in a wide range of applications, including many consumer appliances such as
mobile phone charger.
Main body/Content
Circuit Diagram
The following circuit design explains the design of the blinking LED (Light Emitting Diode) with the 328 timer
IC. Here in this configuration, the 328 timer IC has connected in an Astable mode of 328 timer operation.
Collect all the required components and place the 328 timer IC on the breadboard.
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Connect pin 1 of a 328 timer IC to the ground. You can find the pin structure of a 328 timer IC in the circuit
diagram shown above.
The longer lead of a polarized capacitor is the positive and the shorter lead is negative. Connect pin 2 to the
positive end of a capacitor. Connect the negative lead of the capacitor to the ground of the battery.
Now short the pin 2 to pin 6 of the 328 timer IC.
Connect the output pin 3 with the positive lead of the LED using a 1kΩ resistor. The negative lead of LED
needs to be connected with the ground.
Connect pin 4 to the positive end of the battery.
Pin 5 does not connect to anything.
Connect pin 6 to pin 7 using a 470kΩ resistor.
Connect pin 7 to the positive end of the battery using a 1kΩ resistor.
Connect pin 8 to the positive end of the battery.
Finally, connect the battery leads with the breadboard to start the power supply in the circuit.
Blinking LED using 328 timer:
328 timer IC is used to create time difference in various applications. The Blinking LED circuit uses a
328 timer in astable mode, which generates a continuous output in the form of a square wave at pin 3.
This waveform will turn LED ON and OFF. The duration of ON/ OFF depends on the time cycle of the
square wave. We can change the speed of blinking by changing the value of capacitance.
IC is the cheap, popular and precise timing device used in various applications. It gets the name from the three
5KΩ resistors that are used to generate two comparator reference voltages. This IC is operated as
monostable, bistable or an astable multi vibrator to produce a variety of applications.
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28 pins ic ATMEGA 328 MAPPING:
This IC comes with bipolar 8 pins dual in-line package. It consists of 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors
arranged to form two comparators, flip-flops, and high current output stage.
Pins Description of ic Atmega 328 “28 pins ic”
Pin Number Description Function
1 PC6 Reset
2 PD0 Digital Pin (RX)
3 PD1 Digital Pin (TX)
4 PD2 Digital Pin
5 PD3 Digital Pin (PWM)
6 PD4 Digital Pin
7 Vcc Positive Voltage (Power)
8 GND Ground
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9 XTAL 1 Crystal Oscillator
10 XTAL 2 Crystal Oscillator
11 PD5 Digital Pin (PWM)
12 PD6 Digital Pin (PWM)
13 PD7 Digital Pin
14 PB0 Digital Pin
15 PB1 Digital Pin (PWM)
16 PB2 Digital Pin (PWM)
17 PB3 Digital Pin (PWM)
18 PB4 Digital Pin
19 PB5 Digital Pin
20 AVCC Positive voltage for ADC (power)
21 AREF Reference Voltage
22 GND Ground
23 PC0 Analog Input
24 PC1 Analog Input
25 PC2 Analog Input
26 PC3 Analog Input
27 PC4 Analog Input
28 PC5 Analog Input
USES OF IC 328 Atmega “28”pins:
The Atmega328 is one of the microcontroller chips that are used with the popular Arduino Duemilanove boards.
The Arduino Duemilanove board comes with either 1 of 2 microcontroller chips, the Atmega168 or the
Atmega328. Of these 2, the Atmega328 is the upgraded, more advanced chip. Unlike the Atmega168 which has
16K of flash program memory and 512 bytes of internal SRAM, the Atmega328 has 32K of flash program
memory and 2K of Internal SRAM.
The Atmega328 has 28 pins.
It has 14 digital I/O pins, of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 analog input pins. These I/O pins
account for 20 of the pins.
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Features of 555 timer IC
ATmega328 is an 8-bit and 28 Pins AVR Microcontroller, manufactured by Microchip, follows RISC
Architecure and has a flash type program memory of 32KB.
It has an EEPROM memory of 1KB and its SRAM memory is of 2KB.
It has 8 Pin for ADC operations, which all combines to form PortA ( PA0 – PA7 ).
It also has 3 builtin Timers, two of them are 8 Bit timers while the third one is 16-Bit Timer.
You must have heard of Arduino UNO, UNO is based on atmega328 Microcontroller. It’s UNO’s
heart.
It operates ranging from 3.3V to 5.5V but normally we use 5V as a standard.
Its excellent features include the cost efficiency, low power dissipation, programming lock for security
purposes, real timer counter with separate oscillator.
It’s normally used in Embedded Systems applications. You should have a look at these Real Life Examples
of Embedded Systems, we can design all of them using this Microcontroller.
The following table shows the complete features of ATmega328:
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ATmega328 Features Of Atmega ic 328:
No. of Pins 28
CPU RISC 8-Bit AVR
Operating Voltage 1.8 to 5.5 V
Program Memory 32KB
Program Memory Type Flash
SRAM 2048 Bytes
EEPROM 1024 Bytes
ADC 10-Bit
Number of ADC Channels 8
PWM Pins 6
Comparator 1
8-pin PDIP
32-lead TQFP
Packages (4) 28-pad QFN/MLF
32-pad QFN/MLF
Oscillator up to 20 MHz
Timer (3) 8-Bit x 2 & 16-Bit x 1
Enhanced Power on Reset Yes
Power Up Timer Yes
I/O Pins 23
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ATmega328 Features Of Atmega ic 328:
Manufacturer Microchip
SPI Yes
I2C Yes
Watchdog Timer Yes
Brown out detect (BOD) Yes
Reset Yes
USI (Universal Serial Interface) Yes
Minimum Operating Temperature -40 C to +85 C
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Code use for Ic Atmega 328 :
void setup()
{
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
void loop() {
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
delay(3000);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
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digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
delay(500);
}
Conclusion / Learning Outcomes
328 timer IC is used to generate a continuous output in the form of square wave which turns the LED on
and off.
Here additionally going to calculate the capacity and varying capacity with the resistant capacitor.
Finally this project is calculating the pulse rate for defining the frequency and time period.
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