NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electronic Engineering
Engineering Management [TEE 3255]
4: Management Functions:
Leading
Lesson Outline
• Introduction
• Styles of Leadership in brief
• Deciding (Decision Making)
• Communicating
• Motivating
• Selecting Engineering Employees
• Developing People
• Special Topics on Leading
• Conclusion
Introduction
Introduction
PLANNING
ORGANISING
(& DECISION MAKING)
LEADING
Motivating members of
CONTROLLING the organisation to work
in the best interests of
the organisation
Introduction
• Leading involves how manager directs and
motivates employees to perform tasks in order to
achieve the company goals.
• Leading refers to stimulating people to be high
performers
• In the new era, managers must be good at
mobilizing people to contribute their ideas
Introduction
• Five specific activities of leading:
1. Deciding
2. Communicating
3. Motivating
4. Selecting People
5. Developing People
• Supervision
Styles of Leadership in brief
Styles of Leadership
4 5 1. The nice guy
2. The loser
3 3. The compromiser
Tasks
4. The task master
5. The ideal manager
2 1
People
Deciding (Decision Making)
Deciding
Deciding
• Managers often make spontaneous decisions
based on intuition, gut or instinct when there is
insufficient information for guidance, or the
future business or market conditions are very
fluid and fuzzy.
• If data is available, they make reasonable
decisions based on systematic studies and logical
analyses of them.
Deciding
• How can we judge the quality of a given decision?
1. Has the decision achieved the stated purpose; has it
corrected or changed the situation?
2. Is it feasible to implement the decision?
3. Does the decision generate noticeable adverse
consequences or risks to the group or the company?
Deciding
• Problems/ issues handled by managers only:
1. prioritizing tasks and projects, assigning office spaces,
and defining group composition
2. handling personnel assignments, evaluating performance
3. dispensing budget allocation
4. applying administrative policies, procedures, and
regulations
5. dealing with highly confidential business matters that are
specifically designated by the top management e.g.,
compensation, promotion, corporate strategies, and new
marketing initiatives
Deciding
• Managers should include their employees when
making decisions on the following problems or
issues:
1. considering staff needs for development e.g.,
attending training courses
2. discussing policies and procedures, involving staff
interactions with other departments; and
3. determining team membership e.g., considering
skills compatibility, balancing workload
Deciding
• Decision-making authority should be delegated to
staff members for the following matters:
1. techniques to accomplish assigned tasks or projects
2. options to continuously improve current operations
and work processes
3. social events involving staff participation e.g. group
picnics, Christmas parties
Rational Decision-Making Processes
• A rational decision-making process is generally
useful in facilitating decision-making for
numerous problems or issues in engineering
when an adequate amount of information is
available (Eisenfuehr et al. 2010).
Specific Rational Decision Analysis Tool
• The steps to reach a rational decision:
1. Define both the necessary criteria (that must be met) and the sufficiency criteria
(not necessary, but are good to have).
2. Rank order the sufficiency criteria by assigning weight factors ranging from 1 to 10
3. Evaluate all options against each of the options identified as necessary decision
criteria.
4. Remove from further consideration those options that fail the necessary criteria
5. Rank all remaining options relatively from 1 to 10, with respect to specific
sufficiency criteria.
6. Repeat this scoring process for each of the remaining sufficiency criteria
7. Compute a weighted score for each option by multiplying its relative score for a
specific sufficiency criterion with its corresponding weight factor. Obtain the
overall weighted score for this option. Repeat the computation for all options.
8. Compare the overall weighted scores and choose the option with the highest score.
Specific Rational Decision Analysis Tool
Criteria Weight Option Option Option …
Factor A B C
Criteria 1 R Go Go Go -
Criteria 2 10 4 8 10 …
Criteria 3 5 6 10 7 …
Criteria 4 8 10 6 8 …
Total weighted score — 150 178 199 ….
Specific Rational Decision Analysis Tool
Criteria Weight Thabo Chipo Daniel
Factor
B. Eng. degree R Go Go Go
Industrial Attachment 10 4 8 10
Final year project 5 6 10 7
Leadership positions 8 10 6 8
Total weighted score — 150 178 199
Other Support Tools for Decision-Making
• Examples of such tools include
1. Forecasting (exponential smoothing, time series,
and neural network computing)
2. Regression analysis (single variable and
multivariable)
3. Risk analysis and project management
4. What-if solver
5. Simulation modelling
6. Decision trees
7. Optimization (linear programming and integer and
dynamic programming)
8. Artificial intelligence and pattern recognition tools
9. Expert or knowledge-based systems
Decision-Making by Gut Instinct
• Instincts can at times be wrong. People who
make decisions intuitively are advised to secure
constant feedback in order to minimize the
impact of incorrect decisions and to learn from
these decisions.
• Junior Engineering managers should keenly
observe how top-level leaders make important
decisions in order to update and modify their own
decision-making patterns and rules.
Decision-Making in Teams
• Group decision-making requires a unique set of
leadership talents different from those demanded
in other situations. These include:
1. active solicitation of divergent viewpoints
2. acceptance of ambiguity
3. the wisdom to end a debate
4. the ability to convince people of the merits of the decision
made
5. the ability to maintain balance to embrace divergence and
unity
Communicating
Communicating
• Engineering managers must have a clear purpose
in mind and ensure that the message is
understood and retained.
• A proper form of communication needs to be
selected, such as a one-on-one meeting, phone
conversation, written memo, staff meeting, e-
mail, videoconference, web posting, or net
meeting.
Communicating
• Five key actions to take to achieve effective
communication: asking, telling, listening, writing
and understanding.
Asking
• Engineering managers should proactively request
information by asking Open-ended questions.
Telling
• Keep employees informed about matters of
concern to them
• Engineering managers need to exercise judgment
as to what to tell and what not to tell
• Too much information could lead to overload and
confusion and too little information could cause
employee mistrust and poor productivity
Listening
• Engineering managers need to work on their
listening skills to enhance their understanding of
both the words (spoken and written) and any
possible subtext.
Writing
• Written communications need to be concise
(using the least number of words to express the
maximum number of concepts), logical (allowing
easy comprehension), and pertinent (focusing on
the impact on the business purpose at hand).
Understanding
• Several barriers to understanding exist and these
barriers should be taken into account by
engineering managers:
1. Interpretations of words and terms
2. Selective seeing
3. Selective listening
4. Emotional barriers
Motivating
Motivating
• Engineering managers have several methods of
motivation at their disposal:
1. Inspire: Infuse a spirit of willingness into people to
perform most effectually
2. Encourage: Stimulate people to do what has to be done
through praise, approval, and help.
3. Impel: Force and incite action by any necessary means
Motivating
• Engineering managers may implement these
techniques to motivate (inspire and encourage)
professionals to act:
1. Participation
2. Communication
3. Recognition
4. Delegate authority
5. Reciprocate interest - Show interest in the desired
results
Innovative Strategies of Motivation
• Self Actualization - Self-
development and realization
of own potential S
e
l
fA
• Esteem - Ego, recognition E
s
t
e
em
• Social - Peer acceptance,
group affiliation S
o
c
i
al
• Safety - Job security S
a
f
e
ty
• Physiological Needs -
P
h
y
s
io
l
og
ic
a
lN
ee
d
s
Food & shelter
Innovative Strategies of Motivation
Motivators or Growth Factors
Hygiene or Maintenance Factors
Selecting Engineering Employees
Selecting Engineering Employees
• The employee selection process includes:
1. Defining needs
2. Specifying jobs
3. Acquiring applicants
4. Reviewing and pre-screening
5. Conducting interviews
6. Deciding on job candidates: those of the company.
• Its easy to assess candidates’ technical
capabilities and more difficult to assess their soft
skills.
Developing People
Developing People
• The objective of developing employees is to shape
their knowledge, attitudes, and skills in order to
enhance their contributions to the company and
to foster their personal growth.
• Developing for:
• Productivity
• Personal Growth
• Succession
Developing People
• Employees may be prompted to follow the
managers’ personal examples of continuous
improvement in knowledge, attitude, and skills.
• Managers may coach inexperienced employees
on the job by demonstrating preferred ways of
performing specific tasks.
Developing People
• Managers could enrich employees’ work
experience by institutionalizing a job rotation.
• Funds permitting, specific employees may be sent
to attend professional meetings, technical
conferences, training seminars, and study
programs at universities.
Special Topics on Leading
Leading Changes
• Changes will usually require the company to
modify its ways of conducting business.
• Changes are difficult to introduce because people
like to stay in their comfort zones.
• After changes are introduced, they need to be
sustained beyond a transformational period.
Leading Changes
Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
Give reasons. Explain the benefits. Show top
Be empathetic. Identify a champion. management’s support.
Communicate clearly. Get input from Publicize successes.
employees. Make midcourse
Watch timing. corrections.
Maintain job security. Help employees deal
Provide training. with stress.
Proceed at a manageable
pace.
Advice for Newly Promoted Leaders
• Seven rules for an engineering manager to
become effective in a new organization:
1. Leverage time before entry
2. Organize to learn
3. Secure early wins
4. Lay a foundation for major improvements
5. Create a personal vision
6. Build winning coalitions
7. Manage one’s self.
Guidelines for Superior Leadership
• Engineering managers can be superior leaders, if
they focus on these eight attributes:
1. Maintain absolute integrity
2. Be knowledgeable
3. Declare expectations
4. Display unwavering commitment
5. Get out in front
6. Expect positive results
7. Take care of people
8. Put duty before self-interests
Conclusion
Conclusion
• Leading encompasses decision making and
selecting, developing, motivating and
communicating with people.
• Engineering managers must be better prepared
for the special cases of:
1. Introducing major corporate changes
2. Working as a new leader in engineering
3. Achieving superior leadership
End of Management Functions: Leading
