ART APPRECIATION

1st Semester – Reviewer

CHAPTER 1: Art: Its Meaning and Importance

“The Nature of Art”

❖ Art is Everywhere
o Art is LITERALLY everywhere.
o Art is not confined to our cities and towns; it also exists among ethnic
groups, many of whom, by choice or necessity, live far away from the
urban centers.

❖ Art as Expression and Communication

o Art is LITERALLY everywhere.
o Art is not confined to our cities and towns; it also exists among ethnic
groups, many of whom, by choice or necessity, live far away from the
urban centers.

❖ Art as Expression and Communication

o Art has been the vehicle of expression of emotions and ideas.
o Art can be used as a communication of ideas and concepts.

❖ Art as Creation
o The word “creation” in this sense refers to the act of combining or re-
ordering already existing materials so that a new object is formed.
o As creative activity, art involves skill or expertness in handling materials
and organizing them into new, structurally pleasing, and significant
units.

❖ Art and Experience

o Experiencing art with a combination of sensory, emotional and
intellectual.
A. Sensory - relating to sensation or the physical senses;
transmitted or perceived by the senses.
B. Emotional - relating to a person’s emotions.
C. Intellectual - relating to the intellect of a person.
 ❖ Art and Nature
o Art is not nature. A distinction must be made between the two.
o A work of art is manmade, and although it may closely resemble nature,
it can never duplicate nature.

❖ Art and Beauty

o A thing of beauty is one which gives us pleasure when we perceive it.
The delight that we experience is called aesthetic pleasure, “aesthetic”
coming from a Greek word which means “to perceive with sense”.
o Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

“The Subject of Art”

❖ “What is it?” or “What does it Show?”

❖ Humans have anticipation to recognize a familiar image in the art that they
are looking. (Familiar objects from the art.)

The arts with a subject are known as (Representational or objective arts), (Non-
representational or non-objective) arts are those that do not have a subject.

❖ Non-objective arts do not present descriptions, stories, or references to

identifiable objects or symbols.
❖ Many contemporary painters have abandoned representational painting, as a
result, it is difficult for the literal oriented spectator to relate to such art.

Ways of Representing Subjects

❖ Abstraction – the process of simplifying and/or reorganizing objects and

elements.
❖ Distortion – used emphasize a figure’s shape or to create an emotional
effect.
❖ El Greco elongated’ the bodies of Christ and the saints in his paintings to
enhance the illusion of spirituality.

❖ Surrealists – create dreamlike scenes with an illogical arrangement of

objects. (Depicts the workings of the subconsciousness)
❖ Galo Ocampo’s Ecce Homo depicts a bound Christ figure,
The Artist and His Choice of Subject
❖ The medium usually influences an artist’s subject choice.
❖ Also, the time he lives in and the patronage he receives.
❖ According to Harold Osborne, no subject or situation or theme can of
itself guarantee the aesthetic quality of a work of art.

Kinds of Subject.
1. Seascapes and cityscapes – fascination about physical
environment.
2. Still life – Inanimate objects arrange to show human interstate.
3. Animals – earliest known subject in painting.
4. Portraits – human face as an index of the owner’s character.
5. Figures – human body, nude or clothed.
6. Everyday life – observation of life
7. History and legend – Facts and unverifiable ones
8. Religion and mythology – handmaiden of religion.
9. Dreams and fantasies – vague and illogical.

The Ugly and the Tragic in Art

❖ There is nothing that may be considered an improper subject for work
of art.
❖ Many have been attracted to decaying or dilapidated objects whose
forms, colors, and textures have intrigued them.
❖ There are reasons for the wide appeal of works of art that show human
suffering.

❖ Subject and content.

o Recognizing the subject is not necessarily grasping the content of
a work of art. Subject and content are two different things.
o Subject matter may acquire different levels of meaning.
(1) factual meaning,
(2) conventional meaning, and
(3) subjective meaning.
o The conventional meaning refers to the special meaning that a
certain object or color has for a particular culture or group of
people.
o The subjective meaning is any personal meaning consciously or
unconsciously conveyed by the artist.
 o According to quote Osborne the subject of works of art usually has,
some intellectual content.

“The Function of Art”

❖ Art is regarded impractical, not meant to meet the requirements of day-to-
day living.
❖ Architecture, weaving, furniture-making, and few other crafts have other
purpose therefore classified as "Functional".
❖ Painting, sculpture, literature, music, theater arts, film seems to serve only to
amuse or provide a pleasant escape from daily's problem and classified as
"Non-Functional".

❖ Personal Function
o Arts are vehicles for the artists' expression of their feeling and ideas.
The arts also serve as means of expression to us.
o Arts have a way of expressing our emotion for us.
o Therapeutic value: William Congreve once said that "music hath charms
to soothe the savage best." Soft, soothing music piped into modern
hospital rooms has been found to speed patients' recoveries, and music
therapy sessions are successful in treating patients with mental health
issues.
o We often develop an indifference to or the capacity to be deaf or blind
to many significant things around us as a defense against the numerous
unpleasant and strident sounds and sights that strike our senses today.
Our sense of the colors, forms, textures, designs, sounds, rhythms, and
harmonies in our surroundings are sharpened and educated by art.
o Visual and auditory "literacy" through contract with the arts can lead us
to an intensified awareness of the beautiful in life.
o Works of art make us aware of other ways of thinking, feelings, and
imagining that have never occurred to us before.
o They help us improve our lives.

❖ Social Function of Art

o Art performs social function When:
1. ends to influence the collective behavior of a people.
2. Primarily used in public situations.
3. It express or describe social or collective aspect of the existence as
opposed to individual and personal kinds of experiences.
A. Influencing social behavior
▪ Work of art influence the way we think, feel, or act.
▪ They cause us to laugh at certain phenomena, raise our voices in
protest over certain matters, or see a social reality which had
never been apparent to us before.
▪ They can bring about in us decisions to collective change,
correction, or improve upon the human condition.

▪ The pictural form of art is a very powerful means of putting across

the message. Paintings, photography, posters, and cartoon. Have
been used to express humanitarian concern as well ideological and
political comments.
▪ Juan Luna’s Spoliarium (1884),

B. Display and Celebration

▪ Sculptures, Paintings is the commemoration of important
personages in society.
▪ They serve to record important historical events or reveal the
ideals of heroism and leadership that the community would want
the young to emulate.
▪ The arts are also linked to rituals, religious worship, festival,
ceremonies, commemoration, tradition, etc.
▪ Public celebration, such as festivals, involve rituals of some kind,
and these, in turn, employ the arts.
 B. Social Description
▪ Even without the slightest intention of artist to present historical
pictures, art works are vital historical document. They describe
aspects of existence at certain periods.

▪ Tool, weapon, furniture, paintings, statues, story and songs, and

building reflect the feelings, struggle, and achievements of the
people. they reveal how people thought, felt, and lived in a certain
historical period.

❖ Physical Function of Art

o Tools and containers are items that serve to improve the physical
comfort of our life. Tools or containers are both considered to be
functional works of art.
o Artist problem is designing a functional object is making the thing
exactly right its use and at the same time pleasing to the eye.

A. Form and Function

▪ The function of an object generally determines the basic form that
is takes.
B. Architecture
▪ The design of a building is determined primarily by its operational
function.
▪ What is the building for? Who are going to use it? how many people
are they? These are some of the questions usually asked by the
architect before begins.
 ▪ Examples
• Church
• House
• School
• Restaurant
• Etc.

C. Community Planning
▪ A community is more than just a group of building. It is rather a
group of individuals and families living in a particular locality
because of common interest and needs.
▪ Community planning involves the efficient organization of building,
roads and spaces so that they meet the physical and aesthetic
needs of the community.

▪ Example
• Residential district – Special areas are assigned for
residential purposes.
• Industrial and Commercial - These areas are usually located
near the source of raw material and usually far from
residential area.
• Civic centers - A community govern itself; it provides
structures where the functions of the government can be
efficiently carried out.
• Park and Plaza - The need for a balance between man-made
structures and natural areas is answered in the design of
plaza and malls.
• Streets and Roads - transportation must function with
reasonable ease and rapidly from one to another, linking the
various district if the community to each other and the
community to its environs.
D. Function and Beauty
▪ Many things remain the same in shape through-out the year
because their functional requirements do not allow for greater
variation in their form.

“A work of art can be distinguished from a regular functional object by

the ability to pleasure the viewer due to a pleasing arrangement of the
formal elements.”
CHAPTER 2: Western Art
What is Western Art?
❖ Western Art is the portrayal, in two or three dimensions of the history, people,
landscape and wildlife of the area confined to the western regions of North
America.

❖ Few Examples of Famous Western Art

o Leonardo Da Vinci, The Mona Lisa

o Leonardo Da Vinci, The Last Supper

o Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night

Prehistoric Period
❖ Art appeared as one of the earliest activities of man. Even as far back as the
prehistoric period, before man knew how to read and write, he was already
an artist. The first works of art were found inside the caves which primitive
man inhabited: paintings of animals on the walls and ceilings as well as the
first works of sculpture.
❖ Prehistoric art refers to all art that was created before cultures had developed
more complex forms and expression and communication such as a written
language.

❖ Cave Paintings
o Painting, along with sculpture, is the most ancient of the arts.
Archaeologists have discovered many cave paintings in southwestern
France and northern Spain to be as old as 40,000 years and more.
o Cave paintings are a type of parietal art, found on the wall or ceilings of
caves.

o Lascaux Paintings

❖ Sculpture
o The first works of sculpture, aside from small animal statues, were the
fertility statues, so called because of their exaggerated treatment of the
female sexual attributes. The artist emphasized the opulent breasts and
wide hips, but took no note of the face, thus showing no individualizing
qualities. Some were in low relief, such as the Venus of Laussell; some
were in the round, such as the Venus of Willendorf.

o Venus of Willendorf – Decorately tinged with red ochre, the statuette

depicts of female nude.
 o Venus of Laussel – She is holding a curved horn inscribed with 13 lines
that may represent lunar or menstrual cycle.

❖ The Beginnings of Architecture

o Early man, with his nomadic existence in search of animals to hunt for
food and clothing, did not build permanent dwellings but lived in caves
and natural shelters. The first notions he had of building came when he
began the practice of burying his dead. This occurred with the
development of social organization. At first, he arranged the
gravestones to form some kind of primitive religious symbolism. The
first structures are the Menhir and Dolmen, and crom lechs were
associated with a funeral and religious purpose. The menhirs found
along the coastlines of Europe and Africa were simple monuments
consisting of a single large piece of stone, a megalith, sometimes rising
as high as 60 feet. It is believed that primitive man erected them as
shelter for the spirits of those lost at sea.

o The First Structures, The Menhir and Dolme

▪ Dolmen – Dolmens are made of two or more upright stones with
a single stone lying across them.

▪ Menhir – A tall upright stone of a kind erected in prehistoric times

in western Europe.
❖ River Civilizations
o About 10,000 BC. with the end of the fourth glacial period and the onset
of warmer weather throughout the world, man migrated in search of
geographical conditions more advantageous to existence. The first
human settlements grew along the banks of rivers: the Tigris and the
Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt, and farther east, the
Yangtze River in China, and the Indus and Ganges Rivers in India. The
mode of existence shifted from a hunting, nomadic, and day-to-day
economy to agriculture and the domestication of animals, which
encouraged a more stable social structure leading to barter, trade, and
the accumulation of surplus. Later, trade spread out into the
Mediterranean and the first seaports became bustling centers of cultural
and economic exchange. Soon the first writing systems were invented,
such as the cuneiform writing of the Phoenicians, a seafaring people,
and became disseminated in the course of their economic activities.
o In Mesopotamia, by the twin rivers of the Tigris and the Euphrates, arose
the kingdoms of Sumeria and Babylonia. A more stable socio-economic
structure based on agriculture paved the way to the centralization of
power in a despot, who enforced his rule by conquest and established a
dynasty until its overthrow by a stronger rival. The first codes of law
were drawn up, the most famous of which was the Code of Hammurabi
with its principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." The ruler,
who claimed divine origin, mobilized the people, especially the slaves,
to build palaces and temples to his glory. In Babylonia, known for its
famous tower of Babel, was erected the ziggurat, a tower-like structure
which strove to reach the skies.
o Sculpture was generally associated with the religious function, and the
statues of the gods and the rulers were presentative, that is in a rigid
frontal position. All the arts were in the service of religion and the glory
of the ruler.

o The Twin Rivers of Tigris and the Euphrates

 o Code of Hammurabi: The First Code of Law – The first codes of law
were drawn up, the most famous of which was the Code of Hammurabi.
With its principle of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”

❖ Egyptian Art
o Ancient Egypt, which grew along the banks of the Nile, branching out
into the fertile delta of Lower Egypt and emptying into the
Mediterranean, was one of the earliest important agricultural
civilizations. The beginning of its history is marked at about 3000 B.C.
With its simple geography based on sharp contrasts- the fertile
riverbanks with the linear disposition of cities along the Nile, flanked by
the arid desert on both sides - Egypt for a long period was under the
centralized rule of a Pharaoh, "the great house,' the dynasties of which
mark the periods of Egyptian history.

o Temples
▪ Some temples in Egypt were built only to honour their dead and
venerate local and national Gods. The utilization of post lintel
system was developed in Egyptian architecture. It also made
extensive use of columns with lotus and papyrus motifs.

❖ Classicism and the Greco-Roman Tradition

o The civilizations of ancient green or hellas began about 1000BC. Greece
was politically divided into small city states with autonomous
government unlike Egypt.
o Greeks and Hellenes developed an outgoing dispositions as seafarers
and they did enjoy an active commercial and cultural exchange with
their neighbors.
o In spite of its divisions into numerous city-states, among them Athens,
Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes, Greece was unified by a common language
and literature.
 o The Greeks were also united by a common religion which honored Zeus
as the highest of the gods and goddesses who dwelt on the high peaks
of Mount Olympus.

❖ Greek Art
o The history of Greek art is divided into three principal periods:
1. The Archaic Period (800-600 BC)
2. The Classical or Hellenic Period (500 BC)
3. The Hellenistic Period (400-100 BC)
o Greek art is centralized to honor their culture, Gods, heroes,
philosophers, and rulers.
o Nudity is quite staple in Greek art because the artist in that time focuses
on the beauty of the human physique.
o Greek art emphasized the importance of accomplishments for humans;
statues were built for this reason since they were designed to
commemorate a person’s achievements.

o Archaic Period
▪ In the Archaic Period the arts manifested the influence of earlier
civilizations, such as those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, in their
linear, geometric tendency and stylized forms. This was seen in
pottery with its variety of geometric designs and highly stylized
human figures.
▪ In sculpture, there were two important types, the kouros (pl.
kouroi) and the kore (pl. korai). The kouros was a nude male
figure, presumably of an athlete. It showed the influence of
Egyptian sculpture in its frontality and rigidity, one foot slightly
forward, the fists clenched at the sides. It also had a smiling face,
slightly bulging eyes, and hair arranged in tight, geometric curls.
The treatment of musculature of the body and limbs was naive
and unsure. The kore was a fully clad female figure, the drapery
of its robe rendered in regular, vertical folds. The kouros and the
kore sometimes held an offering of fruit or an animal to the gods.
 ▪ The Sculpture of the Kouros and Kore

o Classical or Hellenic Period

▪ The Greek civilization in the Classical and Hellenic period based its
artistic culture around Athena and the Goddess of knowledge.
▪ The Hellenic period is constantly referenced in the history of art
and philosophy because this period was called the Golden Age of
Athens which was the most remarkable civilization of ancient
Greek.
▪ The Classical period contains the mainsprings of Western cultural
tradition in the philosophy that crystalized from the work of
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
o The Classical Ideals
▪ Classical Ideals the ancient Athens aimed for perfection with every
detail in the lives; from art, architecture, and philosophy, they
wanted nothing less than perfect. This high standard of perfection
is known as the classical ideal.

▪ What are these ideals?

• Emphasis on Form. Classicism emphasizes form, implying
a rigorous artistic discipline in conforming to a schema or to
certain artistic conventions.
• Intellectual Order. Concommitant with the importance
given to form is the ideal of intellectual order. Their
philosophical systems flourished out of their love for reason.
 • Harmony. The Athenians also believed in harmony as a
basic principle in life as in art. In art, harmony is manifested
in the unity of the work, in which all the elements and details
are significant and contribute to the total meaning and
effect.
• Proportion. In the work of art, proportion, too, is
important, as it deals with the relationship of the parts to
the whole and the whole to the parts.
• Balance. Balance is another important element in a
classical work. It is the well-coordinated growth and
expression of an organism, so that one aspect does not grow
at the expense of the others.
o Painting
▪ Painting in ancient Greece was largely confined to pottery. Greek
pottery was first in a highly stylized, geometric style, which later
developed into the expressive, flexible style of the red- and white-
figured vases.
▪ In was in the Hellenistic Period that the painters, Zeuxis,
Parrhasius, and Apollodorus gained a legendary renown for their
naturalistic paintings.

o Sculpture
▪ There were two outstanding sculptors of the period: Praxiteles
and Lysippos.
▪ Important Sculptural Works of the Hellenistic Period
• Laocoon – Laocoon, and his two young sons struggling with
writhing serpents sent by the gods to punish them for
disobedience. The old man, his torso contorted in the death
struggle, cries out in anguish, while his two sons, calling to
him for help, to succumb to despair.

• The Winged Victory of Samothrace – was a figure on the

prow of a ship. It is a powerful winged female figure in the
illusion of eternal flight, its giant wings spread outwards and
upwards, its bosom uplifted and the drapery of its noble
figure stirred by the winds and the waves.
 • Venus of Milo – The Venus de Milo is more closely related
to classical sculpture. For this famous statue, although not
a work of the heroic age of Phidias, has been described as
“one of the most splendid physical ideals of humanity.”

• Dying Gaul – The figure of the Dying Gaul, mortally

wounded in the breast half reclines in pain and weariness.
An example of naturalism, it shows the sculptor's concern
for individualizing details, such as the hair and the
mustache. The image of a defeated warrior, it contrasts
greatly with the earlier god and hero images.

❖ Roman Art
o In the 1st century BC, Romans conquered the Hellenic world. However,
unlike the idealistic Greeks, Romans were practical and realistic,
emphasizing civic virtues and the family.
o In the arts, Roman sculptors adapted Greek forms and techniques.
o Painting
▪ Endowed with a keen, observant eye, the Roman artists painted
environment. They developed new artistic subjects such as genre,
still lifes and landscapes, as well as architectural motifs. These
ornamented the of villas as frescoes, such as those found in
Pompeii, or as intricate mosaics on the floors and ceilings.
Landscapes, particularly views of enclosed gardens and still lifes
were rendered in a charming colorful style. Architectural motifs
showed amazing illusionistic skill, for interiors seemed to extend
into loggias and balconies overlooking gardens.

o Sculpture
▪ Romans created images of the deceased for ancestor-worship.
Images also reinforced the image of authority figures.
▪ Sculptures were originally painted but lost color over time.
▪ It was in portraiture that the Roman artists concentrated their
talents. The portrait filled an important role in Roman society.

▪ Augustus of Prima Porta

 o Architecture
▪ Roman architecture is known for concrete-domed buildings, the
innovative use of the arch, the amphitheatre design, the basilica,
the triumphal arch, and residential apartment blocks.

▪ The Colosseum and The Pantheon

❖ The Medieval Period

o Under the Medieval Period, we shall consider four artistic styles –
1. Early Christian
2. Byzantine
3. Romanesque
4. Gothic

o Early Christian Art

▪ In contrast to the Roman love of luxury and worldly pleasures, as
well as their thirst for power, Christianity introduced a new sense
of values, laying emphasis on the spiritual and eternal – life on
earth being but a preparation for life after death.
▪ Due to misunderstandings, Early Christians were persecuted by
Romans. So, they hid in catacombs where they painted frescoes.
▪ Their artistic subjects are religious symbols (e.g., Crucifix, Lamb,
Peacock)
▪ Introduced the Basilica type structure for churches.

▪ La Via Latina, Old St. Peter’s Basilica, St. Peter’s Basilica

o Byzantine Art
▪ The term Byzantine refers to the Eastern branch of the Roman
Empire which existed from the founding of Constantinople by the
Emperor Constantine in 330 AD to its conquest by the Turks in
1453.
▪ Byzantine art contains the 2-dimensional style of Asian art, or flat
style, placing emphasis on clarity of line and sharpness of outline,
as in Near Eastern (Persian) and Far Eastern (Chinese and
Japanese art).
▪ It merged those traditions with the 3-dimension style of Classical
art through the three-quarter view wherein a flat figure’s head is
partially turned.
▪ The icons portraying Christ, the Crucifixion, or Mary as the mother
of God are examples of Byzantine artistic representation.
▪ An example of Byzantine architecture is the Hagia Sophia.

▪ Hagia Sophia (Exterior and Interior), Our Lady of

Perpetual Help

o Romanesque Art
▪ Romanesque art is often associated with the architectural style of
the period. During the period, strong castle-fortresses were built
by the lords for defense, and in the event of an attack by roving
bands of marauders the people of the villages around took refuge
in it and defended from within. An example of this castle-like
fortress is the Intramuros.
 ▪ Romanesque Art Examples - The Painted Crypt of San Isidoro
at León, Spain, The Morgan Leaf, from the Winchester Bible,

▪ Architecture
• Of its characteristics, the most important are its massive
quality and its horizontal emphasis, since the concept of the
fortress predominated. This was true for both religious and
secular architecture.
• In church architecture, the Romanesque style, with its
massive, horizontal emphasis, retained the east-west
orientation of the basilica.
• It featured rounded apse containing the main altar, which
would be illumined at early Mass by the rising sun. Also, it
has rounded arches combined with heavy walls and piers
(columns), and for ceiling, the wooden roofs of the early
basilicas were replaced by tunnel vaults of stone. Interior
lighting left much to be desired because of the narrow
clerestory windows.
o Gothic Art
▪ Gothic art was style of medieval art that developed in Northern
France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the
concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of
Western Europe, and much of Northern, Southern and Central
Europe, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy.

▪ Architecture
• In the midst of these new and prosperous towns stood a
Gothic cathedral, the architectural triumph of the later
Middle Ages. It was. as John Ruskin described it. "Bible in
 stone," to provide all people, especially many who could not
read or write, and printing had not yet been invented. What
they had was a lively visual narrative of the Holy Scriptures.
• One of the most famous of the Gothic cathedrals of the
Middle Ages, the Notre Dame of Paris, France is
distinguished for its size, antiquity, and architectural
interest. It was consecrated to the Virgin Mary, with its
name meaning Our Lady of Paris.

o Renaissance
▪ The economic progress in the late Medieval Period, which was
brought about by increased trade and commerce, resulted in the
growth of cities and provided the backdrop for the remarkable
period that is known as the Renaissance.
▪ Renaissance, a word borrowed from the French language, literally
means “rebirth”, and in the history of art it is applied to the 15 th
century which is one of the highest moments of civilization.’
▪ Another feature of Renaissance art which arose from the scientific
spirit is the new concept of space which manifested itself in
painting and architecture as geometric or linear perspective. The
possibility of portraying space and depth on a two-dimensional
surface brought the artist to the threshold of science, now the
single and fixed point of view of geometric perspective created a
more convincing illusion of depth and three-dimensionality.
Renaissance perspective provided a satisfactory solution to the
problem of portraying space on two-dimensional surface. It was a
solution which Western artist espoused for the next four centuries.
▪ An example of linear perspective in painting in Leonardo da Vinci's
famous Last Supper. In this work, the principal lines on the ceiling,
 walls, and floor of the hall can be traced to converge at a point
behind the head of the central Christ figure.

▪ Painters in Renaissance period and their Masterpiece

• Leonardo Da Vinci – The Mona Lisa (1503-1519)

• Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti – Pieta (1498-1499)

• Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino – The School of Athens (1509-

1511)
 • Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi “Raphael” – Saint Mark
(1411-1413)

▪ Architecture
• Architecture during the Renaissance was brought to the
construction of aristocratic residences, or palazzos, as well
as churches. The palazzos in Florence were placed in a
setting, such as a piazza (square), to set off their elegant
facade. Usually three stories high, they were symmetrical,
with flat, rusticated facades and regular ornamentation.
• This generally consisted of arches above the windows and,
between them at regular intervals, fat columns called
pilasters with capitals from the classical orders. The long,
straight line of the roof strengthened the massive,
horizontal emphasis of the structure. The building usually
enclosed an interior court, as a common feature of Italian,
Spanish, and English Renaissance buildings was the U-
shaped ground plan opening onto a court, garden, or park
with sculpture and fountains.
• An example of One of the holiest sites of Christianity and
Catholic Tradition, it is traditionally the burial site of its
titular, St. Peter, who was the head of the twelve Apostles
of Jesus and, according to tradition, the first Bishop of
Antioch and later the first Bishop of Rome, rendering him
the first Pope.
▪ Music and Theater
• While Renaissance Italy distinguished itself in the visual arts
and architecture, England saw the golden age of theater and
music. In this period, William Shakespeare, the great
dramatist of all time, produced his memorable tragedies
(Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear) and his comedies (Merchant
of Venice, As You Like It, The Tempest) for the Elizabethan
stage. The Renaissance in England is also remembered for
its wealth of songs and madrigals, which contributed greatly
to the development of secular music.

• Examples of Music and Theater

Chapter 5: Asian Art