MCON 1: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

SOURCE: ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MARRIEB)
LECTURE VIDEO (CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

PROF. JANETH SALAZAR AUSTRIA

1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

Anatomy: The study of the human body’s structure. o Growth – All living organisms should be able to increase in
cell size or increase in number of cells.
-where things are located o Responsiveness (irritability) – All living organisms should
be able to respond to environmental changes known as
The study of structure and shape of the body an its parts and their
relationships to one another. To cut (tomy) apart (ana) “stimuli”. Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the
environment and then to react to them.
Physiology: The study of the human body’s function. o Movement – Motion in two or more cells or movement
within the organism itself.
-how this structure works
o Reproduction – All living organisms should be able to
The study of how the body and its part work or function. reproduce cells to replace damaged or old cells (mitosis).
(physio=nature; ology=the study of) Organisms should also be able to reproduce similar
offspring (meiosis)
DOGMA: Structure dictates function.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
TYPES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
o Chemical Level – The smallest level of organization.
(Subfields of Anatomy) ATOMS combine to form MOLECULES. (water, sugar,
and proteins)
o Systematic Anatomy – Study of the human body’s organ o Cellular level – Molecules combine to from cellular
systems. structures. Microscopic cells.
o Regional Anatomy - Study of the human body taken from o Tissue Level – Two or more cells working together to carry
perspective of different body regions. out a specific function. Consist of groups of similar cells
o Surface Anatomy – Study of the surface markings of the that have a common function.
human body. o Organ Level – Two or more tissue types combined form a
specific structure called an organ. “That perform a specific
(Structural level of organization) function for the body”
o Organ system Level – An organ system is composed of
o Gross Anatomy – Structures inside of organs systems that
two or more organs working together to carry out a broad
can be seen with the naked eye. Example: Left Ventricle
function. “To accomplish a common purpose”
Studying easily observable structures.
o Organism Level – Organ system function together to make
o Microscopic Anatomy: Structures of the human body that
up the human body, an organism. Highest level of
require a microscope for observation.
structural organization.
o Histology: The study of tissue. (histo=tissue,
ology=study of)
o Cytology: The study of cells. (cyto=cell)

(Subfields of Physiology)

-classifications are usually referenced to the organ or organ system

o Neurophysiology – studies the brain and nervous system.

neuro=nerve
o Cardiovascular Physiology – study of the heart and blood
vessels.

Anatomy and physiology are always inseparable. The parts of your

body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to
do to make the body operate as a whole. Structure determines what
functions can take place.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

o Cellular Composition – all living organisms are composed

of cells, which are the basic units of life.
o Metabolism – All living organism can carry out chemical
processes (metabolism). These metabolic can build up
(anabolic) or break down (catabolic) chemicals in the
body.

Depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to ANATOMICAL POSITION

make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on
the cardiovascular system to distribute these needed - Body is standing up straight, shoulder and feet width
substances throughout the body. apart, upper limbs at sides of trunk, head and palms facing
forward.
o Excretion – All living organisms can excrete waste - Always refer to the body as if it’s in anatomical position.
products. These are products that the organism no longer - Left and right is always referred to left or right side of the
needs. body we are describing, not our own left and right.
MCON 1: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SOURCE: ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MARRIEB)
LECTURE VIDEO (CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

PROF. JANETH SALAZAR AUSTRIA

1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

DIRECTIONAL TERMS - Para meaning “near”

- Divides the body or body part into unequal left and
o Used to describe markings and locations of the human
right sections.
body

Anterior or Ventral: Front ex: The esophagus is anterior to the spinal

cord
Posterior: Back ex: The spinal cord is posterior to the esophagus.
Superior or Cranial: Toward the head. (crani=head) ex: The eyes Transverse Plane
are superior to the nose.
Inferior of Caudal: Away from the head, or toward the tail. - Also known as the “horizontal”
(Caud=tail) ex: The lips are inferior to the nose. plane or “cross section”, divides the
superior and inferior part of the
o Inferior and Superior terms are only used to reference body in half.
positions on the head, neck, and trunk. For limbs we use - Can also divide the limbs into
proximal and distal. proximal and distal parts.
Proximal: Closer to point of origin. ex: The shoulder is proximal to
Frontal Plane
the elbow.
Distal: Farther away from point of origin. ex: The wrist is distal to - The frontal plane, also known as the “coronal” plane, can
the elbow. divide the body or body part into anterior posterior
sections.
Medial: Closer to the midline of the body. Ex: The ear is medial to
the shoulder. Oblique Plane
Lateral: Farther away from the midline of the body. ex: The
shoulder is lateral to the chest. - a less standardized type of plane, taken at an angle.
- Useful for examining structures suck knee joints.
Superficial: Loser to the surface of the body. ex: The skin is
superficial to the muscles.
Deep: Structures farther away from the surface of the body. ex:
The bone is deep to the muscles.

REGIONAL TERMS
o The body can be divided into two main regions:

Axial Region

o Head
o Neck
o Trunk

Appendicular Region

o Upper limbs
o Lower limbs
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

o Regions of the body are divided into different cavities.

o A cavity is any fluid filled space inside of the human body.

Body cavities - protect our internal organs so that they may

function, move, and expand as needed.

PLANES OF SECTION o Dorsal body Cavity: Located on the dorsal (posterior) or

back side of the body.
Sagittal Plane o Cranial Cavity
- located within the skull.
- Divide the body or body part into right and left
- Protects the brain
o Midsagittal Plane o Spinal Cavity
- Divides the body or body part o located along the vertebral column
into equal left and right parts. o Locates along the vertebral column.
- Also known as the median o Protects the spinal cord.
plane. o Also called the “Vertebral” cavity.

Both the cranial and spinal cavity are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF). This fluid keeps the brain and the spinal cord floatable.
cerebro=head

o Parasagittal Plane
MCON 1: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SOURCE: ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MARRIEB)
LECTURE VIDEO (CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

PROF. JANETH SALAZAR AUSTRIA

1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

o Ventral Body Cavity: Located on the ventral

(anterior) side of the body.
o Thoracic Cavity
- Located superior to (above)
the diaphragm.
- Encloses the thorax area
- Left and right pleural cavity,
pericardial cavity, and
mediastinum cavity.
o Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Located inferior to (below)
the diaphragm.
- Encloses the abdomen and
pelvis.
- Abdominal and pelvic cavity

Thoracic Cavity
o The Nine Region System
The three smaller cavities within the thoracis cavity:

o Pleural Cavities
- Left and right pleural cavities.
- Each surround a lung.
- Located within serous membranes.
o Mediastinum (med=middle)
- Located between the left and right pleural cavities.
- Houses the heart, great blood vessels, esophagus,
trachea (also known as windpipe).
- Not located within a serous membrane.
o Pericardial Cavity (peri=around)
- Located within the mediastinum cavity.
- Surrounds or “around” the heart.
- Located within a serous membrane.

Abdominopelvic Cavity SEROUS MEMBRANES

Two divisions within the abdominopelvic cavity: o Thin continuous layers of tissue
o Fold over on itself to enclose a space.
o Abdominal Cavity
o Cells within the membrane will produce a thin layer of
- Area that starts at the diaphragm and ends at the
watery, slippery liquid to lubricate organs (serous fluid).
pelvic bone.
o Serous fluid: will prevent friction between organs as they
- Houses the organs of different systems such as the
rub against each other.
digestive, lymphatic, and urinary system. : can be found around organs such as the
o Pelvic Cavity heart, lungs, and abdominal organs.
o Area within the bony pelvis.
Serous membranes
The abdominopelvic can be divided into different segments.
o Contain two layers
o The Four Quadrant System o Visceral layer (viscer=organ) - the inner layer
that contacts the organ itself.
o Parietal layer – the outer layer that attaches to
the structures surrounding the organ.
o
o 3 Main Serous Membranes of the body (+ 3 serous body
cavities within them)
o Pleural Membrane
- Surround the lungs
- Consist of two layers
o Parietal Pleura: outer layer
o Visceral Pleura: inner layer
- Between both layers, you will find the
pericardial cavity.
o Pericardial Membrane
o Surround the heart
MCON 1: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SOURCE: ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MARRIEB)
LECTURE VIDEO (CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

PROF. JANETH SALAZAR AUSTRIA

1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

- Consist of two layers o Provide insights into brain activity in people affected by
o Parietal Pericardium: outer layer mental illness, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy.
that encircles the heart in the
mediastinum
o Visceral pericardium: inner layer,
Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan)
joins to the heart itself.
- Between layers, you will find the pericardial o Gathers data using ionized radiation
cavity (fluid filled space). o 3D Imaging
o Peritoneal Membrane o Takes “pictures” of thin slice of the body
- Surround some abdominal organs o Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
- Consist of two layers (technique produced by special ultrafast CT
o Parietal Peritoneum: outer layer scan)
o Visceral Peritoneum: inner layer  Provides 3 dimensional images of
o Between both layers, you will find the peritoneal body organs from any angle.
cavity.  Visualize the heart beating and blood
flowing through blood vessels.
MEDICAL IMAGING  Assess heart defects, constricted
blood vessels, and the status of
o Allows us to look inside of patients without surgical coronary bypass grafts.
procedures.
o Provides a view of the body’s internal structures using Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)
various forms of radiation.
o Different medical images provide us with a view of specific o Gathers data using magnetic radiation
planes within the body. This allows us to observe different o Information from body tissues
body cavities. o Detecting signs of degenerative disease (multiple
sclerosis plaques)
X-Rays o 3D Imaging
o Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
o Provides a view of internal body structures – allows tracking or blood flow into the brain in
o Use Ionized Radiation real time
o Shadowy negative image of internal structures produced
by directing electromagnetic waves of very short
wavelength at the body.
o Visualize hard, bony structures, and locate abnormally
dense structures (tumors, tuberculosis nodules) in the
lungs and breasts.
o Low dose X-ray procedures
o Mammography (Mammogram)
 used to identify changes in breast
tissue, including dense masses or
calcifications.
o Bone densitometry
 detects the amount of calcium and
minerals stored in bone and is the
major diagnostic test for osteoporosis.

Ultrasound Imaging (ultra-sonography)

o employs a high-frequency sound wave

o no known harmful effects on living tissues.
o Pulses of sound waves, which cause echoes when
reflected and scattered by body tissues
o The imaging technique of choice for determining fetal age
and position and locating the placenta. CORE PRINCIPLES
o Does not visualize air filled structures (lungs) or those
surrounded by the bones. Homeostasis (one theme of the entire subject_ANAPHY)

Position emission tomography (PET) Four major core principles to support this theme:

o requires an injection of shortlived radioisotopes that have Feedback Loops

been tagged to biological molecules (such as glucose) in
o Body uses to maintain homeostasis
order to view metabolic processes.
o Uses radiotopes o Series of events that will eventually lead to an output
o Radioisotopes are absorbed by the most active brain o Output (negative or positive) will eventually lead to more
cells, high-energy gamma rays are produced. events
- Negative Feedback Loops
MCON 1: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SOURCE: ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MARRIEB)
LECTURE VIDEO (CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology)
______________________________________________________________________________________________

PROF. JANETH SALAZAR AUSTRIA

1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 – 2023

 Opposed initial change o For example, a nerve cell will stimulate a muscle cell by
 Reduces output (-) releasing chemical messengers into the space
 Brings body closer to its normal state surrounding the muscle cells. These chemical messengers
1. When a change in variable is detected in the body, a will lead to a contraction in the muscle.
receptor will detect information called a stimulus.
2. This information about the stimulus will then be sent
to the control center.
3. The control center will send signals to cells and
organs called effectors. These effectors will initiate
physiological responses to bring the body back to
return the changed variable back to its set point.
4. After the changed variable is completely back to
normal, the negative feedback loop will end.

- Positive Feedback Loops

1. The baby’s head touches the cervix. STIMULI
2. Data is sent to the brain. CONTROL CENTER
3. Brain sends signals to the uterus. EFFECTOR
4. Uterus produces oxytocin hormone.
5. Oxytocin will stimulate uterine contractions.
RESPONSE.
6. Contractions move the baby closer to the cervix.
7. Contractions cause more stretching of the cervix
8. More of the oxytocin hormone will be stimulated until
the baby is born
 Reinforces initial change]
 Increases output (+)
 Results in more of a product
 Occurs when something needs to
happen quickly
 Brings body farther away from normal
variable

The relationship between structure vs. function

o “Structure dictates function” is a key principle in Anatomy

and Physiology
o The form of a structure always benefits its function
o For example. The lungs have thin tissue which allows
gases to quickly cross. However, if the lung tissue were
thick, gases would tale an extremely ling time to cross,
making it difficult to maintain homeostasis.

Gradients

o Gradients drive many of the physiological processes that

happen inside of our body
o Gradients exist whenever there is one area has more of
something than another area.
o Temperature Gradient
o Concentration Gradient
o Pressure Gradient

Cell to cell communication

o Cells work together to maintain homeostasis by

communicating with one another.
o Cells communicate with one another by chemical
messengers or electrical signals.
o Electrical signals may only be sent between cells that are
directly next to one another.
o Chemical messengers may be sent directly to another cell,
released into the surrounding fluid, or these messengers
may travel through the blood.