CLASS VIII MATHEMATICS.

CH-3 UNDERSTANDING QUADRILATERALS

CBSE NCERT Solutions

Exercise 3.1
1. Given here are some figure:

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(G)

(H)

Classify each them on the basis of the following:

(i) Simple curve
(ii) Simple closed curve
(iii) polygon
(iv) Convex polygon
(v) Concave polygon
Solution:
(i) Simple curve: A simple curve is a curve that does not cross itself.
The following are the simple curves.
(A)

(B)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(E)

(F)

(G)

(ii) Simple closed curve: A connected curve that does not cross itself and
ends at the same point where it begins is called a simple closed curve.
The following are the simple closed curves.
(A)

(B)

(E)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(F)

(G)

(iii) Polygon: A polygon is a plane figure enclosed by three or more line

segments.
The following are the polygons
(A)

(B)

(D)

(iv) Convex polygon: A convex polygon is defined as a polygon with all its
interior angles less than 180o . This means that all the vertices of the
polygon will point outwards, away from the interior of the shape.
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

The following is the convex polygon.

(A)

(v) Concave polygon: A concave polygon is defined as a polygon with one or

more interior angles greater than 180o .
The following are the concave polygons.
(A)

(D)

2. How many diagonals does each of the following have?

(A) A convex quadrilateral
(B) A regular hexagon
(C) A triangle
Solution:
(A) A convex quadrilateral has two diagonals.
For e.g.

In above convex quadrilateral, AC and BD are only two diagonals.

(B) A regular hexagon has 9 diagonals.
For e.g.
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

In above hexagon, diagonals are AD, AE, BD, BE, FC, FB, AC, EC and FD.
So, there are total 9 diagonals in regular hexagon.
(C) In a triangle, there is no diagonal.
3. What is the sum of the measures of the angles of a convex quadrilateral ? Will
this property hold if the quadrilateral is not convex ? (Make a non -convex
quadrilateral and try)
Solution:
Let ABCD is a convex quadrilateral.
Now, draw a diagonal AC which divided the quadrilateral in two triangles.

∠A + B + ∠C + ∠D = ∠1 + ∠6 + ∠5 + ∠4 + ∠3 + ∠2
= (∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3) + (∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6)
= 180o + 180o (By Angle sum property of triangle)
= 360o
Hence, the sum of measures of the triangles of a convex quadrilateral is 360𝑜 .
And this property still holds even if the quadrilateral is not convex.
E.g.
Let ABCD be a non-convex quadrilateral.
Now, join BD, which also divides the quadrilateral ABCD in two triangles.
Using angle sum property of triangle,
In ΔABD, ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 = 180o ………. (i)
In ΔBDC, ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 = 180𝑜 ………. (ii)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get

∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 = 360𝑜
⇒ ∠1 + (∠3 + ∠4) + ∠6 + (∠2 + ∠5) = 360𝑜
⇒ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360o
Hence, the sum of measures of the triangles of a non-convex quadrilateral is also
360𝑜 .
4. Examine the table. (Each figure is divided into triangles and the sum of the
angles deduced from that.)

Figure

Side 3 4 5 6
1 × 180o 2 × 180o
3 × 180o 4 × 180o
Angle = (3 = (4
= (5 − 2) × 180o = (6 − 2) × 180o
− 2) × 180𝑜 − 2) × 180𝑜

What can you say about angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides?
Solution:
(A) When n = 7, then
Angle sum of a polygon = (n − 2) × 180o = (7 − 2) × 180o =
5 × 180o = 900o

(B) When n = 8, then

Angle sum of a polygon = (n − 2) × 180o = (8 − 2) × 180o =
6 × 180o = 1080o

(C) When n = 10, then

Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Angle sum of a polygon = (n − 2) × 180o = (10 − 2) × 180o =

8 × 180o = 1440o
(D) When n = n, then, angle sum of polygon = (n − 2) × 180𝑜
5. What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of:
(A) 3 sides
(B) 4 sides
(C) 6 sides
Solution:
A regular polygon is a polygon which have all sides of equal length and the
interior angles of equal size.
(i) 3 sides. Polygon having three sides is called a triangle.
(ii) 4 sides. Polygon having four sides is called a quadrilateral.
(iii) 6 sides. Polygon having six sides is called a hexagon.
6. Find the angle measures 𝑥 in the following figures:

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Solution:

We know in any quadrilateral, sum of interior angles will be 180o

50o + 130o + 120o + x = 360o (Angle sum Property of a quadrilateral)
⇒ 300o + x = 360o
⇒ x = 360o − 300o
⇒ x = 60o
Therefore, the value of x is 60o .
(B)

We know in any quadrilateral, sum of interior angles will be 180o

90o + 60o + 70o + x = 360o (Angle sum Property of a quadrilateral)
⇒ 220o + x = 360o
⇒ x = 360o − 220o
⇒ x = 140o
Therefore, the value of 𝑥 is 140o .
(C)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

First base interior angle ∠1 = 180o − 70o = 110o

Second base interior angle ∠2 = 180o − 60o = 120o
Since, there are 5 sides.
Therefore, n = 5
We know that Angle sum of a polygon = (n − 2) × 180o
= (5 − 2) × 180o = 3 × 180o = 540o
∴ 30𝑜 + 𝑥 + 110𝑜 + 120𝑜 + 𝑥 = 540o (Angle sum property)
⇒ 260o + 2𝑥 = 540o ⇒ 2𝑥 = 540o − 260o
⇒ 2𝑥 = 280o
⇒ 𝑥 = 140o
Therefore, the value of 𝑥 is 140o .
(D)

Since, there are 5 sides.

Therefore, n = 5.
We know that Angle sum of a polygon = (n − 2) × 180o
= (5 − 2) × 180o = 3 × 180o = 540o
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 540𝑜 (Angle sum property)
⇒ 5𝑥 = 540o
⇒ 𝑥 = 108o
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Hence each interior angle of the given polygon is 108o .

7. (A) Find x + y + z

(B) Find x + y + z + w

Solution:
(A)

90o + 𝑥 = 180o ( ∵ sum of linear pair angles is 180o )

⇒ 𝑥 = 180o − 90o = 90o
And 𝑧 + 30o = 180o (∵ sum of linear pair angles is 180o )
⇒ 𝑧 = 180o − 30o = 150o
Also 𝑦 = 90o + 30o = 120o [∵ Exterior angle property]
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 90o + 120o + 150o = 360o
Hence, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 90o + 120o + 150o = 360o
(B)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

60o + 80o + 120o + 𝑛 = 360o (∵ Angle sum property of a quadrilateral)

⇒ 260o + 𝑛 = 360o
⇒ 𝑛 = 360o − 260o
⇒ 𝑛 = 100o
𝑤 + 𝑛 = 180° (∵ Sum of linear pair angles is 180o )
∴ 𝑤 + 100° = 180o ……………(i)
Similarly, 𝑥 + 120o = 180o ……………. (ii)
And 𝑦 + 80o = 180o . (iii)
And 𝑧 + 60o = 180o ………………. (iv)
Adding eq. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv),
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 + 100o + 120o + 80o + 60o
= 180o + 180o + 180o + 180o
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 + 360o = 720o
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 720o − 360o
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 360o
Hence, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 360o
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Exercise 3.2
1. Find 𝑥 in the following figures:

(A)

(B)

Solution:
(A)

Here, 125o + 𝑚 = 180o [∵ Sum of linear pair angles is 180o ]

⇒ 𝑚 = 180o − 125o = 55o
And similarly, 125o + 𝑛 = 180o
⇒ 𝑛 = 180o − 125o = 55o
Now, 𝑥° = 𝑚 + 𝑛 ( ∵ Exterior angle property)
∴ 𝑥 o = 55o + 55o = 110o
Therefore, the value of 𝑥 is 110o .
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(B)

Since, in the given polygon, there are 5 sides.

Therefore, number of sides, n = 5
We know that sum of angles of a pentagon = (n − 2) × 180o
= (5 − 2) × 180o
= 3 × 180𝑜 = 540o
Now, ∠1 + 90o = 180o . (i) (∵ Sum of linear pair of angle is 180o )
∠2 + 60o = 180o ………………. (ii) (∵ Sum of linear pair of angle is
180o )
∠3 + 90o = 180o ………………. (iii) (Sum of linear pair of angle is
180°)
∠4 + 70o = 180o …………… (iv) (Sum of linear pair of angle is 180o )
∠5 + 𝑥 = 180o …………………(v) (Sum of linear pair of angle is 180o )
On adding eq. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
𝑥 + (∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5) + 310o = 900o
⇒ 𝑥 + 540o + 310o = 900o
⇒ 𝑥 + 850o = 900o
⇒ 𝑥 = 900o − 850o = 50o
Therefore, the value of 𝑥 is 50°.
2. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of:
(A) 9 sides
(B) 15 sides
Solution:
(i) It is given that number of sides, n = 9.
We know that sum of angles of a regular polygon = (n − 2) × 180o
= (9 − 2) × 180o = 7 × 180o = 1260o
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Sum of interior angles 1260o

Each interior angle = = = 140o
Number of sides 9

Each exterior angle = 180o − 140o = 40o

Hence, each exterior angle of a regular polygon of 9 sides is equal to 40o .
(ii) It is given that number of sides, n = 15.
We know that sum of exterior angle of a regular polygon = 360o
Sum of interior angles 360o
Each interior angle = = = 24o
Number of sides 15

Each exterior angle = 180o − 24o = 156o

Hence, each exterior angle of a regular polygon of 15 sides is equal to
156o .
3. How many sides does a regular polygon have, if the measure of an exterior
angle is 24o?

Solution:
We know that sum of exterior angles of a regular polygon = 360o
Sum of exterior angles 360o
Number of sides = = = 15
Each exterior angle 24o

Hence, the regular polygon has 15 sides.

4. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles
is 165o?

Solution:
Given interior angle is 165o

Exterior angle = 180o − 165o = 15o

We know that sum of exterior angles of a regular polygon = 360o

Sum of exterior angles 360o
Number of sides = = 24
Each exterior angle 15o

Hence, the regular polygon has 24 sides.

5. (A) Is it possible to have a regular polygon with of each exterior angle as
22o?
(B) Can it be an interior angle of a regular polygon? Why?
Solution:
(A) Since 22 is not a divisor of 360o .
Therefore, it is not possible to have a regular polygon with of each exterior
angles as 22o
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(B) It is given that interior angle = 22o

We know that exterior angle = 180o − Interior angle
Exterior angle = 180o − 22o = 158o , which is not a divisor of 360o .
Hence, it is not possible to have a regular polygon with of each interior
angles as 22o .
6. (A) What is the minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon?WhY?
(B) What is the maximum exterior angle possible for a regular polygon?
Solution:
(A) The equilateral triangle being a regular polygon of 3 sides have the least
measure of an interior angle equal to 60o

Let each side of equilateral triangle = x

∴ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 180o (By angle sum Property)
⇒ 3𝑥 = 180o
⇒ 𝑥 = 60o

(B) We know that equilateral triangle has least measure of an interior angle
equal to 60o.

Also, Exterior angle = 180o − Interior angle

Therefore, greatest exterior angles = 180o − 60o = 120o.

Exercise 3.3
1. Give a parallelogram ABCD. Complete each statement along with the definition
or property used.
(A) AD = _____________
(B) ∠DCB =_____________
(C) OC = _____________
(D) m∠DAB + m∠CDA =_____________

Solution:
(A) We know that opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal
Therefore, AD = BC
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(B) We know that opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

Therefore, ∠DCB = ∠DAB
(C) We know that diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
Therefore, For diagonal AC, OC = OA
(D) Since, ∠DAB and ∠CDA are adjacent angles and we know that Adjacent
angles in a parallelogram are supplementary
Therefore, ∠DAB + ∠CDA = 180o
2. Consider the following parallelograms. Find the values of the unknowns 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧.
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Solution:
(A)

Given that ∠B = 100o .

In parallelogram ABCD
Now, ∠B + ∠C = 180o (∵ Adjacent angles in a parallelogram are
supplementary)
⇒ 100o + 𝑥 = 180o
⇒ 𝑥 = 180o − 100o = 80o
and 𝑧 = 𝑥 = 80o (∵ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
and 𝑦 = ∠B = 100o (∵ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
Hence 𝑥 = 𝑧 = 80o and 𝑦 = 100o
(B)

𝑥 + 50o = 180o (∵ Sum of adjacent angles in a parallelogram is 180°)

⇒ 𝑥 = 180o − 50o = 130o
And 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 130o (∵ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
and 𝑧 = 𝑥 = 130o (∵ Corresponding angles are equal)
Hence, 𝑥 = 𝑧 = 𝑦 = 130o
(C)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

𝑥 = 90o (∵ Vertically opposite angles are equal)

And 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 30o = 180o (Angle sum property of a triangle)
⇒ 𝑦 + 90o + 30o = 180o
⇒ 𝑦 + 120o = 180o
⇒ 𝑦 = 180o − 120o = 60o
and 𝑧 = 𝑦 = 60o (∵ Alternate angles are equal)
Hence, 𝑥 = 90o and 𝑧 = 𝑦 = 60o
(D)

𝑧 = 80o (∵ Corresponding angles are equal)

And now 𝑥 + 80o = 180o (∵ Sum of adjacent angles in a parallelogram is
180°)
⇒ 𝑥 = 180o − 80o = 100o
and 𝑦 = 80o (∵ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
Hence, 𝑥 = 100o , 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 80o
(E)

𝑦 = 112o (∵ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)

Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

40o + 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 180o (∵ Angle sum property of a triangle)

⇒ 40° + 112o + 𝑥 = 180o
⇒ 152o + 𝑥 = 180o
⇒ 𝑥 = 180o − 152o = 28o
and 𝑧 = 𝑥 = 28o (∵ Alternate angles are equal)
Hence, 𝑥 = 𝑧 = 28o and 𝑦 = 112o
3. Can a quadrilateral ABCD be a parallelogram, if:
(A) ∠D + ∠B = 180o?

(B) AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm and BC = 4.4 cm ?

(C) ∠A = 70o and ∠C = 65o?

Solution:
(A)

Given quadrilateral ABCD where ∠D + ∠B = 180o

If ABCD is a parallelogram then opposite angles are equal.
∴ ∠D = ∠B
But given ∠D + ∠B = 180o
⇒ ∠B + ∠B = 180o
⇒ 2∠B = 180o
⇒ ∠B = 90o
∴ ∠D = ∠B = 90o
So, ABCD is a parallelogram where ∠D = ∠B = 90o which is possible
only if ABCD is a square or rectangle.
Hence, may be parallelogram, but in all cases
(B)
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Given quadrilateral ABCD where AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm and BC =

4.4 cm
We know opposite sides of parallelogram are equal.
∴ AB = DC and AD = BC
But here AD ≠ BC
Hence, ABCD is not a parallelogram.
(C)

Given quadrilateral ABCD where ∠A = 70o and ∠C = 65o

We know, opposite angles of parallelogram are equal.
∴ ∠A = ∠C
But here ∠A ≠ ∠C
Hence, ABCD is not a parallelogram.
4. Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measures.
Solution:

ABCD is quadrilateral in which angles ∠A = ∠C = 110o

Hence, ABCD is a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has exactly two
opposite angles of equal measures.
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

5. The measure of two adjacent of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3: 2. Find

the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram.
Solution:

Let ABCD be the given parallelogram and ∠C = 3𝑥 and ∠D = 2𝑥.

Since the adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.
∴ 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 180o
⇒ 5𝑥 = 180o
180o
⇒𝑥= = 36o
5
Hence, ∠C = 3𝑥 = 3 × 36o = 10o
and ∠D = 2𝑥 = 2 × 36o = 72o
Hence, the two required adjacent angles are 108o and 72o .
Now, opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
Hence, ∠C = ∠A = 72o and ∠D = ∠B = 108o
6. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure. Find the
measure of the angles of the parallelogram.
Solution:
Let each adjacent angle be x.
Since the adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.
∴ x + x = 180o
⇒ 2x = 180o
180o
⇒x= = 90o
2
Hence, each adjacent angle is 90o .
7. The adjacent figure HOPE is a parallelogram. Find the angle measures x, y
and z. State the properties you use to find them.
Solution:
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Here ∠HOP + 70o = 180o (∵ sum of angles of linear pair is 180°)

⇒ ∠HOP = 180o − 70o = 110o
and ∠E = ∠HOP (∵ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
⇒ x = 110o
Now, ∠PHE = ∠HPO (∵ Alternate angles are equal)
∴ y = 40o
Since, OP||HE
Therefore, ∠EHO = ∠O = 70o (Corresponding angles)
Since, ∠EHO = 70o
⇒ 40o + z = 70o
⇒ z = 70o − 40o = 30o
Hence, x = 110o , y = 40o and z = 30o
8. The following figures GUNS and RUNS are parallelogram, Find x and y.
(Length are in cm)
(A)

(B)

Solution:
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(A)

In parallelogram GUNS,
GS = UN (∵ Opposite sides of parallelogram are equal)
⇒ 3x = 18     
18
⇒x= = 6 cm
3
Also GU = SN (∵ Opposite sides of parallelogram are equal)
⇒ 3y − 1 = 26
⇒ 3y = 26 + 1
⇒ 3y = 27
27
⇒y= = 9 cm
3
Hence, x = 6 cm and y = 9 cm
(B)

In parallelogram RUNS,
y + 7 = 20 (∵ Diagonals of a parallelogram bisects each other)
⇒ y = 20 − 7 = 13 cm
Similarly, x + y = 16
⇒ x + 13 = 16
⇒ x = 16 − 13
⇒ x = 3 cm
Hence, x = 3 cm and y = 13 cm
9. In the figure, both RISK and CLUE are parallelograms. Find the value of x.
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Solution:

Let angle vertically opposite to x be n

In parallelogram RISK,
∠RIS = ∠K = 120o (∵ Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
∠SIC + ∠RIS = 180o (∵ Sum of linear pair of angle is 180°)
⇒ ∠SIC + 120o = 180o
⇒ ∠SIC = 180o − 120o = 60o
and ∠ECl = ∠L = 70o (∵ Corresponding angles are equal)
∠SIC + n + ∠ECI = 180𝑜 (∵ Angle sum property of a triangle)
⇒ 60o + n + 70o = 180o
⇒ 130o + n = 180o
⇒ n = 180o − 130o = 50o
also x = n = 50o (∵ Vertically opposite angles are equal)
Hence, the value of x is 50°.
10. Explain how this figure is a trapezium. Which of its two sides are parallel ?

Solution:
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Given a quadrilateral KLMN having ∠L = 80o and ∠M = 100o

Now extent the line LM to O as shown in figure

For the line segment NM and KL, with MO is a transversal.

Now ∠L + ∠M = 180o
Thus, sum of interior angles on the same side of transversal is 180o which is only
possible
If NM and KL are parallel lines
Therefore, NM | |KL
Since, KLMN is quadrilateral with KL | |NM
∴ KLMN is a trapezium
___
11. Find M∠C in figure, if ̅̅̅̅
AB ||DC,

Solution:
In quadrilateral ABCD
̅̅̅̅||DC
Since, it is given that AB ̅̅̅̅

Therefore, ∠B + ∠C = 180o
⇒ 120o + m∠C = 180o
⇒ m∠C = 180o − 120o = 60o
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Hence, m∠C = 60°

12. Find the measure of ∠P and ∠S if 𝑆𝑃||QR in given figure. (If you find m∠R,
is there more than one method to find 𝑚∠𝑃)

(B)

Solution:
∠P + ∠Q = 180o [∵ Sum of co-interior angles is 180o ]
⇒ ∠P + 130o = 180o
⇒ ∠P = 180o − 130o
⇒ ∠P = 50o
And ∠S + ∠R = 180o (∵ Sum of co-interior angles is 180o )
⇒ ∠S + 90o = 180o (∠R = 90° (given))
⇒ ∠S = 180o − 90o
⇒ ∠S = 90o
Yes, there is one more method to find ∠P.
In quadrilateral SRQP
∠S + ∠R + ∠Q + ∠P = 360o [Angle sum property of quadrilateral]
⇒ 90o + 90o + 130o + ∠P = 360o
⇒ 310o + ∠P = 360o
⇒ ∠P = 360o − 310o
⇒ ∠P = 50o

Exercise 3.4
1. State whether true or false:
(A) All rectangles are squares.
(B) All rhombuses are parallelograms.
(C) All squares are rhombuses and also rectangles
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(D) All squares are not parallelograms

(E) All kites are rhombuses.
(F) All rhombuses are kites.
(G) All parallelograms are trapeziums
(H) All squares are trapeziums.
Solution:
(A) False.
In the rectangle all sides may not be equal but in the case of square all
sides are equal.
Hence, all rectangles are not squares
(B) True.
In a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal and also diagonal intersect at
the mid- point.
And Since, in rhombus, opposite angles are equal and diagonals intersect
at mid-point.
Hence, all rhombuses are parallelograms.
(C) True.
We know that a rectangle become square when all sides of a rectangle are
equal. Hence square is a special case of rectangle. And since, square has
same property as that of rhombus.
Hence, all squares are rhombuses and also rectangles
(D) False.
Since, all squares have the same property as that of parallelogram.
Hence, all squares are parallelograms
(E) False.
In the rhombus, all sides are equal, but all kites do not have equal sides.
Hence, all kites are rhombuses
(F) True.
Since, all rhombuses have equal sides and diagonals bisect each other and,
in the kite,, all sides may be equal and their diagonal can also bisect each
other.
Hence, all rhombuses are kites.
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

(G) True.
We know that trapezium has only two parallel sides and Since, in the
parallelogram two sides are parallel to each other.
Hence, all parallelograms are trapeziums
(H) True.
We know that a trapezium has two sides parallel to each other and Since,
in the square two sides are parallel.
Hence, all squares are trapeziums
2. Identify all the quadrilaterals that have:
(A) four sides of equal lengths.
(B) four right angles.
Solution:
(A) Rhombus and square have sides of equal length.
(B) Square and rectangle have four right angles.
3. Explain how a square is:
(A) a quadrilateral
(B) a parallelogram
(C) a rhombus
(D) a rectangle
Solution:
(A) A quadrilateral has 4 sides and a square has 4 sides, hence it is a
quadrilateral
(B) A square is a parallelogram, since it contains both pairs of opposite sides
are parallel.
(C) A rhombus is a parallelogram where all sides are equal and a square is a
parallelogram where all sides are of equal length. Hence it is a rhombus.
(D) A rectangle is a parallel 90° and a square is a parallelogram where all
angles are 90° . Hence it is a rectangle.
4. Name the quadrilateral whose diagonals:
(A) bisect each other.
(B) are perpendicular bisectors of each other.
(C) are equal.
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

Solution:
(A) If diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other then it may be a rhombus,
parallelogram, rectangle or square.
(B) If diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular bisector of each other,
then it may be a rhombus or square.
(C) If diagonals are equal, then it may be a square or rectangle.
5. Explain why a rectangle is a convex quadrilateral.
Solution:
In convex quadrilateral, all the diagonals lie inside the quadrilateral.
Consider a rectangle ABCD, Its diagonal AC and BD lie inside the rectangle

Hence rectangle is a convex quadrilateral.

6. ABC is a right-angled triangle and O is the mid-point of the side opposite to
the right angle . Explain why O is equidistant from A, B and C. (The dotted
lines are drawn additionally to help you.)

Solution:
Given a right-angled triangle ABC and O is the mid-point of AC.
Now draw a line from A parallel to BC and from C parallel to BA.
Let the point of intersection of these lines be D. Now Join OD.
Now in quadrilateral ABCD
AB ∥ DC and BC ∥ AD
⇒ opposite sides are parallel
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram
We know that
Adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary
Class- VIII-CBSE-Mathematics Understanding Quadrilaterals

∠𝐵 + ∠𝐶 = 180o
⇒ 90𝑜 + ∠𝐶 = 180o
⇒ ∠𝐶 = 180𝑜 − 90o
⇒ ∠𝐶 = 90o
Also,
Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
∠A = ∠C
⇒ ∠A = 90o
And ∠D = ∠B
⇒ ∠D = 90o
Therefore,
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90o
⇒ Each angle of ABCD is a right angle.
So, ABCD is a parallelogram with all angles 90o
∴ ABCD is a rectangle
We know that
The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other
1
OA = OC = 2 AC … (1)
1
OB = OD = 2 BD … (2)

Also,
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length.
BD = AC
Dividing both sides by 2
1 1
⇒ BD = AC
2 2
⇒ OB = OA (from (1) and (2))
∴ OA = OB = OC
Hence, O is equidistant from A, B and C.