Chapter 1 Indefinite Integration

Indefinite Integration 1.1

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
# cos x - 1 2 x
1. cos x + 1 dx =- # tan 2 dx # x-1 # x+1-2
]x + 1g2 ]x + 1g2
5. dx = dx

=- # b sec2 2 - 1 ldx = # b1 - sec2 2 ldx = x - 2 tan 2 + c.

x x x
dx = log ]x + 1g + ]
# 1 # 2 2
]x + 1g2 x + 1g
= x + 1 dx - + c.

2. # ]sin 2x - cos 2xgdx = 1

sin ]2x - ag + b 3x3 - 2 x
2 6. # x dx = # 3x2 dx - 2 # x-1/2 dx =
&- 2 ]sin 2x + cos 2xg = sin ]2x - ag + b
1 1
x3 - 4 x + c.
2

&- < cos 2xF = sin ]2x - ag + b 2

1 1 1

2
sin 2x +
2 7. # dx = sec -1 x + c (formula)
x x2 - 1
& sin b2x + 4 l = sin ]2x - ag + b 2
5r 2x 2x + 1 - 1
8. # ]2x + 1g2
dx = #
]2x + 1g2
dx

& b is any constant and a =

- 5r
4 . = # 1
]2x + 1g dx -
# ]2x + 1g-2 dx
# b1 + x + 2x! + 3x! + ... ldx = # e x dx = e x + c. = 2 log ]2x + 1g +
2 3
1 1
2 ]2x + 1g
3. + c.

# b x + 1x l dx = # c x3 + x13 + 3x + 3x mdx ax+1

3
4. 9. # a x da = x + 1 + c.
x4 1 3x2 3
= 4 - 2 + 2 + 3 log x + c
2x
10. # x-4 dx = -x3 + c =- 31x3 + c.
x 4 3x2 1
= 4 + 2 + 3 log x - 2 + c.
2x
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
-x
# dx # e
1.
Trick: Since dx "sin -1 ]tan xg, =
= dx d sec2 x
1 + ex 1 + e -x
1 - tan2 x
Put 1 + e -x = t & e -x dx =- dt, then it reduces to
sec2 x $ cos x sec x
= = .
cos2 x - sin2 x cos 2x
- # t =- log t =- log ^1 + e -xh .
dt

dx
4. To evaluate # , the suitable substitution
1 x 2ax - x2
2. Let 1 + log x = t & x dx = dt
is ^2a sin2 t = xh .
^1 + log x h
2

5. Put x2 - 4x + 3 = t & ]2x - 4gdx = dt

1 + log x 2
Therefore, # x dx = # tdt = t2 = 2 .

# sec x dx # sec x
3. = dx
& ]x - 2gdx = 2 dt, then it reduces to
cos 2x cos2 x - sin2 x 1

# sec2 dx
= 1 dt 1 1 ^ 2 h
1 - tan2 x 2 # t = 2 log t + c = 2 log x - 4x + 3 + c.
{Multiplying N'r and D'r by sec x}
6. Put logsin x = t
Now, putting tan x = t & sec xdx = dt, we get the
2
7. Put sec x = t & sec x tan x dx = dt, therefore
integral = sin t = sin ]tan xg .
-1 -1
p p
# sec p x tan x dx = # t p - 1 dt = tp + c = secp x + c.
1.2 Mathematics

8. Put x=t&
1
dx = dt. 10. # cos5 x dx = # cos4 x cos x dx = # ^1 - sin2 xh2 cos xdx
2 x
9. # x+1
dx = #
x
dx + # 1
dx Put sin x = t & cos x dx = dt, then it reduces to
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
# ^1 - t2h2 dt = # ^1 + t4 - 2t2hdt = t5 - 23t
5 3
Put x2 + 1 = t & 2x dx = dt, then it reduce to +t+c

dx = 2 .2.t1/2 + log ^ x + x2 + 1 h + c
1 # dt # 1 1 sin5 x 2 sin3 x
+ =
2 t 1/2 x2 + 1 5 - 3 + sin x + c.
= ^ x2 + 1h1/2 + log ^ x + x2 + 1 h + c.

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. # x sec x dx = x tan x - # tan x dx
2
log x 1 1 log x 1 x -2
=-
2x 2
+ # .
x 2x 2 + c =-
2x2
+ 2 . -2 + c
= x tan x + log ]cos xg + c.
- 2 + c =- 2 ^2 log x + 1 h + c.
log x 1 1
=-
2. Let I = # sin ^log xhdx 2x2 4x 4x

7. # log ]x + 1gdx = x log ]x + 1g - # x

x + 1 dx + c
Put log x = t & x = e & dx = e dt, then t t

= x log ]x + 1g - x + log ]x + 1g + c =
I= # sin t.e dt = sin t.e - # e . cos t dt
t t t

]x + 1g log ]x + 1g - x + c.
= sin t.e - 9cos t.e +
t t
# e . sin tdtC
t

8. Given that # e x sin x dx = 12 e x a + x ......(i)

& 2I = sin t.e t - cos t.e t
Let I = # e x sin xdx =- e x cos x + # e x cos x dx + c
sin ^log xh dx = 2 x 6sin ^log x h - cos ^log x h@.
# 1
&I=
=- e x cos x + e x sin x - # e x sin x dx + c
3. Since, # x sin x dx =- x cos x + # cos x dx
& 2I = e x ]- cos x + sin xg + c. Now from (i), we get
&- x cos x + sin x + costant = - x cos x + A
1 x 1 x ]sin x - cos xg
2e a= 2e & a = sin x - cos x.
Equation it, we get A = sin x + constant.

4. # x log x dx = x2
2 log x - # 1 x2
x . 2 dx + c =
9. # e x ]1 + tan xg sec x dx = # e x sec xdx + # e x tan x sec x dx

x2 log x x2
- 4 + c.
= e x sec x - # e x sec x tan xdx + # e x sec x tan xdx
2
x = e x sec x + c.
5. # tan-1 x dx = x tan-1 x - # 1 + x2
dx + c
Aliter: # e x ]sec x + sec x tan xgdx = e x sec x + c
x tan -1 x - 2 log ^1 + x2h + c.
1

Note: Students should remember this question as a

Obviously, it is of the form # e x " f]xg + f']xg, dx.
formula.
xe x ] x + 1 - 1g x
10. # ]1 + xg2
dx = # ]1 + xg2
e dx
log x
6. # dx = # x-3 log x dx
# e x c 1 +1 x - ]1 +1 xg2 mdx = 1 e+ x + c.
x
x3 =
 Indefinite Integration 1.3
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
b 1x + 1 l dx = log x - log ]1 - xg + c.
& 1 = A ^ x2 + 1h + ] Bx + C g]x - 1g
1. # dx #
^ x - x2h
= 1-x
dx dx 1
2. # 1 + x + x2 + x3
= # ]1 + xg^1 + x2h
If x = 1, then A = 2 .....(i)
1
1 1 1 1 1 x A - C = 1 & C =- 2 ......(ii)
=2 # 1 + x2
dx + 2 # 1 + x dx - 2 # 1 + x2
dx
1
A + B = 0 & B =- 2 ......(iii)
1 1
= 2 tan -1 x + log 1 + x - 2 log 1 + x2 + c.
Putting these values, we get
3. # ]x - x3g-]x1 - 2g dx 1 1 1 x+1
]x - 1g^ x2 + 1h 2 ]x - 1g 2 ^ x2 + 1h
= . -

# x-3 # 2 Hence # 1 1
dx = 2 # ]
dx 1
- #
x+1
]x - 3g]x - 2g dx + ]x - 3g]x - 2g dx ]x - 1g^ x2 + 1h x - 1g 2 x 2 + 1
= dx

= 2 log ]x - 1g - 4 log ^ x2 + 1h - 2 tan -1 x + c.

1 1 1
]x - 2g]x - 3g2 ]x - 3g2 F
= log < F + c = log <
] x - 2g ] x - 2g
2 + c.
7. # x2
^ x + 2h^ x2 + 3h
# ; x2 3+ 3 - x2 2+ 2 Edx
Trick: By inspection, dx "log ]x - 3g - log ]x - 2g,
d 2 dx =

tan -1 d n+ c
3 x 2 x
1 1 1 = tan -1 -
]x - 3g]x - 2g
= x-3 - x-2 = 3 3 2 2

= 3 tan -1 d n - 2 tan -1 d n + c.
x x
& dx "2 log ]x - 3g - log ]x - 2g,
d
3 2

2 1 x-1 8. # sin 5x cos 3x dx = 12 # ]sin 8x + sin 2xgdx

= x-3 - x-2 =
]x - 3g]x - 2g . - cos 8x cos 2x
= 16 - 4 +c
# 1 # dx # dx
cos x ]1 + cos xg
4. dx = cos x - 1 + cos x - cos 2x
Equating to the given value, we get A = 4 + c.
# sec 2x dx
1
= # 2
sec x dx - 2
9. # sin3 x cos2 xdx = # ^1 - cos2 xh cos2 x. sin xdx
= log ]sec x + tan xg - tan 2 + c.
x
Put cos x = t & - sin xdx = dt, then it reduces to
]cos xg5 ]cos xg3
5. # dx
]x + 1g]x + 2g =
# b x +1 1 - x +1 2 ldx - # ^t2 - t 4h dt = 5 - 3 + c =
t5 t3
5 - 3 + c.

= log ]x + 1g - log ]x + 2g + c = log x + 2 + c.

ex # ' 1 +e e x - 2 +e e x 1 dx
x x

x+1 10. # ^1 + e h^2 + e xh
x dx =

1 A Bx + C Now put 1 + e x = t and 2 + e x = t, then the required

]x - 1g^ x2 + 1h x - 1 ^ x2 + 1h
6. We have = +
integral = log ^1 + e xh - log ^2 + e xh = log c 1 + e x m + c.
x

2+e

EXERCISE - 1
Integration using formulae = # cos a dx + # sin a. cot ]x - agdx
1. # 1 -dxsin x = # ]11 -+ sin
sin xg
= x cos a + sin a. log sin ]x - ag + c.
2 dx
x
= # sec2 x dx + # tan x. sec xdx = tan x + sec x + c. cot x tan x 1
3. # sec2 x - 1
dx = # tan2 x
dx = # cot2 x xdx
sin x sin ]x - a + ag
2. # sin ]x - ag
dx = # sin ]x - ag
dx
= # ^cosec2 x - 1hdx =- cot x - x + c.
"^sin ]x - ag cos a + cos ]x - ag sin ah,
= # sin ]x - ag
dx
1.4 Mathematics

4. # ]sec x + tan xg2 dx x

tan 2 - 1
x + c = tan b 2 - 4 l + c
x r
=
1 + tan 2
= # ^sec2 x + tan2 x + 2 sec x tan xhdx
r
& a =- 4 , b = arbitary constant
= # ^2 sec2 x - 1 + 2 sec x tan xhdx
# dx 1 # dx
= 2 tan x + 2 sec x - x + c = 2 ]sec x + tan xg - x + c.
14. sin x + cos x = 2
r r
sin x cos 4 + cos x sin 4

5. # x51 ^tan-1 x + cot-1 xhdx = # x51 $ r2 dx =
1 # cosec b x + r4 ldx = 1
log tan b 8 + 2 l + c.
r x
2 2
&a tan -1 x + cot -1 x = r 0 cos 2x + 2 sin2 x 2 ^cos2 x + sin2 xh - 1
2 15. # cos2 x
dx = # cos2 x
dx

= 104 + c = 52 ^tan -1 x + cot -1 xh + c.

r x52 x52

= # sec2 x dx = tan x + c.
6. # 5 sin x dx =- 5 cot x + c. 1 ]2x + 1g3 ^8x3 + 1 + 12x2 + 6xh
16. # x2
dx = # x2
dx
dx ^cos2 x + sin2 xh dx
7. # sin2 x cos2 x
= # cos2 x sin2 x = # c8x + 12 + 6x + x12 mdx = 4x2 + 12x + 6 log x - 1x + c.
= # cosec2 x dx + # sec2 x dx =- cot x + tan x + c. 5 ^ x6 + 1h 5 ^ x2 + 1h^ x 4 - x2 + 1h
17. # x2 + 1
dx = # ^ x2 + 1h
dx
8. # x
1 + sin 2 dx = # b sin2 x + cos2 x + 2 sin x cos x l dx
4 4 4 4
= # 5^ x4 - x2 + 1hdx = x5 - 53 x3 + 5x + c.
= # bsin 4x + cos 4x ldx = 4bsin 4x - cos 4x l + c.
18. # ax -2 + bx -1 + c
x -3
dx = # ^ax + bx2 + cx3hdx
9. # ^sin-1 x + cos-1 xhdx = # b r2 ldx = r2x + c 1 1 1
= 4 cx 4 + 3 bx3 + 2 ax2 + k .
ba sin -1 x + cos -1 x = r l dx dx
2 19. # 4 cos3 2x - 3 cos 2x
= # cos 6x = # sec 6 xdx
Also # ^sin -1
x + cos xh dx = x ^cos x + sin xh + c.
-1 -1 -1

= 2 log ]sec 6x + tan 6xg + c.

1

10. # sin x + cos x # sin x + cos x # dx = x + c.
]sin x + cos xg2
dx = dx =
1 + sin 2x sin 3x 3 sin x - 4 sin3 x
20. # sin x dx = # sin x dx
11. # cosec i - cot i
di = # ]cosec i - cot ig2 di
cosec i + cot i # 3 dx - 4 # sin2 x dx = 3x - 2 # ]1 - cos 2xgdx + c
= # cosec2 i di + # cot2 i di - 2 # cosec i cot i di
= 3x - 2x + sin 2x + c = x + sin 2x + c.
= # ^2 cosec2 i - 1h di - 2 # cosec i cot idi f ]xg dx
21. # log sin x = log log sin x
= 2 cosec i - 2 cot i - i + c.
Differentiating both sides, we get
12. # ^1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ....hdx
f ] xg

cot x ]xg = cot x.
= # ]1 - xg-2 dx = ]1 - xg-1 + c. log sin x = log sin x & f

dx 1 - sin x 22. # ]tan x - cot xg2 dx = # ^tan2 x + cot2 x - 2hdx
13. # 1 + sin x = tan x - sec x + c =- cos x
b cos x - sin x l
2
x
1 - tan 2
= # sec2 x dx + # cosec2 x dx - # 4 dx
2 2
=- x x + c =- x +c
cos2 2 - sin2 2 1 + tan 2 = tan x - cot x - 4x + c.
 Indefinite Integration 1.5

23. # ^1 + 2 tan2 x + 2 tan x sec xh1/2 dx 32. # x 3

dx = #
2
x .x
dx
x2 + 2 x2 + 2
= # ^sec2 x + tan2 x + 2 tan x sec xh1/2 dx Put x2 + 2 = t2 & x dx = tdt and x2 = t2 - 2, then it

# ]sec x + tan xgdx = log ]sec x + tan xg + log sec x + c ^t 2 - 2 h

= reduces to # t t dt = # ^t2 - 2hdt
= log sec x ]sec x + tan xg + c. ^ x2 + 2h3/2
- 2 ^ x2 + 2h1/2 + c.
t3
= 3 - 2t + c = 3
24. # ^3 cosec2 x + 2 sin 3xhdx
33. Put x e + e x = t & e ^ x e - 1 + e x - 1h dx = dt,
+ c =- :3 cot x + 3 cos 3xD + c.
2 cos 3x 2
=- 3 cot x - 3 # xe - 1 + e x - 1 1
dx = e # dt 1 1 ^ e x
h
xe + e x t = e log t = e log x + e + c.
25. f ]xg = f' ]xg dx = # b 1x + x ldx = log x + x2
2
# +c 34. Put b cos x = t.
5 1
Put x = 1, then 2 = 0 + 2 + c & c = 2 35. Let log ]sec x + tan xg = t & sec x dx = dt

Therefore, f ]xg = log x + 2 + 2.

x2 Therefore # sec x log ]sec x + tan xgdx = # t dt
6log ]sec x + tan xg@
# < ]1x ++ x1g+- xx Fdx
2
dx t2
26. # = = 2 +c = 2 + c.
1+x+ x
]x + 1g3/2 x3/2 36. Put x3 = t & 3x2 dx = dt, therefore
#^ x + 1 - x h dx = # 3/2
-
3/2
+c
dt = tan -1 ] t g + c = tan -1 ^ x3h + c.
# 3x 2 # 1
= 3 6]x + 1g3/2 - x3/2@ + c = 3 ]x + 1g3/2 - 3 x3/2 + c.
2 2 2 dx =
x6 + 1 t2 + 1

37. Put ^1 + log x h = t & x dx = dt

Integration using substitution 1

= tan -1 ] t g
dx ex dt
27. # x -x = # 2x dx = # 2
^1 + log x h2
# t2 dt = t3 + c = ^1 + log xh
e +e e +1 t +1 2 3
# dx = +c
= tan -1 ^e xh + c, {Putting e x = t & e x dx = dt} .
x 3

# dx # e -x
38. x= dx
e x e -1 1 - e -x
28. Put e x
=t& = 2dt, (Now proceed yourself).
x Put 1 - e -x = t & e -x dx = dt, then it reduces to
# dx # dx
x ^1 + log x h
29. x + x log x =
# dt ^ -x
h
t = log t + c = log 1 - e + c.
1
Now putting 1 + log x = t & x dx = dt, it reduces to
39. Put x3 = t & 3x2 dx = dt.
# dtt = log ] t g = log ^1 + log xh.
# sin 2x
40. dx
x dx x dx x sin x sin 4 x + cos 4 x
30. # 1 - x cot x = # cos x = # sin x - x cos x dx
1 - x sin x
# 2 sin x cos x # 2 tan x sec2 x
= dx = dx
sin 4 x + cos 4 x 1 + tan 4 x

t = log t = log ]sin x - x cos xg + c.

# dt
= Put tan2 x = t & 2 tan x sec2 x dx = dt, then it

{Putting sin x - x cos x = t, = tan -1 t + c = tan -1 ^tan2 xh + c.

reduced to # dt
1 + t2
& [cos x - ]- x sin x + cos xg] dx = dt & x sin xdx = dt} Trick: By inspection,
d " -1 ^ 2 h, 1 ^2 tan x. sec2 xh
31. Put ^1 + sin2 xh = t & sin 2xdx = dt sin 2x
dx cot tan x =- 1 + tan 4 x =-
cos 4 x + sin 4 x

& dx "tan -1 ^tan2 xh, =

sin 2x 1 ^ h
d sin 2x
Hence # 1 + sin2 x
dx = # 2
t dt = log 1 + sin x + c.

sin 4 x + cos 4 x
.
1.6 Mathematics

b 2 - 1l
1
x 49. Put t = 1 + log x & dt = x dx, then
# x-2
dx =- #
x ^2 log x - x h ^2 log x - x h
41. dx
= 2t1/2 + c = 2 ^1 + log x h + c.
# dx # dt 1/2
=
x 1 + log x t1/2
Now put ^2 log x - x h = t & b x - 1 l dx = dt, then it
2

# e 2x - 1 # e x - e -x
50. dx = dx
e 2x + 1 e x + e -x
reduces to - # t dt =- log t =- log ^2 log x - x h
1

Now put e x + e -x = t & ^e x - e -xh dx = dt, then it
= log c 2 log x - x m + c.
1
reduces to # dtt = log t = log ^e x + e-xh = log ^e2x + 1h - x + c.

dt
42. Put 1 + x2 = t & x dx = 2 x
51. Put log tan 2 = t &
1 1 2 x
x . 2 sec 2 dx = dt
tan 2
# t1/2 dt = 12 # 3t /2 = 13 ^1 + x2h3/2 + c.
3/2
It reduces to = 1
2
& cosec x dx = dt, therefore
e x ] x + 1g
43. # # e ]x + 1g sec2 ^ xe xh dx
cos2 ^ xe xh
x
=
t dt = log t + c = log b log tan 2 l + c.
cosec x 1 x
# x dx = #
Putting xe x = t & ]x + 1ge x dx = dt, we get log tan 2

# sec2 t dt = tan t + c = tan ^ xe xh + c. 52. # 1

cos x ]1 - tan xg2
2 dx = # sec2 x dx
]tan x - 1g2
44. Put a cos2 x + b sin2 x = t & 2 ]b - ag sin x cos x = dt, Put tan x - 1 = t & sec2 x dx = dt, then it reduces to

sin x cos x dx 1 1 # 1 -1 1
then # a cos2 x + b sin2 x 2 ]b - ag
= # t dt
t2
dt = tan x - 1 + c = 1 - tan x + c.

log ^a cos2 x + b sin2 xh + c. # cos3 x elog sinx dx = # cos3 x sin x dx

1
2 ]b - ag
= 53.

1 t4 cot 4 x
45. Putting t = tan -1 x & dt = dx, we get =- # t3 dt =- 4 + c =- 4 + c {Putting t = cos x }
1 + x2
54. Put t = 3x - 5 & dt = 3dx, therefore
-1

# e tan x # et dt = et + c = etan

-1
x
dx = + c.
1 + x2
1
46. Put log x = t & x dx = dt, then
# tan ]3x - 5g sec ]3x - 5gdx = 13 # tan t. sec t dt
sec t sec ]3x - 5g
# 1 # 1 1 1 = 3 +c = + c.
x ^log x h
2 dx = dt =- t + c =- log x + c. 3
t2
tan x 55. Put t = x2 & dt = 2x dx, therefore
# # tan x
47. sin x cos x dx = dx
tan x sin x cos x x 1 1 1 1
2
# 1 + x4
dx = 2 # 1 + t2
dt = 2 tan -1 t + c = 2 tan -1 x2 + c.
# sin x sec x # sec x
= dx = dx
tan x sin x cos x tan x # 1 # e -x
56. dx = -2x
dx
Put t = tan x & dt = sec2 x dx, then it reduces to 1 - e 2x e -1
Put e -x = t & - e -x dx = dt, the it reduces to
# 1
dt = 2t1/2 + c = 2 tan x + c.
dt =- log 7t + t2 - 1A + c
1
t -#
48. Put a + b sin x = t & b sin 2x dx = dt, then
2 2 2 2 t2 - 1

=- log 7e -x + e -2x - 1A =- log < 1x +

1 - e 2x F
sin 2x 1 dt 1
# a2 + b2 sin2 x
dx = 2
b
# t = b2 log t + c
e ex
=- log 71 + 1 - e2xA + log e x + c
= 2 log ^a2 + b2 sin2 xh + c.
1

= x - log 71 + 1 - e2xA + c.
b

 Indefinite Integration 1.7

57. # x2 ]3gx + 1 dx = # 3x2 .]3gx dx

3 3
64. Let I = # e-2x sin 3xdx
Putting x3 = t & 3x2 dx = dt, we get =-
e -2x cos 3x
- # 2e -2x cos 3x
dx
3 3
t
]3 g x3
= # 3t dt = log3 3 + c = log 3 + c. =-
e -2x cos 3x 2 ; e -2x sin 3x
-3 + # 2e -2x sin 3x E
dx
3 3 3
58. # x3 e3x + 5 dx
2

& I =-
e -2x cos 3x 2e -2x sin 3x 4
- -9I
3 9
The simplest way is substituting ^3x2 + 5h = t .
& 9 I =- e -2x :
13 3 cos 3x + 2 sin 3x D
9
dt
Put t = 3x2 + 5 & dx = 6x ,
Hence I =- 13 e -2x 53 cos 3x + 2 sin 3x?.
1

then # x3 e3x + 5 dx = 16 # b t -3 5 let dt

2

65. # x sin x sec3 xdx = # x sin x cos13 x dx

1
= 18 # 6tet - 5et@dt = 18
1 # t 5
te dt - 18 # e t dt
= # x tan x. sec2 xdx
= 18 9te t - # et dtC - 18 e dt + c = 18 ^te th - 3 e t + c
1 5 # t 1 1
Now put tan x = t & sec2 x dx = dt and x = tan -1 t,

= 18 ^3x2 + 5h e3x + 5 - 3 e3x + 5 + c.

1 1

2 2

then it reduces to

59. Put e x = t & e x dx = dt, then x tan2 x 1 1

# tan-1 t. tdt = 2 - 2 t + 2 tan -1 t
# e x tan2 ^e xhdx = # tan2 t dt = # ^sec2 t - 1hdt x ^sec2 x - 1h 1
- 2 tan x + 2 x = 2 6x sec2 x - tan x@ + c.
1 1
= 2
= tan t - t + c = tan ^e xh - e x + c.
Integration by parts 66. # x sin2 x dx = # x. ]1 - cos
2
2x g
dx

60. # x cos x dx = x sin x - # sin xdx + c = x sin x + cos x + c. = 2 9 # xdx -

1 # x. cos 2x dxC = x2 x 1
4 - 4 sin 2x - 8 cos 2x + c.
61. # x cos2 x dx = 12 # x]1 + cos 2xgdx 67. # e2x + log x dx = # xe2x dx.
= 4 + 2: 2
x2 1 x sin 2x - # sin 2x D
2 dx + c xe2x # 1 2x e2x ]2x - 1g
= 2 - 2 e dx + c = 4 + c.
x2 x sin 2x cos 2x
= 4 + 4 + 8 + c. 68. # log ^ x2 + xhdx = # log x dx + # log ]x + 1gdx
62. # <log ^log xh + ^log1 xh2 Fdx = # log ^log xhdx + # 1 = x log x - x + x log ]x + 1g - x + log ]x + 1g
^log xh2
dx

= x log ^log xh - # x # 1 = x "^log x + log (x + 1h, - 2x + log ]x + 1g

x log x dx + ^log x h2
dx

= x log ^log xh - log x -

x # 1
dx + #
1 = x log ^ x2 + xh - 2x + log ]x + 1g
^log xh2 ^log xh2
dx

= x log ^log x h - log x + c. Equating it to the given integration, we get

x

A =- 2x + log ]x + 1g
63. # sin ^log xhdx + # cos ^log xhdx
2

x cos ^log x h 69. Let I = # x2 sin 2x dx = - x cos 2x

+ # 2x cos 2x
dx + c
= x sin ^log x h - # cos ^log xhdx + c 2 2
# x dx +
x2 cos 2x x sin 2x cos 2x
= x sin ^log xh + c. =- 2 + 2 + 4 + c.
1.8 Mathematics
Aliter:
70. # log x dx = x log x - # x. 1x dx + c = x log x - x + c
# e2x ]2 cos x - sin xgdx = e2x cos x + c
Note: Students should remember this question as a
formula. %a # e kx " kf]xg + f']xg, dx = e kx f]xg + c /
71. # log10 x dx = # log x
log 10 dx
80. # 7 f]xgg'' ]xg - f"]xgg]xgAdx
= log 10 6x log x - x@ = x 6log10 x - log10 e@ + c.
1 = # f ]xgg" ]xgdx - # f" ]xg g ]xg dx

72. # 1 # loge x dx = x log x - x + c a f ] x g g' ] x g - # f' ]xg g' ]xg dx k - a g ]xg f' ]xg - # g']xgf']xgdx k
log x e dx =
= f ] x g g' ] x g - f ' ] x g g ] x g .
= x ^log e x - log e e h + c = x log e b e l + c.
x

73. # xn log x dx = log x. nx + 1 - #

n+1
xn + 1 1 81. Put x2 = t & 2xdx = dt, then # x3 e x dx = 12 # tet dt
2

n + 1 . x dx
= 2 6te t - e t@ + c = 2 e x ^ x2 - 1h + c.
1 1
2 + c = n + 1 :log x - n + 1 D + c.
xn + 1 xn + 1 xn + 1 1
2

]n + 1g
= n + 1 log x -

74. I = # log x^log x + 2hdx 82. # log x

]x + 1g2
dx = # log x]x + 1g-2 dx
= log x. "- ]x + 1g-1 , -
Put log x = t & e t = x & e t dt = dx, then # 1 " ]x + 1g-1 ,
x. - dx

I= # t]t + 2get dt = t2 .et + c = x^log xh2 + c.

- log x
# 1 - log x
# : 1x - x +1 1 Ddx
=
] x + 1g + x ] x + 1g
dx = ]
x + 1g
+

75. # < log1 x - ^log1 xh2 Fdx = # 1

log x dx - # 1
^log xh2
dx = x + 1 + log x - log ]x + 1g.
- log x

x # 1 1 # 1 x xe2x 2x
xe2x e2x
= log x +
^log xh2 x
. xdx -
^log x h2
dx + c = log x + c.
83. # xe2x dx = 2 - # 1. e2 dx = 2 - 4 + c

]2x - 1g
log x 1
76. # ^1 + log x h2
dx. Put 1 + log x = t & x dx = dt
= e 2x b
2x - 1 l
+ c & f ] xg = .
4 4
84. I = # cos -1 b x l dx = # sec -1 x.1 dx
& dx = x dt = e t - 1 dt, then it reduces to 1

]t - 1ge t - 1
# et - 1 c 1t - t12 mdt = e t = sec -1 x # dx - # : dx sec -1 x # dxDdx
#
t-1
x d
t2
dt = = 1 + log x + c.
1
# b 12 ++ cos
sin 2x l x b 2e l e x sin 2x = x sec -1 x - #
x

2x e dx = # 1 + cos 2x dx + #
77. [Link]
1 + cos 2x dx x x2 - 1
# 1
= # e x sec2 dx + # e x tan xdx = e x tan x + c. = x sec -1 x -
x2 - 1
dx = x sec -1 x - cosh -1 x + c.

78. # ^1 - x2h log x dx = # log xdx - # x2 log x dx 85. I = # x3 log xdx = x4

4 log x - # x4 1
4 - x dx + c
x4 x3 x4 x4
= 4 log x - #
= x ^log x - 1 h -
x3 log x x3 = -
+ 9 +c 4 dx 4 log x 16 + c
3
= 16 74x 4 log x - x 4A + c.
1

= b x - x3 l log x - b x - x9 l + c.
3 3

86. # e x [tan x - log ]cos xg] dx = # e x [tan x + log ]sec xg] dx
79. #e 2x
]- sin x + 2 cos xgdx
= e x log ]sec xg + c
=- # e sin x dx + 2 # e cos x dx
2x 2x

%Since # e x " f]xg + f']xg, dx = e x f]xg + c / .

= e cos x - 2 # e cos xdx + 2 # e cos x dx + c
2x 2x 2x

= e2x cos x + c.
 Indefinite Integration 1.9

# e2x 11 ++ cos
sin 2x : 1 sin 2x D
# x + sin x 1 # x sec2 2x dx + # tan 2x dx
2x dx = # e 1 + cos 2x + 1 + cos 2x dx
87. 2x
94. 1 + cos x dx = 2
x
# e2x ; sec2 x + tan xEdx
2
= 1 x tan 2 # tan 2x dx + # tan 2x dx = x tan 2x + c.
=2 1 -
1 2
= 2 # e2x sec2 x dx + # e2x tan x dx

Trick: By inspection, dx & x tan 2 + c. 0
d x
e2x tan x # e2x sec2 x e2x sec2 x
= 2 - 2 dx + # 2 dx + c
RS x VWW
S
e2x tan x x 2 x x 1 SS x + 2 sin 2 WW x + sin x
= 2 + c. = 2 sec 2 + tan 2 = 2 S 2 x
SS cos x WW = 1 + cos x .
S 2 cos 2 WW
T X
88. # e x <sin-1 ax + 1
Fdx ^ h ^ h
# e x b 11 ++ cos x dx = # e < Fdx
a2 - x2 95. I = sin x l x 1 + 2 sin x/2 cos x/2
2 cos2 ^ x/2h
# e x sin-1 ax dx + # ex
=
a2 - x2
dx
I= # e x : 12 sec2 ^ x/2h + tan ^ x/2hDdx = e x . tan ^ x/2h + c
x # ex # ex
= e x sin -1 a -
a2 - x2
dx +
a2 - x2
dx + c %a # e x [f]xg + f']xg] dx = e x .f]xg + c /
x
= e x sin -1 a + c. Integration of rational functions, Evaluation of various
forms of integration
89. I = # e x ^1 + tan x + tan2 xh dx
# x # 1 # 2
& #e x
^1 + tan x + tan xh dx =
2
#e x
^tan x + sec xh dx.
2
96. ]x - 2g]x - 1g dx =- x - 1 dx + x - 2 dx
]x - 2g2
=- log e ]x - 1g + 2 log e ]x - 2g + c = log e
I = e x tan x + c ( a # e [f ]xg + f' ]xg] + x = e x f ]xg + c)
x ]x - 1g + p.

# ] x + 3g e x
# ]x + 4 - 1ge x dx 97. # x2 + x - 1
dx = # ;1 + x2 +5x - 6 Edx
]x + 4g2 ]x + 4g2
90. I = dx = x2 + x - 6

# ;1 + ]x + 3g5]x - 2g Edx = # dx + # dx # dx
# e x c x +1 4 - ]x +1 4g2 mdx
= x-2 - x+3
&I=
= x + log ]x - 2g - log ]x + 3g + c.
ex
` I = x + 4 + c.
= 3;# 2 E
dx 1 dx # dx
98. # ^ x2 + 1h^ x2 + 4h x +1
-
x2 + 4
91. It is a property
= 3 :tan -1 x - 2 tan -1 2 D + c = 3 tan -1 x - 6 tan -1 2 + c.
1 1 x 1 1 x
92. I = # sin-1 x.1 dx dx
# 1 # 1
x ]1 + xg]1 - xg
1 99. dx = dx
I = sin x.x - -1
# .x dx x - x3
1 - x2
Put 1 - x2 = t2 & - 2 xdx = 2tdt in the second
1
=2 # b 2x - 1 +1 x + 1 -1 x ldx
= 2 62 log x - log ]1 + xg - log ]1 - xg@ = 2 log
1 1 x2
integral and solve it, therefore ^1 - x2h
+ c.

I = x sin -1 x. + 1 - x2 + c. 100. # sin 2x cos 3x dx = 12 # 2]sin 2x cos 3xgdx

93. # x - sin x
1 - cos x dx = # x
1 - cos x dx - # sin x
1 - cos x dx
1
=2 # ]sin 5x - sin xgdx = 12 :- cos55x + cos xD + c
2 sin ^ x/2h cos ^ x/2h = 2 :cos x - 5 D + c.
# x cosec2 b 2x ldx - #
1 1 cos 5x

2 sin2 ^ x/2h
=2 dx

1
=2 # x cosec2 b 2x ldx - # cot b 2x ldx =- x cot b 2x l + c.
1.10 Mathematics
101. Put sin x = t & cos x dx = dt, then # dx
108. 5 + 4 cos x
# cos x # dt
]1 + sin xg]2 + sin xg dx = ]t + 1g]t + 2g
x
dx sec2 2
= #
RS V = # x dx
# 1 # 1 bt+1l b sin x + 1 l
SS 1 - tan2 x WWW 9 + tan2 2
= t + 1 dt - t + 2 dt = log t + 2 + c = log sin x + 2 + c. 5 + 4 SS 2W
SS 1 + tan2 x WWW
S 2W
102. # e x dx
= # dt "a e x = t & e x dx = dt ,
e + ex - 2
2x
t2 + t - 2 xT X
Put tan 2 = t, then it reduces to
# dt # 1: 1 - 1 D
=
]t + 2g]t - 1g = 3 t - 1 t + 2 dt dt
= tan -1 : 3 tan 2 D + c
2 1 x
2#
32 + t2 3
= 3 log ^e x - 1h - 3 log ^e x + 2h + c.
1 1

Aliter: Apply direct formula

103. # ^ x 4 - 1h
x 1
dx = 2 # ; x2 x- 1 - x2 x+ 1 Edx i.e., # 1 !a > b +
a + b cos x dx,
= 4 log ^ x2 - 1h - 4 log ^ x2 + 1h = 4 log c 2 m + c.
1 1 1 x2 - 1
tan -1 :
2 a-b xD
x +1 = a + b tan 2 + c
a2 - b2
Aliter: Put t = x2 & dt = 2x dx, then
We get # dx 2 &
-1 1 x0
5 + 4 cos x = 3 tan 3 tan 2 + c.
# x 1 # dt 1 1 t-1
dx = 2 = . log t + 1 + c 1
x4 - 1 t2 - 1 2 2 109. # ^ x2 + b2h^ x2 + a2h
dx
= 4 log ; 2 E + c.
1 x2 - 1

x +1 =
1
a2 - b2
# ; x2 1+ b2 - x2 +1 a2 Edx
104. Put cos x = t & - sin x dx = dt, then

1 ; 1 tan -1 b x l - 1
a tan b a lE + c.
-1 x
^a 2 - b 2 h b
= b
# ^1 - cos2 xh2 . cos4 x sin xdx =- # ^1 - t2h2 .t4 dt
Note: Students shoule remember this question as a
t5 2 1 cos5 x 2 1
=- 5 + 7 t7 - 9 t9 + c =- 5 + 7 cos7 x - 9 cos9 x + c.
formula.

Aliter: By reduction formula. # dx # sec2 x dx # sec2 x

110. = = dx
1 + cos2 x sec2 x + 1 tan2 x + 2
105. # x2 - 8x + 7 dx = # ]x - 4g2 - ]3 g2 dx = # dt
2 =
1
tan -1 d
t
n + c {Putting tan x = t }
+
t 2 2 2

Now apply formula of # x2 - a2 dx. =

1
tan -1 d
1
tan x n + c.
2 2
= sin -1 ]x - 1g + c.
# dx dx
106. = #
1 - ]x - 1g2
Trick: By inspection,
2x - x2
1
1 f
xp
107. # x
d ) 1 tan -1 d 1 tan x n3 1
^ x2 - a2h^ x2 - b2h
dx = tan 2
sec2 x
dx 2 2 2 1+ 2 2
1 ;# x # x dx
E. 1 2 sec2 x sec2 x 1
= dx -
^2 + tan xh 1 + sec2 x
a -b 2
2
x 2
- a2 x2 - b2 = 2. 2 = = .
1 + cos2 x
EXERCISE - 2
Integration using formulae
sin b 4 - x l
r
2 ^cos2 x - cos2 ah = log cos b 4 - x l + c
r
# cos 2x - cos 2a # = # dx
1. cos b 4 - x l
r
cos x - cos a dx = cos x - cos a dx

= 2 # ]cos x + cos ag dx = 2 ]sin x + x cos ag.

= log sin b 4 + x l + c.
r

2. # 1 - tan x
1 + tan x dx = # tan b r4 - x ldx
 Indefinite Integration 1.11
e 5 log x
-e 4 log x
x -x5 4
# dx 1 # dx
3. # e3 log x - e2 log x
dx = # x3 - x2
dx 15. =
4x 2 + 9 4 x2 + ^3/2h
2

x 4 ] x - 1g x3 = 4 . 3 . tan -1 b 3 l + c = 6 tan -1 b 3 l + c.
1 2 2x 1 2x
= # x 2 ] x - 1g
dx = # x2 dx = 3 + c.

1 + x2 dx = 2 x2 + 1 + 2 log ^ x + x2 + 1 h + c.
# x 1
4. # x 4 + x2 + 1
x2 - x + 1
dx = # ^ x2 + x + 1hdx = x3 x2
3 + 2 + x + c.
16.

dx
17. I = #
b sin x + cos x l dx
2 . Put x = a sec i & dx = a sec i. tan idi
5. # 1 + sin x dx = # 2 2
x2 - a2

# a sec i. tan i di # sec i di

= # sin 2x dx + # cos 2x dx =- 2 cos 2x + 2 sin 2x + c `I= =
a tan i

=- 2 b cos 2 - sin 2 l + c =- 2 ]1 - sin xg + c.

x x = log ]sec i + tan ig = log c x + x2 - a2 m + c
a a

6. # cosec2 x dx =- cot x + c. = log ^ x + x2 - a2 h + c.

#x2 x2 + 4 - 4
dx = #
18. I = ^ x2 + 4h
dx
# # 2 cos ^ x/2h dx
2
7. I= 1 + cos x dx = 2 x +4
& I = # ;1 - 2 E dx = # dx - # 2 4 dx
4

I= 2 # cos ^ x/2hdx = 2 2 sin ^ x/2h + c.
x +4 x +4
= x - 2 tan -1 ^ x/2h + c
dx 4
& I = x-4 # 2
x + ]2 g2

log]sin xg
8. #e dx = # sin x dx =- cos x + c.
= x - 2 tan -1 ^ x/2h + c
dx 4
& I = x-4 # 2
x + ]2 g2

9. #e x log x x
e dx = #e log a x x
.e dx = #a x x
e dx

x
x - 2 tan -1 2 + c.
]aeg
# ]aegx dx = log
x
= ]aeg + C. 19. I = # x2 + a2 dx = # x2 + a2 .1 dx

d ^
x2 + a2 h # 1 dxDdx
# 1 # dx 1 # sec 2x dx
10.
1 + cos x
dx =
2 cos2 ^ x/2h
=
2 = x2 + a2 # 1dx - # : dx
1 ' b sec x + tan x l1 1 b x xl
2 . 1/2 = 2 log sec 2 + tan 2 + K.
# <2 xFdx
= log 2 2x
2 = x x2 + a2 -
x2 + a2
11. Trick: Let f ]xg = e x, then # f ]xg dx = f ]xg
= G dx
x2 + a2 - a2
= x x2 + a2 - # x2 + a2
^e xh2 dx = e = 1 6 f ]xg@ .
2x
` # 2 2
2

= x x2 + a2 - #= x2 + a2 -
a2
x2 + a2
G dx
12. # ^sin4 x - cos4 xhdx = # ^sin2 x - cos2 xh^sin2 x + cos2 xhdx
# # dx
= x x2 + a2 - x2 + a2 dx + a2
= # ^sin x - cos xhdx =- # ^cos x - sin xhdx
2 2 2 2 x2 + a2
= x2 + a2 - I + a2 log 7x + x2 + a2A + C
- sin 2x
=- # cos 2x dx = + c.
& 2I = x x2 + a2 + a2 log 7x + x2 + a2A + C
2

] x + 1g 2 2
x + 1 + 2x
13. # x ^ x2 + 1h
dx = # x ^ x2 + 1h
dx
& I = 2 x2 + a2 + 2 log 7x + x2 + a2A + C.
x a2

x2 + 1 x
# dx + 2 #
20. f ] x + 1g = ] x + 1g + 3x + 1

x ^ x2 + 1h x ^ x2 + 1h
= dx 2 2 2 2

dx dx Put x 2 + 1 = t
= # x + 2 # x2 + 1 = log e x + 2 tan x + c.
-1
f ] t g = t 2 + 3 ]t - 1g + t

f ] t g = t 2 + 3t - 2
= log b 1 - x l + c = 2 In 1 - x + c.
# dx 1 1+x 1 1+x
14.
f ] xg dx = 3 + 2 - 2x + C
1 - x2 2 x3 3x 2
` #
1.12 Mathematics
21. It is a fundamental concept. dt
31. Put a + b cos x = t & dx =- b sin x , then
Integration using substitution
# sin x 1 # 1 11
]a + b cos xg2
# dx # e2x dx dx =- b dt = b t + c
22.
^e2x + 1h2 ^e2x + 1h2
-2x = t2
e
1
b ]a + b cos xg
dt
Put t = e2x + 1 & 2 = e2x dx, then it reduces to = + c.

17 1 6x log x@2
# log x xA dx = #
2

1 # 1 1 -1 32. dx
2 ^ e 2x + 1 h
2 dt =- 2t + c = + c. x3 x3
t2
1 ^log x h2
dx = 3 ^log x h + c, {Putting log x = t }
# 1
# tan4 x dx = # tan2 x^sec2 x - 1hdx 3
23. = x
3 33. Put t = log x & x dt = dx, then
= # tan2 x sec2 x dx - # tan2 x dx = tan3 x - tan x + x + c.
x sec ^log x h dx = # sec2 t dt = tan t + c = tan ^log xh + c.
# 1 2
1
24. Put log x = t & x dx = dt, then it reduces to
# dx
x log x. log ^log xh
34.
= sin -1 t = sin -1 ^log x h + c.
# dt

1 - t2 dt
25. Put f ]xg = t & f' ]xg dx = dt, then
Put log x = t, then it reduces to # t. log ] t g

# f]']xxgg2 dx = # t12 dt =- 1t + c =- f]1xg + c. Again put log t = z, then reduces form is

f
z = log z = log 6log log x @ + c.
26. x2 = t is applicable for # x3 cos x2 dx # dz ^ h

35. Put t = tan x & dt = sec2 x dx, then

1
=2 # t cos tdt = 12 at sin t - # sin t dt + c k
# sec2 x dx # 1
= 2 ]t sin t + cos t + cg = 2 ^ x2 sin x2 + cos x2 + ch .
1 1 = dt
tan2 x + 4 t + 22
2

27. # tan x. sec2 x 1 - tan2 x dx = log 7tan x + tan2 x + 4 A + c.

Put tan x = t & sec2 x dx = dt, then it reduces to 1

36. Put t = tan -1 x2 & dt = 2x dx, then
1 + x4
#t 1 - t2 dt
2x tan -1 x2 # t dt = t2 + c = 12 ^tan-1 x2h2 + c.
2
# 1 + x4
dx =
Now again, put 1 - t2 = u, then its reduced form is
1 1
37. Put dx = dt, then
u du =- 3 u3/2 + c =- 3 ^1 - tan2 xh3/2 + c.
1 1 1 x=t& 2
-2 # x
sin 2x sin ]5x - 3xg a x
2a t
28. # sin 5x sin 3x dx = # sin 5x sin 3x dx # dx = 2 # a t dt = log a + c = 2a x log a e + c.
x e

sin 5x cos 3x - cos 5x sin 3x

= # dx x3 x3
sin 5x sin 3x 38. # dx = # 1 - ^ x 4h2
1 - x8
1 1
= 3 log sin 3x - 5 log sin 5x + c.
Put x 4 = t & 4x3 dx = dt, then it reduces to
29. Put e x = t & e x dx = dt, then
= 4 6sin -1 ] t g@ + c = 4 sin -1 ^ x 4h + c.
1 # dt 1 1
4 1 - x2
=- cos -1 t + c =- cos -1 ^e xh + c.
# e x dx # dt
=
1 - e 2x 1 - t2 39. Put t = cos x2 & dt =- 2x sin x2 dx, then
# 1 ^ x h
30. x
log a a cos a dx 4
# 2x cos3 x2 sin x2 dx =- # t3 dt =- t4 + c.
dt
Put a x = t & a x dx = log a , then it reduces to
1
=- 4 cos 4 x2 + c.
# 1 1 1
^log ah2 ^log a h2 ^log ah2
cos t dt = sin t + c = sin a x + c.
 Indefinite Integration 1.13

40. # sec4 x tan x dx = # sec2 x sec x tan x dx # x3 1

3 + 5x 4 dx = 20 # t1/2 dt
Put t = sec x & dt = sec x tan x dx, then it reduces to = 3 # 20 .t3/2 + c = 30 ^3 + 5x 4h3/2 + c.
2 1 1

50. Put x = a ]sin ig2/3 & dx = 3 a ]sin ig-1/3 cos idi

4
# t3 dt = t4 + c = 14 sec4 x + c. 2

41. Put 2e -x + 5 = t & - 2e -x dx = dt, then a1/2 ]sin ig1/3 3 a ]sin ig-1/3
2
# x #
` dx = di
a3 - x3
# e-x cosec2 ^2e-x + 5hdx =- 12 # cosec2 t dt a3 - a3 sin2 i

= 3 sin -1 b a l + c.
2 cos i di
# 2 x 3/2
= 3 a3/2
= 2 cot t = 2 cot ^2e -x + 5h + c.
1 1 a 2
1 - sin i3/2

1
51. Put 1 + log x = t & x dx = dt, then
42. # sin3 x. cos x dx. Put sin x = t, then
# 1 # dt # sec2 t dt
x cos2 ^1 + log xh
dx = =
t 4
sin x 4 cos2 t
cos x dx = dt; # 3
t dt = 4 = 4 + c.
= tan t + c = tan ^1 + log xh + c.
43. Put t = 3x + 3 & dt = 3 dx, then
52. Put x = tan i & dx = sec2 i di, then
t 3x + 3
# a3x + 3 dx = 13 at dt = 13 loga e a + c = 3aloge a + c. 1 sec2 i di
# dx = # tan2 i sec i
= # cosec i cot idi
x2 1 + x2
44. Put x2 + sin 2x + 2x = t, then it reduces to
- x2 + 1
=- cosec i + c = + c.
^ 2 h
1 1 1 1 x
2 # t dt = 2 log t + c = 2 log x + sin 2x + 2x + c.
53. Put x = tan i & dx = sec2 i di, then
45. Put t = x + logsec x & dt = ]1 + tan xgdx, then
# dx # sec2 i di # cos i di
^tan2 i - 1h sec i ^2 sin2 i - 1h
= =
^ x2 - 1h x2 + 1
# x +1 +logtansecx x dx = # 1t dt = log t + c
Again put t = sin i & dt = cos i di, then it reduces to
= log ^ x + log sec x h + c.
JK 1 NO
KK t - OO
46. Put t = x + log x & dt b1 + x l dx, then
1 2
log KKK OO + c
# dt 1 # dt 1
^2t2 - 1h
=2 2 = 1 OO
t2 - d n
1 2 2 KK t +
2 O
]x + 1g^ x + log xh2
2 L P
3
# dx = # t2 dt = t3 + c
log e o + c.
x 1 1 + x2 - x 2
=
2 2 1 + x2 + x 2
= 3 ^ x + log x h + c.
1 3

Integration by parts
47. Put x = sin i & dx = cos i di, then it reduces to 54. I = # x .e x dx. Let x = t2 & dx = 2t dt

# ^1 + sin2 ihdi = i + 12 # ]1 - cos 2igdi ` I = 2 # t2 .e t dt & I = 2 ^t2 .e t - 2te t + 2e th + c

3i 1 3 1
= 2 - 2 sin i 1 - sin2 i + c = 2 sin -1 x - 2 x 1 - x2 + c. & I = 2 7x.e x - 2 x e x + 2e xA + c

cos x - sin x cos x - sin x i.e., I = e x 62x - 4 x + 4@ + c.

48. # 1 + sin 2x dx = # ]sin x + cos xg2
dx
55. Let I = # 32x3 ^log xh2 dx = 32 # x3 ^log x2hdx
Now put sin x + cos x = t, then the required integral
d ^log xh2 # 3 l E
= 32 ;^log x h # x3 dx - # b dx
2
1 x dx dx
is - sin x + cos x + c.

= 32 ;^log x h2 . x4 - # 2 log x. 1x . x4 dxD

4 4
49. Put 3 + 5x 4 = t & 20 x3 dx = dt, then
1.14 Mathematics

= 32 ;^log x h2 x4 - 12 # x3 log x dxE 61. Put x = tan i & dx = sec2 i di, then
4

^log x h2 x 4 1 log xx 4 # x tan -1 x # i tan i sec2 idi

= 32 = - 2c 1 x 4 mG dx =
- # ^1 + x2h3/2 ^1 + tan2 ih3/2
4 4 x . 4 dx
^log x h2 x 4 1 x 4 log x 1 x 4 = # i sin i di =- i cos i + sin i + c.
= 32 = - 2c - 4 . 4 mG + c
4 4
x 1 x - tan -1 x
= - tan -1 x 2 = + c.
= 8 ;^log xh x 4 - 2 b x 4 log x - x4 lE + c
4
2 1 2
x +1 x +1 1 + x2

62. Put x2 = t & 2x dx = dt, then
= 8x 4 ;^log x h - E+ c
log x 1
2
2 +8
# x5 e x dx = 12 # t2 et dt = 12 9et t2 - 2 # tet dtC + c
2

= x 4 78 ^log xh2 - 4 log x + 1A + c.

= 2 - 6te t - e t@ + c = 2 x 4 e x - x2 e x + e x + c.
t2 e t 1

2 2 2

56. Put x = sin i & dx = cos i di, therefore

dx
63. Putting tan -1 x = t and = dt, we get
# sin-1 ^3x - 4x3hdx = # sin-1 ]sin 3ig cos idi 1 + x2

c 1 + x +2x m dx = # et ^tan t + sec2 thdt

2

= # 3i cos idi = 3 %i sin i - # sin idi / # etan -1

x
1+x

= 3 !i sin i + cos i + + c = 3 " x sin -1 x + 1 - x2 , + c.

-1

= e t tan t + c = x e tan x + c

57. Put x=t&

1
dx = dt & dx = 2t dt, then it
9U sin g # e x " f]xg + f']xg, dx = e x f]xg + CC.
2 x
reduces to # 2t. cos t dt = 29t. sin t - # sin t dtC 64. I = #e x
.dx. Put
1
= 2t sin t + 2 cos t = 2 6 x sin x + cos x @ + c.
x=t& dx = dt & dx = 2t dt
2 x

58. Put x = tan i & dx = sec2 i di, then `I= # et .2t dt = [Link] - et@ + A =
2 7 x .e x - e xA + A
# tan-1 1 -2xx2 dx = # tan-1 1 2-tan i
tan2 i
sec2 i di
& I = 2 ^ x - 1 h .e x + A.
= # tan -1
]tan 2ig sec i di = 2
# 2i sec i di
2

65. I1 = # sin-1 xdx

= 2 9i tan i - # tan idiC = 2x tan -1 x - log ^ x2 + 1h + c.
Let sin -1 x = i & x = sin i & dx = cos idi
1
59. Putting sin x = t & -1
dx = dt, we get
1 - x2 # i cos idi = i sin i - # sin idi = i sin i + cos i
I1 =
# x sin -1 x # t sin tdt =- t cos t + sin t + c
dx =
1 - x2 = x sin -1 x + 1 - x2
=- sin -1 x cos ^sin -1 xh + sin ^sin -1 xh + c
I2 = # sin-1 1 - x2 dx = # cos-1 xdx
-1
= x - sin x 1 - x + c. 2

Let cos z = x, Hence - sin z dz = dx

60. Put t = sin -1 x & sin t = x & cos t dt = dx, then
I2 =- # z sin z dz = z cos z + # - cos zd z
# sin -1 x
dx = # t sec2 t dt = t tan t + logcos t + c
^1 - x2h3/2
I1 + I2 = x ^cos -1 x + sin -1 xh = 2 x.
r

= sin -1 x tan ^sin -1 xh + log cos ^sin -1 xh + c

sin -1 x + 2 log ^1 - x2h + c.

x 1
=
1 - x2
 Indefinite Integration 1.15

66. # f ]xg cos xdx + # g]xge x dx Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = l ]3 cos x + 2 sin xg + m ]- 3 sin x + 2 cos xg

= # e x cos xdx + # ]- sin xge x dx Comparing coefficient of sin x and cos x on both

sides 3 = 2l - 3m and 2 = 3l + 2m
= 2 ]cos x + sin xg - 2 ]sin x - cos xg + c
ex ex

12 5
Solving, we get l = 13 , m =- 13 ,
= 2 ]2 cos xg + c = e x cos x + c.
ex

- 3 sin x + 2 cos x
` I = l # dx + m # 3 cos x + 2 sin x dx
Integration of rational functions by using partial
fractions, Evaluation of various forms of integration = Ix + m log ]3 cos x + 2 sin xg = 13 x - 13 log ]3 cos x + 2 sin xg.
12 5

dx dx 1
67. # 1 + 3 sin2 x
= # sin x + cos2 x + 3 sin2 x
2
72. Put log x = t & x dx = dt, then

dx sec2 xdx 1 sec2 x dx # dx # dt

= # 4 sin x + cos2 x
2 = # =
4 tan2 x + 1 4
# 1

x 7^log xh2 + 4 log x - 1A
=
t 2 + 4t - 1
tan2 x + 4

log = G
dt 1 t+2- 5
#
]t + 2g - ^ 5 h
2 =
Put t = tan x & dt = sec2 x dx, then it reduces to 2
2 5 t+2+ 5

= 4 2 tan -1 ]2tg + c log = G + c.

1 dt 1 1 log x + 2 - 5
# =
t2 + b 2 l
4 1 2
2 5 log x + 2 + 5
73. Put x n = t & nx n - 1 dx = dt
= 2 tan -1 ]2tg + c = 2 tan -1 ]2 tan xg + c.
1 1

nx n 1 dt
& x dx = dt & x dx = nt , then it reduces to
68. I = # dx # dx
=
2 x + 2 + 2l
b = ; # t ]t + 1g E
2x2 + x + 1 x 1 dt 1 dt
2
# nt ]t + 1g n
1 # dx 1 # dx
= n : # t dt - D
=2 1 =2 1 1 # 1 1 xn
x 1 1 dt = log + c.
bx + l + c 7 m
2 2
x2 + 2 + 16 - 16 + 2 1 t+1 n n
x +1
4 4
6x + ^1/4h@ ]4x + 1g # dx # dx
74. We have I =
x ^ x5 + 1h
1 1 2 =
x c1 + m
=2 tan -1 = tan -1 + C. 6 1
7 7 /4 7 7 x5
4
1 -5
dx Put 1 + = t & 6 dx = dt
69. # x 2 + 4x + 13
x5 x
1 # dt 1
dx & I =- 5 t =- 5 log t + c
= # ] x + 2g2 + 3 2

I =- 5 log c1 + 5 m + c =- 5 log c
1 1 1 x5 + 1 m
= 3 tan -1 b x 3 2 l + C
1 + +c
x x5

` I = 5 log c 5
dx 1 dx 1 x5 m
70. We have, I = # cos x - sin x = 2 # + c.
cos 4 + x l
b r x +1

c1 + m c1 + m dx
1 1
x2 + 1 x2 x2

1 # sec b x + r4 ldx = 1
log tan b 4 + 2 + 8 l + c
r x r 75. # dx = # dx = #
c x2 + 2 m bx - 1 l + 2
I= x4 + 1 1 2
2 2 x
x
log tan b 2 + 8 l + c.
1 x 3r
I=
Put x - x = t & c1 + 2 m dx = dt, then the required
2 1 1
x
71. Write N r = l ]D rg + m (differential cofficient of D r)
tan -1 d n + c.
1 x2 - 1
integral is
2 2x
1.16 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type -3
sin x l 4 ]cos xg-6
# b cos
4. I= dx
1. f ] xg = # xsinx ]1 + x cos x $ ln x + sin xgdx x
# ]tan xg-43 ^sec6 xhdx
If F ]xg = x
=
sin x
=e , then
sin x ln x

put, tan x = t
f ] xg = # ^ F]xg + xF']xgh = xF]xg + C
I= # t-3/4 ^1 + t2h2 dt = # ^t-3/4 + 2t5/4 + t13/4hdt
= x $ x sinx + C or f b 2 l = 2 $ 2 + C or C = 0
r r r

` f ]xg = x ]xgsinx ; f ]rg = r ]rg° = r

t 1 / 4 2t 9 / 4 t17/4
= + + +C
1/4 9/4 17/4
2. # f ]xg dx = # ]ax + b + sin xgdx =
]tan xg1/4 ]tan xg9/4 ]tan xg17/4
+ + +C
1/4 9/8 17/4
ax2
= 2 + bx - cos x + C ` a1 = 1/4b1 = 1/4a2 = 9/4b2 = 9/8a3 = 17/4
` f1 ]xg = 2 + bx - cos x + C1
ax2
b3 = 17/4

and f2 ]xg = 2 + bx - cos x + C2

ax 99
` a1 + a2 + a3 + b1 + b2 + b3 = 8
4

&:
a1 + a2 + a3 + b1 + b2 + b3 D : 99 D
Now, # ^ f1 ]xg - f2 ]xghdx = 8 2 = k =6
2

f ] xg = # 3x2 + 1
# ]C1 - C2gdx = 8
4
5.
^ x2 - 1h3
dx
&
-^ x2 - 1h
2
# # 4x 2

^ x2 - 1h3 ^ x - 1h3
& C1 - C2 = 4 .......(1) = dx + 2 dx

Area of the triangle OAB = 2 # 3 # (f2 ]3 g - f1 ]3 g)

1

= # < ^ x2--11h2 + x. ^ x24-x 1h3 Fdx
3,f2 3
=- #
dx
^ x2 - 1h2
+x #
4x dx
^ x2 - 1h3
- # d ] xg ' # 4x
^ x2 - 1h3
dx n dx

= xd ^ n+ C
-1

A 3,f1 3 x2 - 1h2
x

^ x - 1h2
=- 2 +C

f ]0g = 0 & C = 0


As, f2 ]3 g - f1 ]3 g = f2 ]0g - f1 ]0g
` f ]xg =-
x
= C2 - 1 - ]C1 - 1g = C2 - C1

^ x2 - 1h2

Now, f ]2 g =- 9
1 2
` Area = 2 # 3 # 4 = 6
^ x2 + 1h dx
3. k ] xg = # 3 # 1 + ln x + x. ln x + x ln2 x
^ x + 3x + 6h1/3 1 + x ln x ]2 + x ln xg
6. I= dx

Put x3 + 3x + 6 = t3 or 3 ^ x2 + 1h dx = 3t2 dt ]1 + x ln xg]1 + ln xg 1 + ln x

= # ]1 + x ln xg2
dx = # ]1 + x ln xg dx
k ] xg =
2 2
# t dt t
t = 2 +C = ln ]1 + x ln xg + C "a ]1 + x ln xg ' = 1 + ln x ,
= 2 ^ x3 + 3x + 6h2/3 + C
1

& f ]xg = ln ]1 + x ln xg
k ]- 1g = 2 ]2 g2/3 + C or C = 0
1

& e f]2g = 1 + 2 ln 2 & e f]2g - 1 = ln 4
` k ]xg = 2 ^ x3 + 3x + 6h2/3 ; f ]- 2g = 2 ]- 8g2/3
1 1

= 2 6]- 2g3@2/3 = 2
1

 Indefinite Integration 1.17

7.
d ^
dx A ln
cos x + sin x - 2 + Bx + C h = # b1 - 18 ]1 - cos 4xgldx

cos x - sin x
= A cos x + sin x - 2 + B = # b 78 + 18 cos 4x ldx
f ]xg = 8 x + 32 sin 4x + C
A cos x - A sin x + B cos x + B sin x - 2B 7 1
= cos x + sin x - 2

` 2 = A + B, - 1 =- A + B, m =- 2B As f ]0g = 0 & C = 0
` f ]xg = 8 x + 32 sin 4x
7 1

` A = 3/2, B = 1/2, m =- 1
Hence, f b 2 l = 16 r / 16 ,
r 7 kr
` A+B+ m = 3
so k = 7.
# ;b xe l + b x l E ln xdx
x
8. e x
cos x ]cos x + 2g + sin2 x
10. g ]xg = # ]cos x + 2g2
dx
Put b e l = t
x
x

# cos 1 sin2 x
or x ln b e l = ln t
x =
Z ]cos x + 2g
x. dx + # cos x + 2 dx
II 1444442444443
I

` cx $ $ + ln b e lm dx = 1 dt
1 1 x
x/e e t 1 sin2 x sin2 x
= cos x + 2 . sin x - # ]cos x + 2g2
dx + # ]cos x + 2g2
dx
` ]1 + ln x - ln egdx = t dt
1

` ]ln e + ln x - ln eg dx = t dt ` g ]xg = cos x + 2 + C
1 sin x

g ]0g = 0 or C = 0
` ]ln xg dx = t dt
1

` g ]xg = cos x + 2 or g b 2 l = 2
sin x r 1

or I = # b t + 1 l 1 dt = # 1 $ dt + # 1
dt
t t
]2 sin x cos x + 2 tan xg
t2
11. If I = # dx
= t - t + C or I = b e l - b x l + C
1 x x e x cos6 x + 6 cos2 x + 4

^2 tan x. sec 4 x + 2 tan x sec6 xh
9. Let f ]xg = = # 1 + 6 sec 4 x + 4 sec6 x
dx

^sin12 x - cos12 xh Let 1 + 6 sec 4 x + 4 sec6 x = t

# ^sin2 x - cos2 xh^^sin2 x + cos2 xh3 - 3 sin2 x cos2 x)
dx
& ^24 sec 4 x tan x + 24 sec6 x tan xh dx = dt
^sin6 x - cos6 xh^sin6 x + cos6 xh
= # ^sin2 x - cos2 xh^sin6 x + cos6 xh
dx
1 # dt
& I = 12
^sin2 x - cos2 xh^sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin2 x cos2 xh
t
= # ^sin2 x - cos2 xh
dx
& 12 ln c1 + m+ C
1 6 4
+
cos 4 x cos6 x
& f ]xg # ^sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin2 x cos2 xh dx
& a-b-d = 2
= # ^1 - sin x cos xhdx
2 2

= # b1 - 14 sin2 2x ldx
1.18 Mathematics

12. # dx 15. fog ]xg = e x - 1

] x + 1g x 2 + x + 1
Let ]x + 1g = t #
1 `I= e x - 1 dx

dt dt dt # 2t2
=- # =- # dt, where ex - 1 = t
]1 - tg
& dx =- = 2
t2 2
t -t+1 t +1
t 2 +1
t = 2t - 2 tan -1 t + C
dt
=- #
= 2 e x - 1 - 2 tan -1 ^ e x - 1 h + C


bt - 1 l + c 3 m
2 2

2 2
= 2fog ]xg - 2 tan -1 ^ fog ]xgh + C
f ]xg =- ln bb t - 2 l + t2 - t + 1 l + C
1

` A + B = 2 + ]- 2g = 0
& f b t l =- ln bb t - 2 l + t2 - t + 1 l + C ...(i)
1-t 1

16. f ] xg = # 2e x ]1 + 1tan+ xtan-2tan xg 2

Put t = 1 dx
x

= # e x ;144424443 ZEdx
2 cos 2x + sin 2x
& f ]0g =- ln 2 + C =- ln 2 C = ln 4
3 3
f'] xg f] x g

f ] xg = e x sin 2x + C
In eq. (i), put t = 2
For ^r, 0h we have,

& f b - 2 l =- ln b 2 + 3 l + ln b 4 l
1 3 3

C=0

3 ` f ] xg = e x sin 2x

= ln f b 3 + 3 l p = ln d n
3

4 2 2 ^3 + 2 3 h & f ' ] xg = e x 2 cos 2x + sin 2x $ e x

` f ]0 g = 0 or f ' ]0 g = 2

3 ^2 3 - 3 h
= ln b 3 - 2 l
3
= ln 2#3 Hence, f ]0 g + f ' ]0 g = 2.

cosec2 x
#
]cosec x + cot x9/2g
&k=3 17. I = dx

13. # x2 $ e-2x dx = e-2x ^ax2 + bx + ch + d

Put cosec x + cot x = z

cosec x + cot x = z
Differentiating both sides, we get
1

cosec x - cot x = z .
x2 $ e -2x = e -2x ]2ax + bg + ^ax2 + bx + ch^- 2e -2xh
- 2 cosec2 xdx = c1 + m dz
1

= e -2x ^- 2ax2 + 2 (a - b h x + b - 2c) z2
or a =- 2 , 2 ]a - bg = 0, b - 2c = 0
1 1
1+
I
1 # z2 dz =- 1 : # -9/2 # z -213 dzD
` =- 2 2 z dz +
1 1 1 z 9/2
or a =- 2 , b =- 2 , c =- 4
=- 2 ; z z -11/2 E +
1 -7/2
x5 dx
]- 7g 2 + ]- 11g 2 C
14. I = # x3 + 1 :1 + z D + C
-7 -3
z
= 2
7 11
Let x3 + 1 = t
]cosec x - cot xg2 l
= ]cosec x - cot xg2 b 1 +
7
+C
]t - 1gdt 7 11
& 3I = # t = t - ln t

& 3I = x3 + 1 - ln x3 + 1

x3 1
& I = 3 - 3 ln x3 + 1 + C
 Indefinite Integration 1.19
22. Put ln x = t & dx = e dt
18. I = 4 # sin x cos x c
1 - tan x m tan x
2 t
e dx
2

1 + tan2 x
3t 2 + t 4 ]3t2 + t 4g
= # #
]1 + t2 - t3g2
dt = dt
= 4 # tan x sec x cos x ]1 - tan xge t6 c 3 + t - 1m
1 1 2
2 6 2 tan2 x

t

Put t = tan2 x & dt = 2 tan x sec2 x
3 1
]1 - t ge t - 2e t +
t 4 t2 dz 1
& =2# = # dt =- # 2 = z + C
]1 + t g ]1 + t g2
I 3 dt = +c
1 1 z

=- 2 cos 4 xe tan x + c
2
f 1t44444
3 + t -1
2444443
p
z

dx ^1 + x + 1 h - x ]ln xg3
19. I = # = # dx & f ] xg =
1 + ]ln xg2 - ]ln xg3
1+ x+1+ x 1+x+1+2 x+1-x +C

` f ] xg = 0 + C
x+1- x x

`I= # 1 +^ 1
dx = 2 # dx - 12 # dx
2 1 + x + 1h 1+ x+1
x 1 x 6 x + 1 - 1@ x 1 x+1-1 C
& =0

= 2-2 # ] x + 1g - 1 dx = 2 - 2
# dx
x ]ln xg2
` f ] xg =
1 + ]ln xg2 - ]ln xg3

x 1 # 1 # x+1

= 2+2 x -1/2 dx - 2 x dx
& 3f ]e2g =- 8

x 1 x+1
I= 2 + x-2 #
x dx e 7 x/ 2
23. # dx
1 1 4
e2x + e -2x

hence a = 2 ; b = 1; c =- 2
# 4 e4x , let e4x + 1 = t & e4x $ 4dx = dt
4x

a
` +b+c = 1 e +1

]x6 - 2x3 + 2g]x6 + 2x3 + 2g 4 t1/4 = 4 ]3/4g + C = 3 ]e + 1g + C

1 # dt 1 t3/4 1 4x
3/4
20. # ]x6 - 2x3 + 2g
dx

& k = 3, a = 4, b = 3, c = 4
= # ] x6 + 2x3 + 2gdx = 7 + 2 + 2x + c
x7 x 4

&d k + an=2
c


& a = 7, b = 4, c = 2, d = 2 b
& ^a - b + c - dh = ]7 - 4 + 2 - 2g99 = 399

99

By cyclicity concept, 399 has same last digit as 33
24. # cos5 xdx = # ]1 - sin2 xg2 cos xdx

` last digit = 7.
Let sin x = t & cos xdx = dt
4
= # ]1 - t2g2 dt = # ]1 + t4 - 2t2gdt
1+ 2
21. f ] xg = # x dx
bx - 4 l + bx - 4 l + 1
2

x x 2t 3 t 5
t
= - 3 + 5 +c
4

Let x - x = y 2 sin5 x
sin
= x - 3 sin3 x + 5 + c
2b y + 2 l
1
tan -1 f p+ K
dy
` f ] xg =
# 2
= 3
y +y+1
2
3 3 n
& + 2m = 5 - 2 # 2 = 2

2 b x - 4x l + 1 # 1 +1 +lnxxln+xx]ln2 +x +x lnx lnxg x dx

tan -1 f p+ K
2
2 25. I =

=
3 3
]1 + x ln xg]1 + ln xg 1 + ln x
= # # ]1 + x ln xg dx
]1 + x ln xg2

tan -1 d n+ K
2 2x 2 + x - 8 dx =

=
3 3x
K = 0 a f ]2g = = ln ]1 + x ln xg + C "a ]1 + x ln xg' = 1 + ln x ,
r

3 3

& A = 2, B = 1, C =- 4
& f ] xg = ln ]1 + x ln xg

& e f]2g = 1 + 2 ln 2 & e f]2g - 1 = ln 4

1.20 Mathematics

EXERCISE - 4

x ]ng]ln xgn - 1
Single Option Correct
5. In = x ]ln xgn - # dx
= x ]ln xgn - nI]n - 1g
x 3x
1. I = # 4 sin x cos 2 cos 2 dx
x

= # 2 sin x]cos 2x + cos xgdx or In + n In - 1 = x ]ln xgn

^ x 4 + x3h - ^ x 4 + 1h
= # ]sin 3x - sin x + sin 2xgdx 6. # ^ x 4 + 1h]x + 1g
dx = # 4
x3
dx - # dx
x+1
x +1
1 1
= 4 ln ^1 + x 4h - ln ]1 + xg + C
= cos x - 3 cos 3x - 2 cos 2x + C 1

# cos xdx # cos xdx 7. Differentiating both sides, we get

2. Let I = = ; put
1 + cos2 x 2 - sin2 x
1 + sin x f ]xg = 3 2 ]1 + sin xg1/2 cos x
2 3
sin x = t

; = sin -1 d n+ C or f ]xg = cos x

dt dt t
= # = #
2 - t2 2 - t2 2

= sin -1 d
sin x
n+ C # x3 ]ln xg2 dx = 32
x ^ ]ln xg2
+ b ]ln xg + ch + d
4
8. a
2

3. sin3 x sin ]x + ag Differentiating both sides,

= sin3 x ]sin x cos a + cos x sin ag x3 ]ln xg2 = 32 x 4 b

1 a $ 2 ln x b l 4x3 ^ ]ln xg2
+ x + 32 a + b ]ln xg + ch
x

= sin 4 x ]cos a + cot x sin ag x3 ]ln xg2 = 16 x3 ln x + 32 x3 + 8 x3 ]ln xg2 + 8 x3 ]ln xg

a b a b

# 1 cx3

sin x sin ]x + ag
I= 3
dx + 8

# 1
` Comparing both sides, b 16 + 8 l = 0; 8 = 1 and
= dx a b a
sin2 x cos a + cot x sin a

# cosec2 x
=
cos a + cot x sin a
dx b b + cl= 0
32 8
Putting cos a + cot x sin a = t and a + 2b = 0 & a = 8, b + 4c = 0 & c = 1

- cosec2 x sin adx = dt, we have b =- 4

#- 1 1 # t-1/2 dt
I= dt =- sin a ` a+b+c = 8-4+1 = 5
sin a t

= sin a d
- 1 t1 / 2 n 9. Let x = t6 or dx = 6t5 dt
+C
1/2
=- 2 cosec a t + C `I= # t3 ^1 + t2h4 6t5 dt
=- 2 cosec a ]cos a + cot x sin ag1/2 + C = 6 # t8 ^1 + 4t2 + 6t 4 + 4t6 + t8h dt

4. ln b cos 2x l = ln ]sec 2x + tan 2xg

1 + sin 2x = 6 # ^t8 + 4t10 + 6t12 + 4t14 + t16h dt

d ^ ]sec 2x + tan 2xgh 2 5tan 2x + sec 2x? sec 2x = 6 & t9 + 411

t11 6t13 4t15 t17 0 + C
9

]sec 2x + tan 2xg
dx ln = + 13 + 15 + 17

= 2 sec 2x ` 2 # sec 2xdx = ln b cos 2x l . = 6 & x2/3 + 11 x11/6 + 13 x13/6 + 15 x5/2 + 17 x17/6 0 + C
1 + sin 2x 4 6 4 1

 Indefinite Integration 1.21
]1 - cos ig2/7 13. We have #
dx # dx

10. Let I = # ]1 + cos ig9/7
di x2 ^ x n + 1h
]n - 1g/n =
1 ]n - 1g/n
x2 x n - 1 b1 + x n l

^2 sin2 i/2 h2/7 1 ^sin i/2h4/7 # dx

# # =
x n + 1 ^1 + x -nh
]n - 1g/n
^2 cos i/2 h
= 9/2 di = 2 di
2
^cos i/2h18/7
i di Put 1 + x -n = t
Put 2 = t or 2 = dt
dx dt
]sin tg4/7
`- nx -n - 1 dx = dt or =- n
# xn + 1
dt (Here, m + n =- 2)
]cos tg18/7
`I=
# dx 1 # dt
]n - 1g/n =- n
x + 1 ^ x n + 1h
`
= # ]tan tg 4/7 2
sec dt t]n - 1g/n
1/n - 1 + 1
1 # t1/n - 1 dt =- 1n 1/tn - 1 + 1 + C
=- n
Put tan t = u or sec t dt = du 2

+ c = 11 ]tan tg11/7 + C =- t1/n + C =-^1 + x -nh1/n + C

11/7
u
# u4/7 du = 11 7
`I=
/7
14. Putting l r + 1 ]xg = t and
1
= 11 b tan 2 l + C xl ]xg l2 ]xg gl r ]xg
7 i 11/7 dx = dt,

ln ]tan xg we get # 1dt = t + C = l r + 1 ]xg + C

# 1
xl2 ]xgl3 ]xggl r ]xg
=
11. I = # sin x cos x dx
Let t = ln ]tan xg
15. # ^ xelnsinx - cos xhdx

dt sec2 x dx = # ]x sin x - cos xgdx

or dx = tan x or dt = sin x cos x
=- x cos x + c
tdt = 2 t2 + C = 2 ^ln ]tan xgh2 + C
# 1 1
`I= =- e ln x cos x + c

12. # 1 - cos x 16. a ln x =- ln x ]a 0 < x < 1g

cos a - cos x dx

1 - b1 - 2 sin2 2 l
x I= # - ln xdx =-]x ln x - xg + c
= # dx
cos a - b2 cos2 2 - 1 l
x = x ln x + x + c

# xd 3ln + 2x 4x n dx = #
x a a x/2
ln b bx
ln a2x b3x
sin 2 17. I = dx
= 2 # x dx a5x/2 b3x 2a b 6a2x b3x
cos a + 1 - 2 cos2 2
Let a2x b3x = t.
x
sin 2 Then t ln a2 b3 dx = dt. Therefore,
= 2 # a x dx
2 cos2 2 - 2 cos2 2
# 1 ln t
I= dt
x 6 ln a2 b3 t2
sin 2
= # a x dx =
1 c t -
- ln t # -1
dt m
cos2 2 - cos2 2 6 ln a2 b3 t2

x 1 x x =-
1 b ln et l + k
cos 2 = t & - 2 sin 2 dx = dt sin 2 dx =- 2dt 6 ln a2 b3 t

2 3c
1 ln a2x b3x e m
=- 2 #
dt
=- 2 sin -1
t =- +k
2 a 2 a +c 6 ln a b a 2x b 3x
cos 2 - t cos 2

x
cos 2
=- 2 sin -1 a +c
cos 2
1.22 Mathematics
18. Differentiating, we get 2 ^t 2 + 1 h - 2 2dt
# # 2dt - #
f' ] x g
= dt =
t2 + 1 t2 + 1
= 2 ^b2 - a2h sin x cos x
f ]xg2

= 2t - 2 tan -1 t + C
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
= 2 e x - 1 - 2 tan -1 e x - 1 + C
1
- ] g =- b2 cos2 x - a2 sin2 x
f x
# b xx ++ 24 l e x dx = # e x < x ]+x +4x4+g2 4 Fdx
2 2
23. I =
or f ]xg =
1
a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x

19. I4, 3 = # cos 4

x sin 3xdx
= # e x < x]x]x++44g2g + ]x +4 4g2 Fdx

Integrating by parts, we have = # e x ; x +x 4 + ]x +4 4g2 Edx

= ex b x + 4 l + C
cos 3x cos 4 x 4 x
I4, 3 =- 3 -3 # cos3 x sin x cos 3xdx

But sin x cos 3x =- sin 2x + sin 3x cos x. So, 24. Differentiate both the sides

cos x cos 4 x 4 f ]ln xg = e x + xe x

I4, 3 =- 3 +3 # cos3 x sin 2xdx
Let ln x = t & x = e t
4 # cos
-3 4
x sin 3xdx + C
f ] t g = e e + e t .e e = e e ^1 + e th
t t t

cos 3x cos 4 x 4 4

f ]xg e x dx
=- 3 + 3 I3, 2 - 3 I4, 3 + C
3
# ^1 + e xh
= # ee .e x dx
x

7 4 cos 3x cos x
Therefore, 3 I4, 3 - 3 I3, 2 =- 3 +C
Let e x = t & e x dx = dt
or 7I4, 3 - 4I3, 2 =- cos 3x cos 4 x + C
# et dt = et + c = ee + c x

# x4 + 1
20.
x ^ x2 + 1h2
dx
25. Put x = tan i so that

#dx n dx
4 2 2
+ 2x + 1 - 2x

x ^ x2 + 1h2
& x2 + 1 = sec i, dx = sec2 i di

# dx # dt 1
& x - & ln x + +c `I= # sec i sec2 i
di = # cos i
di
t2 1 + x2 tan 4 i sin 4 i
21. I =- e -x log ^e x + 1h + # e -x e x 1 1
dx
ex + 1 =- 3 +C
sin3 i
=- e x log ^e x + 1h + # e -x
-x dx 1 sec3 i
e +1 =- 3 +C
tan3 i
=- e -x log ^e x + 1h - log ^e -x + 1h + C
1 ^ x + 1h
2 3/2
=- 3 +C
=- e -x log ^e x + 1h - log ^1 + e xh + x + C x3

# dx
26.
=-^e -x + 1h log ^e x + 1h + x + C x2 ^ x 4 + 1h3/4
dx
= # 5
22. I = # e x - 1 dx x 1 + x -4h3/4
^
dx
2t put 1 + x -4 = t 4 & =- t3 dt
Let e - 1 = t or e dx = 2t dt or dx = 2
x 2 x
dt x5
t +1
3 =- t + c =- c1 + 4 m
t3 dt 1 1/4
2t 2t2 =- # +c
`I= # t 2
t +1
dt = # 2
t +1
dt t x
 Indefinite Integration 1.23

# sec x dx 2
= 2 tan t + C -1

tan x ^1 + ]tan xg-100h

27. 101

Let 1 + ]tan xg-100 = t = 2 tan -1 2e x - 1 + C

1
=- 2 tan -1 +C
- 100 ]tan xg-101 sec2 x dx = dt
2e x - 1

Also, tan -1 2e x - 1 = sec -1 2e x
dt 1
- # 100t =- 100 ln t + c
x-1 f ] xg
32. # dx = ] g + c
=- 100 ln c1 + ] m+ c
1 1 g x
tan xg100
2 2
x 2x - 2x + 1
dt
put x = 1/t & dx =- 2
28. J - I = # d x xy
+y
dy - 2 dx n
x+y
x
t
1
# t -1 c- 2 m
dt
= # e xx+2 yy o^ xdy - ydxh =
1 2 2
- +1
t
t2 t2 t
= # d x +y y nd xdy x-2 ydx n ]t - 1gdt 1 ]2t - 2gdt
= # = #
t 2 - 2t + 2 2 t 2 - 2t + 2
= # c yx + 1 mdc yx m Let t2 - 2t + 2 = z2 & ]2t - 2gdt = 2zdz

g ]xg = x + ln c m + c
y y 1 2zdz

x
=2 # z

Put x = 1 & 1 = 1 + c & c = 0 = z+c

` g ]xg = x + ln c m
y y = t2 - 2t + 2 + c

x
g]e g = e + 1 =
1 2
- +2+c
x2 x

29. f ]xg = # 2 sin x - sin 2x 2x2 - 2x + 1

x3 = x +c

Lim f' ]xg = Lim g ] xg = x

2 sin x - 2 sin x cos x

x"0 x"0 x3

= Lim
2 sin x c 1 - cos x m f ]xg = 2x2 - 2x + 1
x"0 x x2
= 1 33. I = # sec2 x cosec4 xdx
# log2 ]0 + 1 + 1gdx = # 1dx = x + C ^sin2 x + cos2 xh2
30. I = = # cos2 x sin 4 x
dx

Multiple Options Correct sin 4 x + cos 4 x + 2 sin2 x cos2 x

dx
= # cos2 x sin 4 x
dx
31. I = #
2e x - 1
# c sec2 x + 2 cosec2 x + cos xm 2
= dx
Let 2e x - 1 = t2 sin 4 x

` 2e x dx = 2tdt = tan x - 2 cot x + # cot2 x cosec2 xdx

t dt cot3 x
`I= # t2 + 1
= tan x - 2 cot x - 3 +D
2 .t 34. 2 mx = e mx ln 2

and 3 nx = e nx ln 3
1.24 Mathematics
ln ]x + 1g - ln x 39. cos2 2x sin 2x dx 1
35. # x ] x + 1g
dx # cos 2x =2 # sin 4x dx =- 18 cos 4x + B
ln b
x+1l 40. # sin-1 x cos-1 xdx = # : r2 sin-1 x - ^sin-1 xh2Ddx
x
# x ] x + 1g
dx
= 2 ^ x sin-1 x + 1 - x2 h - ^ x^sin-1 xh2 + 2 sin-1 x 1 - x2 - 2x i + C
r

x - ] x + 1g
Let ln b
x+1l 1
=t dx = dt
b l
x x + 1 x2
x (Integrating by parts)
dx
x ] x + 1g = sin -1 x : 2 x - x sin -1 x - 2 1 - x2 D + 2 1 - x2 + 2x + C
=- dt r r

t2
=- # t dt =- 2 + c
` f -1 ]xg = sin -1 x, f ]xg = sin x
=- 2 ;ln2 b x lE + c
1 x+1

# sin 2x
41. dx
=- 2 6ln ]x + 1g - ln x@2 + c
1 sin 4 x + cos 4 x

# 2 sin x cos x
=- 2 6ln2 ]x + 1g + ln2 ]xg - 2 ln x. ln ]x + 1g@ + c dx
1 =
sin 4 + cos 4 x

=- 2 ln2 ]x + 1g - 2 ln2 ]xg + ln x ln ]x + 1g + c

1 1 2 tan x sec2 x
= # 1 + tan 4 x
dx

=- 2 ln2 b1 + x l + c
1 1 put tan2 x = t & 2 tan x sec2 xdx = dt

= tan -1 ^tan2 xh + c
36. 2x C D # dt

]x - 1g]x - 4g = x - 1 + x - 4
=
1 + t2
2x = C ]x - 4g + D ]x - 1g =- cot -1 ^tan2 xh + c'

` C =- 2/3 , D = 8/3 = cot -1 ^cot2 xh + c"

` # ex-1
]x - 1g]x - 4g 2x dx =
# e x - 1 b -x 2-/13 + x8-/34 ldx Also - tan -1 cos 2x + c

=- 3 F ]x - 1g + 3 e3 F ]x - 4g + C =- tan -1 c m+ c
2 8 1 - tan2 x

1 + tan2 x
` A =- 2/3, B = 8/3e3 =- ^tan -1 1 - tan -1 (tan2 x hh + c
37. It is obvious
= tan -1 ^tan2 x) h + C
ln ]tan xg

38. # sin x. cos x dx
# dx # dx
42. =
put ln ]tan xg = t & tan x . sec2 xdx = dt b x + l + b1 - a l
1 x2 + ax + 1 a 2 2

2 4
dx
sin x cos x = dt 2kdk
43. Put t = k2 & I = # ]1 + kg8
2
= # [Link] = t2 + c ]2k + 2g - 2 2 1
# ]1 + kg8 7 ^1 + t h 3 ^1 + t h
= dk = 7 -
ln ]tan xg ln ]cot xg
6
2 2
= 2 +c = 2 +c
` p2 = 7, p1 = 6
= 2 ln2 ]sin x sec xg + c
1

 Indefinite Integration 1.25
44. Let f ]xg = tan x + 2 tan 2x + 4 tan 4x + 8 cot 8x 2 - 2x
x e =e -2x
]2ax + bg + ^ax + bx + ch^- 2e
2 -2x
h

= e -2x ^- 2ax2 + 2 ]a - bgx + b - 2ch
Using formula, tan x - cot x =- 2 cot 2x
or a = 1, 2 ]a - bg = 0, b - 2c = 0
` f ]xg = cot x + {tan x - cot x + 2 tan 2x + 4 tan 4 x +
8 cot 8x} 1
or b = 1, c = 2
= cot x + {- 2 cot 2x + 2 tan 2x + 4 tan 4x + 8 cot 8x} 1 + sin x + cos x
50. J + K = # 1 + sin x + cos x dx
= cot x + {- 4 cot 4x + 4 tan 4x + 8 cot 8x}
J+K = x+C

^sin2 x - cos2 xh + sin x - cos x
= cot x + {- 8 cot 8x + 8 cot 8x} = cot x
again J - K = # 1 + sin x + cos x dx
# cot xdx = ln ]sin xg + C
]sin x - cos xg]sin x + cos x + 1g
`
= # dx
^1 - 3 tan xh sec x 2 2 1 + sin x + cos x
45. Simplifying gives I = # ^3 - tan2 xh^1 + tan2 xh
dx
J - K =- cos x - sin x + C
2

hence J = K - ]sin x + cos xg + C

# 1 - 3t
put tan x = t & I =
^3 - t2h^1 + t2h
dt

= # c 1 +1 t2 - 3 -2 t2 mdt

Also (1) + (2)

2J = x - ]cos x + sin xg + C
# ]t2 - 1gdt = t3 - t
3
46. 1 + x 2 = t 2 & I =
J = 2 5x - sin x - cos x? + C
1

]1 - x g 2 3/2
= 3 - 1 + x2 and (1) - (2)
]1 - x 2g 1 + x 2 2K = x + ]sin x + cos xg + C
= 3 - 1 + x 2 ]1 + x 2 - x 2g

K = 2 ]x + sin x + cos xg + C
1
= x 2 1 + x 2 - 3 ]1 + x 2g3/2
2

from (1), J = x - K + C
47. g ]xg = # x27 ^1 + x + x2h6 ^6x2 + 5x + 4hdx
Comprehension Type
= # ^x 4
+ x + x h ^6x + 5x + 4x h dx
5 6 6 5 4 3 Passage – 1 (Question 51 – 53)
dy
From the given data, we can conclude that dx = 0,
Let x6 + x5 + x 4 = t or ^6x5 + 5x 4 + 4x3h dx = dt at x = 1, 2, 3. Hence, f' ]xg = a ]x - 1g]x - 2g]x - 3g, a > 0

` g ] xg = # t6 dt = t7 + C = 17 ^ x4 + x5 + x6h7 + C or f ]xg = # a^ x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6hdx

7

or = a # ^ x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6h dx
g ]0g = 0 & x = 0 & g ]1 g = 7 and g ]- 1g = 7
37 1

= a b x4 - 2x3 + 112x - 6x l + C
4 2

]1 + sin xg]1 - sin xg cos x
48. I =
sin x ]1 - sin xg
=
sin x ]1 - sin xg Also, f ]0g = 1 or c = 1

` f ]xg = a b x4 - 2x3 + 112x - 6x l + 1 .....(1)

4 2
cos x # - dt
= =
1 b 1 - sin x l2 b l - t2
1 2
-
f ]1 g = a b - 4 l + 1, f ]2 g =- 2a + 1
4 2 2 9

49. # x2 e-2x dx = e-2x ^ax2 + bx + ch + d
f ]3 g = a b - 4 l + 1 .....(2)
9

Differentiating both sides, we get
Thus, the graph is symmetrical about line x = 2 and

the range is [f ]1 g, 3) or [f ]3 g, 3) .
1.26 Mathematics
51. f ]1 g =- 8 & a = 4 [from (2)]
- # nx n - 1 2 ax2 + 2bx + c dx
` f ]2 g =- 7

xn
= a ax2 + 2bx + c -
52. f ]3 g =- 8. Hence, the range is [- 8, 3)
x n - 1 ^ax2 + 2bx + ch
53. If f ]2 g = 0, then a = 1/2
n
a # dx ...(ii)
ax2 + 2bx + c
If f ]1 g = 0, then a = 4/9
from (i) and (ii) we get
& For four roots of f ]xg = 0, a ! 64/9 , 1/2@
]n + 1gaun + 1 + ]2n + 1gbun + ncun - 1

= x n ax2 + 2bx + c

Passage – 3 (Question 57 – 59)

1
2
3 57. Here, a = 1 > 0. Therefore, we make the substitution
4
x2 + 2x + 2 = t - x . Squaring both sides of this
Passage – 2 (Question 54 – 56)
equality and reducing the similar terms, we get
x x2
+ 2n # 2
2 2
54. In = 2 2x + 2tx = t2 - 2 or x = t - 2 or dx = t + 2t + 22 dt
^ x + a2hn ^ x + a2hn + 1 ] g 2 ]1 + tg
dx 1 + t
2

2 n + 2n = # d n dxG
x x2 + a2 a2 t2 - 2 t 2 + 4t + 4
1 + x2 + 2x + 2 = 1 + t - ]
2 1 + tg 2 ]1 + tg
= .
^x + a h ^x + a h
2 n+1 -
^ x + a2hn + 1
= 2 2 2

x 1 Substituting into the integral, we get

+ 2n #
^ x2 + a2hn ^ x2 + a2hn
= dx
2 ]1 + tg^t2 + 2t + 2h ^t2 + 2t + 2h dt
2
# 1 I= #
^t + 4t + 4h 2 ]1 + tg 2 dt = #
]1 + tg]t + 2g2
^ x2 + a2hn + 1
- 2na dx
2

Now, let us expand the obtained proper rational

+ 2n ^ In - a2 In + 1h
x

^ x2 + a2hn
=
fraction into partial fractions:
1 - 2n 1 1 x
When In + 1 + 2n a2 In = 2na2 . ^ x2 + a2hn
t 2 + 2t + 2 A B D
]t + 1g]t + 2g3 t + 1 t + 2 ]t + 2g2
n-1 n-2 = + + .
sin x n - 1 # sin x
]m - 1g cos m - 1 x m - 1 cos m - 2 x
55. In, m = - dx
# dx
sin n - 1 x n-1 58. I =
]m - 1g cos m - 1 x m - 1 n - 2, m - 2
= - I x + x2 - x + 1

xn + 1 Since here c = 1 > 0, we can apply the second Euler

56. un + 1 = # 2
dx
ax + 2bx + c
substitution: x2 - x + 1 = tx - 1
1 x n ]2ax + 2bg - 2bx n
= 2a # dx
or ]2t - 1g x = ^t2 - 1h x2 ; x = 2
ax2 + 2bx + c 2t - 1
1 x n ]2ax + 2bg b t -1
= 2a # dx - a un
ax2 + 2bx + c Substituting into I, we get an integral of a rational
b
= In - a un, where ...(i)
# dx # - 2t 2 + 2t - 2
t ]t - 1g]t + 1g2
fraction: = dt
1 x n ]2ax + 2bg x + x2 - x + 1
In = 2a # dx 2
ax2 + 2bx + c Now, - 2t + 2t - 2 = At + t -
B D E
t ]t - 1g]t + 1g 1 + ]t + 1g2 + t + 1
1
= 2a x n 2 ax2 + 2bx + c
 Indefinite Integration 1.27
59. In this case, a < 0 and c < 0. Therefore, neither the Matching Column Type
first nor the second Euler substitution is applicable. 2x 1 1
63. (a) Let I = # dx = log 2 # dt
But the quadratic 7x - 10 - x has real roots 2 1 - 4x 1 - t2
Putting 2 x = t, 2 x log 2 dx = dt, we get
a = 2, b = 5. Therefore, we use the third Euler

I = log 2 sin -1 b 1 l + C = log 2 sin -1 ]2 xg + C

substitution: 1 t 1

7x - 10 - x2 = ]x - 2g]5 - xg = ]x - 2gt
1
` K = log 2
or 5 - x = ]x - 2gt2 or x =
2
5 + 2t
t2 + 1 dx dx
(b) # #
^ xh + ^ xh
7 =
^ x h d1 + 5n
2
Passage – 4 (Question 60 – 62) 1
^ xh
7

f ]xg $ g ]xg dx = 4 + C
# x4 1 dy 5
60. Put
^ xh 2^ x h
5 = y, dx = 7

Differentiating f ]xg $ g ]xg = x3

....(i) 1
=- 5 ln 1 + y + C = 5 ln f 1 + 1 p
- 2dy 2 2
# 5 ^1 + yh
f ] xg
`I=
^ xh
5
# g ] xg
dx = ln x + C
2 5
f ] xg 1 ` a = 5 ,k = 2
Differentiating ] g = x ....(ii)
g x
(c) Add and subtract 2x2 in the numerator. Then
(i) # (ii), we get f ]xg = x 2 2

k = 1 and m = 1.
f ]xg = x ^a f' ]xg > 0 h dx
(d) I = # 5 + 4 cos x
& g ] xg = x 2
dx
= #
5 b sin 2 + cos 2 l + 4 b cos2 2 - sin2 2 l
x 2 x x x
from (iii) h ]xg = x3
2

x
dx sec2 2
= # x = #
f ]xg $ g ]xg $ h ]xg dx =
# # x6 dx = x7 x x dx
Now, 7 +C 9 cos2 2 + sin2 2 9 + tan2 2

61. f ]xg, g ]xg, h ]xg are in G.P.

x x
Let t = tan 2 or 2 dt = sec2 2 dx

h ]xgdx = tan -1 b 3 l + C
2dt 2 t
x3 dx `I= #
62. I = # # 9 + t2 3
1 + g ] xg
=
1 + x2
tan b 2 l p
x
= 3 tan -1 f
2
Let 1 + x2 = t2 +C
3
& I = xdx = tdt
2 1
` k = 3 ,m = 3
^t2 - 1h tdt t3
&I= # t = 3 -t+C

x2 + 1 ^ x2 - 2h
= 3 ^t 2 - 3 h + C =
t
3 +C
1.28 Mathematics

64. (a) I = # dx
]a 2 + b 2g - ]a 2 - b 2g cos x
=
1 # cosec ]i + xgdx
a2 + b2
x
ln b tan b 2 ll
1 - tan 2 2 1 i+x
=
Put cos x = x
2
a +b 2
1 + tan 2 2
log tan 2 b x + tan -1 b b ll
1 1 a
=
x a2 + b2
1 sec 2 2 dx
I= 2 # x (d) I = # 2
dx
a 2 tan 2 2 + b 2 a - b 2 cos 2 x
x sec 2 x dx
tan 2 = t = # a sec x - b 2 cos 2 x sec 2 x
2 2

1 x
& 2 sec 2 2 dx = dt sec 2 x dx
= # a tan 2 x + a 2 - b 2
2

# dt 1 # dt
I= = 1 sec 2 x dx
a2 t2 + b2 a2 t + b ba l
2
2
= #
tan 2 x + c
a2 a2 - b2 m
a2
. . tan -1 b b l
1 1 at
= tan x = t
a2 b
a
sec 2 x dx = dt
= ab tan -1 b b tan 2 l + c.
1 a x

1 # dt
=
a2 2 2
t2 + c a - b m
# dx 2
(b) I =
a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x a
at
tan -1 d 2 n+ c
Multiply and divide by sec 2 x 1 a
=
a2 2
a -b 2 a - b2
# sec 2 x dx a tan x
tan -1 d 2 n+ c
I= 1
a tan 2 x + b 2
2
=
a a2 - b2 a - b2
Put tan x = t
b 1 - b2
cos a = a & sin a =
1 a2
&I= # a2 t2 + b2
dt
tan -1 b sin a l + c
1 tan x
=
a 2 sin a
= ab tan -1 b b l
1 at

65. a. # x2 - x + 1
x - 4x2 + 4x
3 dx = # ; Ax + x -B 2 + ]x -C 2g2 Edx
= ab tan -1 b b tan x l + c
1 a

b. # x2 - 1
x ]x - 2g3
dx = # ; Ax + x -B 2 + ]x -C 2g2 + ]x -D2g3 Edx
# dx a
(c) I = a cos x + b sin x Let tan i = b
# <d x]xx +- 12g2 - 1 n + 1Fdx
3
# x3 + 1
x ]x - 2g2
c. dx =
a b
& sin i = and cos i =
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 + 1 - x ]x - 2g2
# <d x n + 1Fdx
3

x ]x - 2g2
=
1 # a dx
I= b
a2 + b2 cos x + sin x
2
a +b 2
a + b2
2
= # <c Ax + x -B 2 + ]x -C 2g2 m + 1Fdx
1 dx
# <x + k + x]gx]-xg2g3 Fdx,
= # sin ]i + xg x5 + 1
a2 + b2 d. # x ]x - 2g3
dx =

where k is constant ! 0 and g ]xg is a polynomial of

degree less than 4.
 Indefinite Integration 1.29

Single Options Correct

3. We have, f ]xg = # 5x 8 + 7x 6
]x + 1 + 2x7g2
2 dx
1. f l (x) = tan -1 (sec x + tan x) = tan -1 c m
1 + sin x
cos x 5x -6 + 7x -8 1
JK N = #
2 dx = 1 1 +C
c 5 + 7 + 2m
KK 1 - cos d r + x n OOO 1 1 2+ 5 + 7
K 2 OO x x x x
-1 K
tan
= KK OO Since, f(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0
KK sin d + x n OOO
KK r O
` ]xg = 7
2 x7
L P f
2x + x2 + 1
JK x NO
2 sin 2 d + n
KK r OO 1
Now, f(1) = 4
K 4 2 OO
]sin n i - sin ig1/n cos i
-1 K
= tan KK O
x x OOO #
KK 2 sin d 4 + 2 n cos d 4 + 2 n OO
KK r r 4. Let I = di
sin n + 1 i
L P
sin i c1 - n-1 m
1 1/n

x x cos i
e tan d + no =
r r sin i
tan
= -1
+ &I= # di
4 2 4 2 sin in+1

r x 1
( & f l (x)) dx = + dx Now, put 1 - =t
sin n - 1 i
4 2
]n - 1g
x2 & cos idi = dt
r sin n i

& f (x) = x+ +c
4 4 ] t gn + 1
1
1 # ] t g dt = 1
` I = n-1 ]n - 1g 1 + 1 + C
1/n
r x2
f (0) = c = 0 & f (x) = x+ n
4 4
r+1 n c1 -
n+1

m
1 n

]n - 1g

So f (1) =
= 2 +C
4 sin n - 1 i
sec 2 i
2. # di 5. Divide by ]cos xg10
1 + tan 2 i 2 tan i
+ ]tan 2 xg. ]sec xg6 dx
1 - tan 2 i 1 - tan 2 i
I= # ^]tan xg + ]tan xg2 + ]tan xg3 + 1h2
5
2 2
sec i (1 - tan i)

= # di
Let tan x = t
(1 + tan i) 2
t 2 ]1 + t 2g2 dt
sec 2 i (1 - tan i)
I= # ]t + 1g2 ]t 2 + 1g2
3

= # di
1 + tan i
Now t3 + 1 = Z

tan i = t & sec 2 i di = dt

1
= d
1-t
n dt = d - 1 +
# 2
n dt
# 3 dZ
# 1
3 ]1 + t3g

I= & I =- +C
1+t 1+t Z2
1
3 ]1 + tan3 xg

= – t + 2 log (1 + t) + C
I =- +C

=- tan i + 2 log (1 + tan i) + C
6. I4 + I6 = # ^tan4 x + tan6 xhdx = # tan4 x sec2 xdx

& m =- 1 and f (i) =1 + tan i
1 1
= 5 tan5 x + c & a = 5 , b = 0
1.30 Mathematics
2x12 + 5x9 1 - sin i
# =2#
]x5 + x3 + 1g3
7. I= dx
cos 2 i
= 2 # sec 2 i - # sec i tan i di
divided by x15 in N r and D r
2 5 = 2 ]tan i - sec ig + c
3 + 6
= # x x x
= 2e
1 o
- +c
c1 + 2 + 5 m
1 1 3 1-x 1-x
x x
=- 2 e o+ c
1 5 1- x
Put 1 + + =t
x 2 x6 1+ x
# dx
& dt =- c + m dx x 2 ] x 4 + 1g3/4
2 5 10. I =

x3 x6
# dx
dt 1 I=
I =- #
t3
= 2 +C
2t x 2 - x3 ^1 + x -4h3/4

# dx
dx I=
8. I= # x5 ^1 + x -4h3/4
cos3 x 2 sin 2x
1 dx 1 + x -4 = t
= 2 #
cos3 x sin x cos x &- 4x -5 dx = dt
Multiply and Divide by sec 4 x - 1 dt
I = 4 # 3/4
4 t
1 # sec x dx
I= 2 - 1 # -3/4
tan x = 4 t dt
1 sec 2 x ]1 + tan 2 xgdx - 1 t1/4
I= 2 # = 4 1/4 + c
tan x

tan x = t =- t1/4 + c
& sec 2 x dx = dt =-^1 + x -4h1/4 + c
1 1 + t2
I= 2 # dt
=- c
t x 4 + 1 m1/4
+c
x4
= 2 ;t + t E+ c
1 1/2 5 /2
dx
1/2 5/2 11. I = # ] x + 1g3/4 ] x - 2g5/4
= ]tan xg1/2 + 5 ]tan xg5/2 + c
1 dx
I= #
b x 1 l ] x - 2g2
3/4
+
1 5 1 x-2
A= 2 B= 2 C= 5
x+1
x-2 = t
16
& A+B+C = 5 x-2-x-1
] x - 2g2
dx = dt
# dx
9. I= dx dt
^1 + x h x - x 2 &
] x - 2g2
=- 3
Put x = sin i 2
- 1 dt -4
I = 3 # 3/4 = 3 t1/4 + c
t
= 3 bx-2l +c
& dx = 2 sin i cos idi - 4 x + 1 1/4

# 2 sin i cos idi 12. Differentiate both sides

I=
]1 + sin ig sin i 1 - sin 2 i log ^t + 1 + t 2 h
di
= g ] t g .g' ] t g
=2# 1 + t2
& g ] t g = log ^t + 1 + t 2 h
1 + sin i

g ]2g = log ^2 + 5 h
 Indefinite Integration 1.31
3 5 2
cos + cos x
# # sec x
13. Let I = 15. I =
]sec x + tan xg9/2
dx dx
sin2 x + sin 4 x
^cos2 x + cos 4 xh cos x Let sec x + tan x = t
= # sin2 x ^1 + sin2 xh
dx
or sec x - tan x = 1/t
71 - sin2 x + ^1 - sin2 xh2A cos x Now, ^sec x tan x + sec2 xh dx = dt
= # sin2 x ^1 + sin2 xh
dx
or sec x ]sec x + tan xgdx = dt
^2 - 3 sin2 x + sin 4 xh cos x
# or sec xdx = t , 2 b t + t l = sec x
dt 1 1
sin2 x ^1 + sin2 xh
= dx

Put sin x = t or cos xdx = dt b +1l

1 # t t dt
2 - 3t2 + t 4 `I= 2
`I= #
t 4 + t2
dt t 9/2 t
= 2 # ^t -9/2 + t -13/2h dt
1

= # c1 + 2 - 2 m dt
2 6
t t +1 -9/2 + 1
t -13/2 + 1
1> t + H+ K
= t - t - 6 tan -1 ] t g + C
2 =2 9 13
-2 +1 - 2 +1

= sin x - 2 ]sin xg-1 - 6 tan -1 ]sin xg + C

-7/2
1 t t -11/2
= 2 > 7 + 11 H + K


x2 - 1 -2 - 2
14. I = # dx
x 2x 4 - 2x 2 + 1
3
1 1
=- 7 t -7/2 - 11 t -11/2 + K
4 4
3 - 5
1 # x x 1 1 1 1
=4 dx =- 7 7/2 - 11 11/2 + K
2 1 t t
2- 2 + 4
= 11/2 11 + 7 l =-
x x 1 b1 t 2
1
2 1 t ]sec x + tan xg11/2
Put 2 - 2 + 4 = t
& 1 + 1 ]sec x + tan xg2 0 + K
x x

or c 3 - 5 m dx = dt
4 4 11 7
x x
1 dt 2 t
`I= 4 # = 4 +C
t
2 1
2- +
= x2 x 4 + C
2
2x 4 - 2x 2 + 1
= +C
2x2

F ] xg =
Single Options Correct # sin2 x dx = # 1 - cos 2x
2. dx
e ]e - 1g
x 2x 2
1. J-I = # dx
& F ] xg = 4 ]2x - sin 2xg + c
e 4x + e 2x + 1 1

= # z2 - 1
dz Since F ] x + rg ! F ] xg
z + z2 + 1
4

Hence statement 1 is false.

where z = e x
1
1- 2
= # z dz
bz + 1 l - 1
2

= 2 ln c x
i e x + e -x - 1 m
+c
e + e -x + 1
1.32 Mathematics
f ] xg
fof ] xg =
x
]1 + 2x ng1/x
3.
71 + f ] xgnA
1/n =
5. Equation of tangent
fofof ] xg =
x

]1 + 3x ngn y - y1 = dx ]x - x1g
dy1
1

1

& g ] xg = ^ fofo....f h] xg =
x
YP c 0, y1 - x1 m
dy1
]1 + nx ngn
1
1444442444443 dx1
n times

Hence, I = # xn - 2 g] xgdx = # x n - 1 dx
]1 + nxg1/n
PYp = x12 + c - x1
dx1
m =1
dy1 2

1 n2 xn - 1 dy 1 - x2 1 - x2
=
n2
# ]1 + nx ng1/n
dx
& dx = ± x & dy = ± # x dx,

1 – x2 = t2, – x dx = t dt
Put 1 + nx n = t & n 2 x n - 1 dx = dt
- t2
1 dt dy = ± #
dt
= 2 # 1/n 1 - t2
n t
&I= ]
1 ]1 + nx ng1 - n + k
1
y = ± c # 1dt +
# 1 -1 t2 dt m

n x-1 g
y = ± b t - 2 ,n 1 - t l + c
Multiple Options Correct 1 1+t

f ] xg
4. f ' ] xg =
y = ± e 1 - x2 - 2
1 1+ 1-x o
2
b2 + x2 +c

# ff]']xxgg dx =
1 - 1 - x2
dx #

y is passing through (1, 0) so c = 0
x2 + b2
f ] xg = 1b tan -1 b b l + c y = ± e 1 - x 2 - 2 ,n e oo
x 1 1 + 1 - x2
ln
&
1 - 1 - x2
Now f ]0 g = 1

y = ± c 1 - x 2 - ,n c 1 + 1 - x m m
2

c
` =0 x

` f ] xg = e b tan bxl
1
As curve y = y(x) lies in the first quadrant so option
-1
b

& f ] xg = ! e b tan
1 bxl A and B will only satisfy. so AB are correct.

-1
b

Subjective Type
since f ]0 g = 1 ` f ] xg = e b tan bxl
1

-1
b

6. I= # ^ x3m + x2m + x mh^2x2m + 3x m + 6h1/m dx

x "- x
# bx + x2m + x m l]xg^2x2m + 3x m + 6h1/m dxdx
3m

f ]- xg = e - b tan bxl =
1

-1
b x
` f ] xg .f ]- xg = e0 = 1 (option C) and for b > 0
= # ^ x3m - 1 + x2m - 1 + x m - 1h^2x3m + 3x2m + 6x mh1/m dx
f ] xg = e b tan bxl
1

-1
b
Let 2x3m + 3x2m + 6x m = t or

& f (x) is increasing for all x ! R (option A)
dt = 6m ^ x3m - 1 + x2m - 1 + x m - 1h dx
1

#t dt 1 t m +1
`I= 1/m
=
6m 6m 1 + 1 + C
m

= ]
1 ^2x3m + 3x2m + 6x mh]m + 1g/m + C
6 m + 1g

 Indefinite Integration 1.33

# sin-1 d n dx
9. Put x = cos i or dx =- 2 cos i sin idi
2
2x + 2
7. I= 2
4x + 8x + 13
# b 11 -+ cos l c m dx
1/2
1 1- x i - 2 cos i sin idi
#
sin d n dx
2x + 2 ` dx =
= # ]2x + 2g2 + 32
-1 x 1+ x cos i cos2 i

i i i
sin 2 4 sin 2 cos 2
[Put 2x + 2 = 3 tan i or 2 dx = 3 sec2 i di] =- # . di
i cos i
# sin-1 b 33 tan l
i 3 cos 2
= 2
sec i 2 sec idi
i
3 4 sin2 2 1 - cos di
= 2 # i sec2 idi =- # di =- 4 # di
cos i cos i
= 2 %i tan i - # tan idi /
3
=- 4 # ]sec i - 1gdi


3
= 2 {i tan i - log sec i } + C
=- 4 6log sec i + tan i - i@ + C
= 2 ' 3 tan -1 b 3 l - log c 1 + b 2x + 2 l m1 + C
2
2x + 2
=- 4 =log - cos -1 x G + C
3 2x + 2 1 1-x
3 +
x x
= 2 ' 3 ]x + 1g tan -1 b 3 ]x + 1gl - log 4x2 + 8x + 13 1 + C
3 2 2
=- 4 =log - cos -1 x G + C
1+ 1-x

x
# x3 + 3x + 2
8.
^ x + 1h2 ]x + 1g
2 dx ] x + 1g
10. I = # x ^1 + xe xh2
dx
x ^ x 2 + 1 h + 2 ] x + 1g
= # ^ x2 + 1h2 ]x + 1g
dx e x ] x + 1g
= # xe x ^1 + xe xh2
dx
# x dx
dx + 2 #
^ x2 + 1h]x + 1g

^ x2 + 1h2 Put 1 + xe x = t or ^ xe x + e xh dx = dt
=

# c 2^xx2++11h - 2]x1+ 1g mdx + #

dt
= #
]t - 1gt2
2

^ x2 + 1h2
= dx

1 1 1
= 4 log x2 + 1 - 2 log x + 1 + 2 tan -1 x + 2I = # c 1 1- t + 1t + t12 mdt
dx 1
where I = # ^ x + 1h2
2 . =- log 1 - t + log t - t + C

Put x = tan i or dx = sec2 idi. Then t 1

=- log 1 - t - t + C
# sec2 idi

^1 + tan2 ih2
I= 1 + xe x 1
=- log - +C
- xe x 1 + xe x
# cos2 idi 1 + cos 2i
= = # 2 di
=- log c
1 b i + sin 2i l 1 + xe x m 1
=2 +C - +C
2 xe x 1 - xe x

= 2 ci + m+ C
1 tan i

1 + tan2 i
1 1 x
= 2 tan -1 x + 2 + C ` Given integral
1 + x2
1 1 1
= 4 log x2 + 1 - 2 log x + 1 + 2 tan -1 x
x
+ tan -1 x + +C
1 + x2
1 x2 + 1 3 x
]x + 1g2
= 4 log + 2 tan -1 x + +C
1 + x2
1.34 Mathematics

# cos 2i ln b cos l = 6 : # ^t2 - 3t + 3h ln tdt - t ln tdtD

i + sin i # 1
11. Let
cos i - sin i di
]ln tg2
= ln b l # cos 2idi = 6 ;b t - 3t + 3t l ln t - # b t3 - 32t + 3t l t dt - 2 E + C
3 2 3 2

cos i + sin i 1
cos i - sin i 3 2
]ln tg2
]sin 2ig]cos i - sin ig = 6 ;b t - 3t + 3t l ln t - b t - 3t + 3t l - E+ C ]3 g
3 2 3 2
2
-#
2 ]sin i + cos ig ]cos i - sin ig2
3 2 9 4 2

Thus, we get the value of I on substituting the values

sin 2i b cos i + sin i l
= 2 ln cos i - sin i - I1 of I1 and I2 from equations (2) and (3) in equation

]sin 2ig (1).

I1 = I1 = # ]sin i + cos ig]- sin i + cos ig
di
cos 2x
13. I = # sin x dx
# sin 2i 1
= di = 2 ln sec 2i
cos 2i cos2 x - sin2 x
= # sin x dx
sin i + cos i 1
` I = sin 2i ln = ln sec 2i + C
cos i - sin i 2
= # cot2 x - 1 dx
ln ^1 + x h
# e3 o dx
6
1
12. + 3
4
x+ x x+ x Put cot2 x - 1 = y2

1 ln ^1 + 6 x h
Let I = # 43
dx + # 3 dx (1) or cot2 x = 1 + y2 or - 2 cot x cosec2 xdx = 2y dy
3+ x x+ x
144444444424444444443 144444444424444444443
I1 I2 - y dy
1 y2 ^2 + y2 i
or dx =
# 1 +
I1 = 3
dx
x +4 x y # ydy
` I =- #
1 + y2 ^2 + y2 i

Let x = y12 so that dx = 12y11 dy
12y11 y8 1 dy
# 3 dy = 12 # 1 + y dy =- # dy + 2 # 2
^

y + 2 i y2 + 1
` I1 = 4 2
y +y y +1

= 12 # c y7 - y6 + y5 - y 4 + y3 - y2 + y + 1 + y + 1 m dy =- log y + y2 + 1 + 2I1 (1)

1
dy
where I1 = # 2
= 12 ;
y 8 y 7 y 6 y5 y 4 y 3 y 2
y + 1 E+ C ^y + 2 i y 2 + 1
8 - 7 + 6 - 5 + 4 - 3 + 2 - y + log
1 dt
2 12 12 Put y = t or dy =- 2
= 3 x2/3 - 7 x7/12 + 2x1/2 - 5 x5/12 + 3x1/3 t
dt
- 4x1/4 + 6x1/6 - 12x1/12 + 12 log x1/12 + 1 + C1 (2) -
` I1 = # t2
c + 2m
1 1
+1
ln ^1 + x 1/6
h t2 t2
I2 = # 1/3 dx
x + x1/2 tdt
=- #
Let x = z6 so that dx = 6z5 dz ^1 + 2t2h t2 + 1

ln ]1 + zg 5 Now let t2 + 1 = z2 or t dt = z dz
` I2 = # 6z dz zdz
z2 + z3 ` I1 =- #
^1 + 2 ^ z2 - 1hh z

6z ln ]z + 1g
3
= # dz dz
z+1 =- #
2z2 - 1
Put z + 1 = t or dz = dt 1 dz
=- 2 # 1
6 ]t - 1g3 ln t
2
z -2
` I2 = # t dt
1
z-
b t2 - 3t + 3 - 1 l ln tdt
1 2
=6# t
=- log 1
2 2 z+
2
 Indefinite Integration 1.35
1 1
+1-
1 y2 2
=- log +C
2 2 1 1
+1+
y2 2

1 2y 2 + 2 - y
=- log +C
2 2 2y 2 + 2 + y
1 2y2 + 2 - y
=- log y + y2 + 1 - log + C,
2 2y2 + 2 + y
where cot2 x = 1 + y2
dx
14. Let #
x3 $ x2 c1 + 4 m
1 3/4
x
1 -4 dx dt
Put 1 + 4 = t or 5 dx = dt or 5 =- 4
x x x
- dt - 1 t -3/4 + 1
` I = # 3/4 = 4 - 3 +C
4t
4 +1
=- t1/4 + C =-c1 + m +C
1 1/4

x4
] x - 1g e x
15. I = # ]x + 1g3
dx

] x + 1 - 2g e x
= # ]x + 1g3
dx

= # ; ]x +1 1g2 - ]x +2 1g3 Ee x dx

# < ]x +1 1g2 + c ]x +1 1g2 mFe x dx

'
=

ex
]x + 1g2
= +C

1.36 Mathematics