Method of determining the plastic strain ratio

for metallic sheet and strip

JIS Z 2254 (1996)
Introduction This Japanese Industrial Standard was made on the basis of ISO 10113. Metallic
materials-Sheet and strip-Determination of plastic strain ratio, issued in 1991 as the first edition
without changing the technical contents except the following points:
[Outline of difference of specified contents]
① Part of tensile test conditions is based on JIS Z 2241
② Specified of numerical values related to gauge length and additional strain level are added
③ Rule for rounding off of numerical values
④ Natural oscillation method not specified in the corresponding International Standard is
specified in Annex.
[Link] This Japanese Industrial Standard specifies the method of determining the plastic
strain ratio for the metallic sheet and strip.
Remarks [Link] following standards are cited in this Standard:
JIS B 7721 Tensile testing machines
JIS B 7741 Extensometers used in metallic material tensile testing
JIS G 0202 Glossary of terms used in iron steel(testing)
JIS Z 2201 Test pieces for tensile test for metallic materials
JIS Z 2241 Method of tensile test for metallic materials
JIS Z 8401 Rules for rounding off of numerical values
[Link] following is the corresponding International Standard to this Standard:
ISO 10113:1991 Metallic materials-Sheet and strip-Determination of plastic strain
ratio
2. Definitions For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in JIS G 0202 and the
following definitions apply:
⑴Testing force Force applied to test piece for the purpose of testing.
⑵ plastic strain ratio The ratio of the true width strain and true thickness strain in a test
piece of plate shape has been submitted to uniaxial tensile stress. It is also called r
value or Lankford value defined by the equation⑴

εw
r= …………………………………………………⑴
εt

where, ε w :true width strain

ε t :true thickness strain

The equation ⑴ is only valid in the region where the plastic strain is
homogeneous. In practice, the equation⑵derived from the low of constancy of
volume before and after plastic strain is used.

W0
ln
r= W ……………………………………………⑵
LW
ln
L0W0
 where, W0 :width of test piece before tensile deformation(mm)

W : width of test piece after straining to a specified elongation(mm)

L0
:original gauge length(mm)
L :gauge length after straining to a specified elongation(mm)
⑶ average plastic strain ratio The weighted average value calculation by the formula⑶
using the plastic strain ratios for different test piece orientations of parallel,45°and
90°to the rolling direction of the sheet surface.

r0 + 2r45 + r90
r= …………………………………⑶
4

Where, r0 :plastic strain ratio measured by taking a test piece parallel to the

rolling direction of the sheet surface

r45 : plastic strain ratio measured by taking a test piece at an angle of 45°

to the rolling direction of the sheet surface

r90 : plastic strain ratio measured by taking a test piece at an angle of 90°

to the rolling direction of the sheet surface

Remarks: rm may be expressed instead of r .

⑷degree of planar anisotropy The test method shall ,as a rule, be the plastic strain method.
In the case where relevant material standard in Japanese Industrial
Standard does not specify the kind of test method, and the average
plastic strain ratio may be in accordance with the natural oscillation
method specified in the Annex.
[Link] of test A test piece is subjected to a tensile test giving uniform plastic strain up to s
specified strain level and the plastic strain ratio is calculated from the values of the width and
thickness of the test piece before and after plastic strain constant, the plastic strain ratio is
calculated by measuring the width of the test piece and the length between the gauge marks before
and after tensile deformation.
[Link] equipment The test equipment to be used shall be as follows:
⑴Test machine The testing machine shall be the tensile testing machine specified in JIS B
7721 or that equipped at least with the device for gripping the test piece specified in JIS B 7721
and capable of pulling the test piece at a specified straining speed adding uniaxial testing force and
of the construction sufficient enough to withstand the use in the test until the time when the test
piece comes to the specified whole elongation pr permanent elongation.
⑵Dimension measuring device The device used for measuring the gauge length and test
piece width shall be capable of measuring to the precision of ±0.01mm or finer.
⑶Extensometer Where extensometers are used for determining the gauge length and its
change, they shall be class 1 specified in JIS B7741 or better in its range of use.
[Link] piece Test piece shall be as specified in JIS Z 2201 and as follows:
⑴The test piece shall be obtained in accordance with the requirements of the relevant material
standard or, if not specified therein, as agreed between the interested parties.
⑵The shape of the piece shall be as specified in each relevant material standard. Unless
otherwise specified, the test piece of any one of No.5,No.13A or No.13B specified in JIS Z
2201 shall be used, as a rule.
⑶The change of width of the parallel-sided portion of the test piece (the maximum value-the
minimum value)between the two gauge marks shall not be more than 0.1% of the mean
width.
⑷The test piece thickness shall be the full sheet thickness unless otherwise specified.
⑸The surface of the test piece shall not be damaged by harmful defect likely to affect the test
result such as scratches , etc.
[Link] The test procedure shall be as specified in JIS Z 2241 and as follows:
⑴The test temperature shall be within a range of 10℃to35℃and the test carried out under
controlled conditions, if necessary, shall be made at a temperature of 23±5℃,provided the
temperature specified in the material standard, if any, shall be applied.
⑵In advance of adding strain to the test piece, the width of the test piece and
the gauge length shall be measured at least to the nearest 0.01mm,When measuring
the width, at least three points including the both ends and the middle point
of the gauge length and the mean value of these measurements using automatic
measuring machine, the one point measurement may be taken as the width of the
test piece.
⑶The gauge length and additional strain level shall be as specified in the relevant
material standard, provided the agreement between the interested parties is applied, if any.
Unless otherwise specified, table 1 applies.
In any material, the additional strain level shall not be more than the limit of uniform
elongation of each material.
Table [Link] length an additional strain level
Shape of test piece Gauge length(mm) additional strain level(mm)
No.5 20.25.50 10 to 20
No.13A 50.80 10 to 20
No.13B 20.25.50 10 to 20
[Link] is recommended that the gauge length of No.5 or No.13B test piece is 20mm or
25mm,However ,if the gauge length of 50mm is used for the test piece of No.5 or
[Link] measurement of the which of test piece shall be made within the range
of uniform strain distribution and the difference between the plastic strain ratio
obtained at the time of the gauge length of 20mm or 25mm shall not exceed0.1.
[Link] in the lower limit of additional strain level shown in Table 1,for the
materials exceeding the uniform elongation limit, the additional strain level shall
be specified by the agreement between the interested parties.
⑷A specified whole elongation or permanent elongation shall be given to a test piece. The test
speed in this case shall be that the strain increasing rate shall not exceed80% per minute in
the parallel-sided portion of the test piece and be constant in the plastic region. If the test
speed is specified in the relevant material standard ,it shall apply.
 ⑸After adding strain to the test piece, the length between the gauge marks or its increased
length and the test piece width or its decreased length shall be measured at least to the
[Link] measurement is carried out in general under the condition that the
testing force is not applied but the measurement under the condition that the testing force is
applied is allowed.
⑹If the correct width cannot be measured by reason that the test piece to which strain was
added shows any transverse bow, the test shall be invalid.
[Link] of test value
⑴The plastic strain ratio shall be calculated using the formula ⑵ for practical use and
rounded it off to the first decimal place. If the formula ⑶ or formula⑷is used for
calculation, the plastic strain ratio shall be obtained down to the second decimal place. In any
cases, the values shall be rounded off in accordance with JIS Z 8401.
⑵The average plastic strain ratio shall be calculated by using the formula ⑶ and rounded it
off to the first decimal place ,The rounding off of the numerical values shall be in accordance
with JIS Z 8401.
⑶The degree of planar anisotropy shall be calculated by using the formula ⑷an rounded it off
to the first decimal place, the numerical values shall be in accordance with JIS Z 8401.
⑷If there is any question about the test value obtained from automatic determination of the test
piece width or the gauge length before and after adding the strain, the test method based on
the manual determination shall be considered the reference test method.
Annex Natural oscillation method
1. Scope This Annex specifies the method for determining the plastic strain ratio
of steel sheet or steel strip in coil excluding stainless steel, based on the natural
oscillation method.
2. Definitions For the purpose of this Annex, the definitions given in JIS G
0202 and the following definition apply:
Average Young’s modulus Weighted mean value obtained by the formula⑴
using the Young’s modulus measured by taking the test pieces in the directions
parallel,45°and 90° relative to the rolling direction of the sheet
surface.

E 0 + 2 E 45 + E 90
E= ………………………………⑴
4

Where, E 0 :Young’s modulus measured taking the test piece in parallel to the

2
rolling direction of the sheet surface.(N/ mm )

E 45 : Young’s modulus measured taking the test piece at the angle of 45°

2
to the rolling direction of the sheet surface.(N/ mm )

E90 : Young’s modulus measured taking the test piece at the angle of 90°

2
to the rolling direction of the sheet surface.(N/ mm )
[Link] of test The average Young’s modulus is obtained at first by the
resonance method of magnetostrictive vibration method and then,
using the fact that this modulus is in a strong relation with the
average plastic strain ratio obtained by the plastic strain method, the
average plastic strain ratio is obtained indirectly from the regression
formula which is obtained by statistic analysis.
Remarks: When based on the resonance method magnetostrictive vibration
method, the object to be tested shall be the ferromagnetic material.
[Link] equipment The test equipment shall be constructed as shown in Annex
Fig.1 as a rule and be capable of detecting the frequency with
detection coil by adding the high frequency vibration to the test piece
using the excitation coil.
Annex Fig.1 Diagram of construction of resonance frequency measuring
equipment based on natural oscillation method.

[Link] piece test piece shall be as follows:

⑴Sampling of test piece shall be as specified ,in each relevant material
standard. Unless otherwise specified, the agreement between the
interested parties applies.
⑵The test piece specified for each measuring instrument shall be used. The
tolerance on the dimension shall be ±0.025mm.
[Link] Test procedure shall be as follows:
⑴Test temperature the test temperature shall be within a range of 10℃to
 3 ℃ and the test carried out under the controlled conditions, if
necessary, shall be made at a temperature of 23±5℃.
⑵Measurement of test piece length The test piece length shall be
measured to the nearest 0.025mm in precision. If the processing
precision of the test piece is controlled sufficiently within a tolerance
of ±[Link] nominal length may be used.
⑶Measurement of resonance frequency of test piece The resonance
frequency of the test piece taken in the direction of parallel,45°to
the rolling direction of the sheet surface shall be measured
using the test equipment specified in 4to the integer place.
[Link] of average plastic strain ratio The procedure of calculation shall
be as follows:
⑴Young’s modulus of the test piece taken in the direction of parallel, 45°
and 90°to the rolling direction of the sheet surface shall
be obtained by the formula⑵

E = 4σl 2 f 2 ………………………………………⑵

2
Where, E: Young’s modulus.(N/ mm )

σ : bulk density (7.87g/ cm 3 )

l:length of test piece (mm)
f:resonance frequency(Hz)
⑵Average Young’s modulus shall be calculated using the formula⑴and be
rounded off to four places of effective digits, The rounding off of
numerical values shall be in accordance with JIS Z 8401.
⑶Average plastic strain ratio shall be calculated by formula⑶using the
average Young’s modulus and rounded off down to the first decimal
place. The rounding off of numerical values shall be in accordance
with JIS Z 8401.

101.44
r= − 0.564 ………⑶
(145.0 × E × 10 −6 − 38.83) 2
⑷If there is any question about the test value obtained by the natural
oscillation method, the test method based on plastic strain method
shall be considered the reference test method.
[Link] and correction of average plastic strain ratio by plastic strain
method Obtain the calibration curve by using the average plastic
strain ratio resulted from the plastic strain method and correct the
average plastic strain ratio obtained by the natural oscillation method.
If the difference between both values is within 0.1, the correction is
unnecessary