Padmashri Dr.

Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute of Technology

and Engineering (POLYTECHNIC) Loni

UNIT 1
DATABASE SYSEM CONCEPTS
Marks: 12
Lectures Required: 10
 Contents

•Concept of Data, Database, DBMS, RDBMS

•Advantages of DBMS, Applications
•Data Abstraction, Instance and Schema, Data Independence (Logical,
Physical)
•Overall structure of DBMS
•Data Model: Network, Hierarchical, Relational
•E-R Model: Concepts, Relationships, Types of Entity
•E-R Model: Types of Attributes, Symbols
•E-R Diagrams: Symbols, Relationship
•E-R Diagrams
 Data vs Information
•Data:
user input is called as data.
Data can be defined as a collection of raw facts.
Raw fact means no property of object is defined.
i.e. any object can be the data.
Ex: mobile (this is only object name without any properties like name, model, color, version,
etc

•Information:
When the properties of the data are defined , it is called as Information.
Ex: The color of mobile is black and version is android.
Here color and version are the properties of mobile (i.e. data)
Data: raw fact or any object.
Database
Large amount of data is available now a days.
To store this large amount of data, database is used.
Database is a collection of large amount of data, which is store in tabular format.
i.e. in table (rows and columns)
Ex: student database Primary Key (the column
contains UNIQUE values)
Attributes (properties
of data)

RollNo Name Class Fees

Domain (permitted 1 Ajay SYCM 1000
values for attribute) 2 Ajay SYCM 2000

From above table,

Student is the data (object)
RollNo, Name, Class, Fees: properties of an object student (attributes)
 DBMS vs RDBMS
DBMS:
Database Management System
DBMS is a collection of various databases.
Ex: student database
DBMS softwares: Dbase, Foxpro, MS Access, Foxprow

RDBMS:
Relational Database Management System
RDBMS is a collection of various databases which are interrelated to each
other.
Ex: student database
RDBMS softwares: Oracle, DB2, SQL Server, My SQL, Sybase
 Advantages of DBMS
Disadvantages of File Processing System
•Sharing of Data (no sharing of data)
Single data access by multiple users.
•Reduction in Redundancy (redundancy in data)
No duplicate data is stored.
•Avoiding Inconsistency (inconsistency in data while storing)
Correct data (single entry) can be maintained as no redundancy.
•Transaction support (No transaction support)
Either the transaction gets executed or not.
•Maintaining integrity (Integrity not maintained)
Stores the correct data as no redundancy.
•Security (low security than DBMS)
Provides the strong security.
 Applications of DBMS
•Banking
Stores data of customer and different transactions
•Colleges
Stores data of student
•Online Trading
Stores customer data and product data
•Airlines
Stores data of passenger, airplane, routes, fare
•Medical Shop
Stores data of customer and medicines
•Railway
Stores data of passenger, railway, routes
 Data Abstraction
•Data Abstraction means hiding the complexity of data from end users.
•Three levels: Physical, Logical, View
•Physical Level: defines how data are stored in DB
•Logical Level: what data are stored in DB
•View Level: Shows the parts of database
 Instance, Schema, Data Independence

•Instance: collection of information stored in the database at a particular

moment.

•Schema: Overall Design of the database

•Physical ,Logical & Sub Schema (designed on the basis of data abstraction
levels)

•Data Independence: Ability to modify a schema definition in one level without

affecting a schema definition in a higher level.
•Physical and Logical Data Independence
 Overall Structure of DBMS

Three main components

1. Database users:

General, s/w developer, sophisticated and DBA users

2. Query Processor:

Interpreter, compiler, query evaluation engine

3. Storage Manager:

Buffer, File, Authorization, Transaction Manager

 Functions of DBA
DBA (Database Administrator)

Functions of DBA

1. Schema Definition

2. Creating storage structure

3. Create grant access methods

4. Schema modification

5. Granting authorization

6. Performance tuning

7. Regular maintenance
 Data Models
Data Model is a used to represent the data and relationship among the data.
1. Network model 2. Hierarchical model
3. Relational model 4. E-R model
1. Network Model:
The model is used to represent the tree like
(parent-child) data and their relationship.
Many children have many parents. Network Model
2. Hierarchical Model:
The model is used to represent the tree like
(parent-child) data and their relationship.
Many children have only one parent
3. Relational Model:
The model is used to represent the data using tables.
Rows and Columns. Hierarchical Model
 E-R Model
Entity Relationship Model.
The model is used to represent the data diagrammatically using ER Diagram.
Different symbols used to design ER diagram are:

Rollno /
student stud Age
name
Set of Entity Set of Weak Entity
Real world object Attribute Derived Attribute
No primary key Property of an object
Contains primary key Calculated from another

Stud_rollno Student_rollno Mobile

Weak Entity Attribute Primary Key Attribute Multi Valued Attribute Set of Relationship
No primary key Contains primary key Contains multiple values Joins two or more entities
E-R Diagram

ER Diagram for College System

E-R Diagram
E-R Diagram
Thank You!!!