SPM

Blur Blur Book

Instruction (5 March 2021)

Step 1: Practice BBB Paper 3 (pg62-96)

Step 2: Practice Describe Experiment (pg51-61)

Instruction (8 March 2021)

Step 3: Read key concept for forecast question 1

Step 4: Try Forecast Question 1 in SPM BBB

Step 5: Repeat from Forecast Question 1 – 38

Step 6: Practice Strucutral Zone (pg 1-22)

Step 7: Practice Essay Zone (pg-23-50)

SPM
Ultimate
BBB

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 1

 Structural Zone
(30%)
F4C2 Atomic Strucuture
F4C3 Chemical Formula
F4C4 Period Table
F4C5 Chemical Bonds
F4C9 Manufacture Chemical
F5C1 Rate of Reaction
F5C5 Consumers Chemical

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 2

SPM Forecast Question 1

a) Diagram 1 shows the results of an experiment to

investigate the movement of bromine particles in
air.

i. State the type of particles present in

bromine gas. [1M]
Molecules
ii. State the name of the process involved in this experiment.[1 M]
Diffusion
iii. What can you observe if this experiment is repeated at a higher temperature? Explain your answer.
[3M]
The brown vapour spreads throughout both gas jars less than 10 minutes.
The kinetic energy of particles increases an particles move faster into the spaces in between particles

b) The smell of curry cooking in the kitchen spreads to the living room. Based on the kinetic theory of matter,
state the process involved. Explain your answer. [3M]
Diffusion.
The gas consists of tiny and discrete particles.
The particles are able to move freely and randomly from a region with a higher concentration to a region with
lower concentration.

Diagram 2 shows the results of an experiment to investigate

the movement of ammonia and hydrogen chloride particles
in air.

c) State the name of the process involved in this

experiment
Diffusion

d) State the types of particles present in ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas.
Molecule

e) Ammonia gas reacts with hydrogen chloride gas to form a white solid ring.
I. Name the white solid ring.
Ammonium Chloride

II. Write the chemical equation for this reaction

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

f) Why the white solid ring forms nearer to the hydrogen chloride end?
Ammonia gas diffuses faster than hydrogen chloride gas.

g) This experiment is repeated at a higher temperature. Predict the time taken for the formation of the white
solid ring.
The time taken becomes shorter

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 3

SPM Forecast Question 2
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set up to determine the melting point of
Naphthalene by heating solid Naphthalene. The temperature of Naphthalene is
recorded every half minutes.

a) What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

water bath is used so that the heating of Naphthalene is uniform.
Moreover, naphthalene is a flammable substance

b) Why do we need to stir Naphthalene during the heating process?

naphthalene is slowly stirred continuously to make sure that the temperature
of naphthalene is uniform

c) Explain why the temperature remains constant during melting?

The heat energy absorb by the particles is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles, so that
the solid turns into liquid.

d) Sulphur has a melting point of 114°C. Can the melting point of sulphur be determined by using water bath as
shown in the diagram? Explain your answer
Cannot. The melting point of sulphur is above the maximum temperature of water bath which is 100°C.

e) Sketch the heating curve of Naphthalene. Label on the graph the melting point of Naphthalene which is 80⁰C

f) Diagram beside shows the cooling process of Naphthalene.

I. What is the use of conical flask?
make sure that the naphthalene cools uniformly and to
prevent supercooling of the naphthalene

II. Why naphthalene is slowly stirred continuously during the ?

to make sure that the temperature of naphthalene is uniform.

III. Explain why the temperature remain during freezing?

Heat loss to the surroundings is exactly balanced by heat energy released as the particles attract one
another to form a solid

IV. Draw the cooling graph of the naphthalene

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 4

SPM Forecast Question 2
Table 1 shows the melting point and boiling point of substances A, B, C, D and E.

a) Classify substances A, B, C, D and E according to states of matter at room temperature

Solid: D,E
Liquid: B,C
Gas: A

b) State the substance that will change from liquid to solid when placed in the freezer at temperature 2 °C
Substance C

c) Describe the changes that take place on the particles of substance B with relation to energy and attraction
force between particles when cooled from 80 °C to -2 °C.
Substance B changes from gas to liquid.
The kinetic energy of substance B particles decreases.
The attraction force between the particles become stronger

d) lodine-131 is one of the isotopes of iodine. Give one use of iodine-131

To cure thyroid diseases

e) When some wax powder is heated, the wax powder turned into a liquid. Diagram 1.2 shows the graph of
temperature against time obtained from the heating conducted.

I. Based on Diagram 1.2, state the melting point of wax

40⁰C
II. Explain why the temperature of wax becomes constant from time t1 to t2
The heat energy absorbed by wax is use to overcome attractive forces between wax particles so that
solid wax can turn into a liquid.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 5

SPM Forecast Question 3
Figure 1 below shows the symbols of six atoms labelled A, D, E, G, L and J.

a) Which atom has the greatest mass? (1M)

L
b) State the number of neutrons in atom A. (1M)
23 -11 = 12
c) Write the electron arrangement of atom G. (1M)
2.8.3
d) State the number of shells occupied with electrons in atom L. (1M)
4
e) Draw the electron arrangement of atom J. (2M)

f)
I. What is ‘valence electron’? (1M)
Electrons in the outmost shell occupied with electron of an atom

II. Arrange the elements D, E, G and L, in an ascending order of their number of valence electrons. (1M)
L, G, D, E

Figure 2 shows a standard representation for three isotopes of

oxygen which are oxygen-16, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18.

g) What is the meaning of isotope? (2M)

Isotopes are the atoms of same element have same number
of proton but different number of neutron.
h) Give two information’s can derive from the symbol of oxygen-18. (2M)
Nucleon Number is 18
Proton Number is 8
i) Determine the number of neutrons in oxygen-18. (1M)
18-8 = 10
j) Write the electron arrangement of oxygen-18. [1 M]
2.6
k) State two different physical properties between oxygen-16 and oxygen-17. (2M)
Melting point // boiling point // density
l) Will the two isotopes of oxygen react the same way when heated with iron? Explain why. (3M)
yes
both isotopes have the same electron arrangement / valence electron
have same chemical properties
m) Write the chemical equation between oxygen-16 and carbon. (2M)
C + O2 → CO2

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 6

Forecast SPM Question 4

Mass of empty combustion tube =16.82 g

Mass of combustion tube + Cu oxide =18.27 g
Mass of combustion tube + Cu =17.98 g

The diagram shows the setup of apparatus to determine the empirical formula of copper oxide.
The following results were obtained from the experiment:
a) Name the chemical substances W, Y and Z used in Diagram 3. [3M]
W: Hydrochloric acid , Y: Magnesium, Z: Anhydrous Calcium Chloride

b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction used to produce hydrogen gas? [1M]
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

c) Determine the empirical formula of copper oxide. [3M] [Relative atomic mass: 0=16, Cu=64]
Element Cu O
Mass (g) 17.98-16.82= 1.16 18.27 – 17.98 = 0.29

NOM (mol) 1.16 0.29

= 1.8125 = 1.8125
64 16

Ratio 1.8125 1.8125

=1 =1
1.8125 1.8125

Empirical formula = CuO

d) What is the function of Z? Suggest another chemical to replace Z. [2M]

To absorb water vapour and dry the hydrogen gas. Concentrated sulphuric acid.

e) Why is hydrogen gas passed through the combustion tube for few minutes before heating (Precaution)? [1M]
To ensure all air in combustion is removed from combustion tube

f) State observation at combustion tube in this experiment. [1M]

Black solid turn brown.

g) Write chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen and oxide of copper[1M]
H2 + CuO → Cu + H2O

h) Before copper oxide is heated, hydrogen gas is allowed to pass through the apparatus until all the air in the
combustion tube is completely removed. How are you going to ensure that all the air has been removed? [2M]
the gas that comes out from the small hole is collected in a test tube.
Then, the gas is tested with a lighted wooden splinter.
If the gas burns quietly without a 'pop' sound, then all the air has been totally removed from the combustion tube

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 7

Forecast SPM Question 5
A student carries out an experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. Diagram 3 shows
the apparatus set-up of the experiment

a) What is meant by the empirical formula?

The empirical formula is a chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each
element in a compound

b) Give a reason why the crucible lid cannot be left open during the heating
To prevent the white fumes of magnesium oxide from escaping

c)
I. Explain on how to ensure that the reaction has completed
The heating, cooling and weighing processes are repeated until a constant mass is obtained

II. List two precaution steps that must be taken during the heating process
The lid must be opened at intervals to allow oxygen gas to enter to react with Magnesium
The crucible is then quickly covered again with the lid to prevent escaping of white fume of magnesium
oxide

d) List two precaution steps that must be taken during the heating process
Description Mass (g)
Crucible + lid 28.5
Crucible + lid + magnesium powder 31.5
Crucible + lid + magnesium after heating 33.5
Based on Table 3, complete the table below and determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
[Relative atomic mass: 0 = 16, Mg = 24]

Element Mg O
Mass (g) 31.5 - 28.5 = 3.0 33.5 - 31.5 = 2.0

Number of moles 3 2
24
= 0.125 16
= 0.125

Ratio 1 1

The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO

e) Why is this method not suitable to determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide?
Copper is less reactive towards oxygen and the reaction with copper and oxygen is very slow

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 8

Forecast SPM Question 6
Four elements from the Periodic Table of Elements are given as below.

a) In which group of the Periodic Table are these elements located? (1M)
Group 1
b) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of potassium (1M)
2.8.8.1
c) Sodium reacts with chlorine to form a compound.
I. State the chemical equation for this reaction. (1M)
Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
II. Draw a diagram to show the apparatus set-up to carry out this reaction (2M)

III. State the observation for the above experiment. (2M)

Burn rapidly with yellow flame
White fume produced and turn to white solid

d) Which element above is the most reactive? Why? (4M)

Rubidium.
Rubidium atom has biggest size.
The single valence electron become furthest away from the nucleus of Rubidium atom
The force of attraction between the single valence electron and nucleus of Rubidium atom become weakest
It is become easier for Rubidium atom release one valence electron to achieve stable octet electron
arrangement.

e) Potassium burn with oxygen to produce a white powder.

I. Write the chemical equation involve? (1M)
4K + O2 → 2K2O
II. the white powder dissolve water to form a colourless solution. Write the chemical equation. (1M)
K2O + H2O → 2KOH

f) How is Lithium, Sodium and potassium store in the lab? (1M)

Keep in paraffin oil

g) What is the precaution when handle alkali metal (1M)

Do not hold the alkali metals with your bare hands
Wear safety goggles and gloves during the experiment.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 9

Forecast SPM Question 7
Table 1 shows a few physical properties of three halogens

Halogen Proton number Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C)

Chlorine 17 -101 -35
Bromine 36 -7 58
Iodine 53 114 183
a) Which group do the halogens belong to in the Periodic Table of Elements?
17

b) Explain why the melting and boiling points of the halogens increase down the group.
When going down the group 17, molecular size increase.
The force of attraction between molecule become stronger.
More heat energy is required to overcome the stronger force of attraction between molecule.

c) What is the precaution when handle halogen in the lab (1M)

Carry out experiment in fume chamber

d) Iodine is below bromine in Group 17. Which of the two elements, iodine or bromine, is more reactive? Explain
your answer. (3M)
Iodine is less reactive than bromine
Iodine atom has bigger size than bromine atom.
The strength of the nucleus of Iodine atom to attract electron is weaker.
Hence, It is harder for Iodine atom to attract one electron into outermost occupied shell to achieve stable octet
electron arrangement.

e) Diagram 5.3 shows the set-up of apparatus used to study the reaction of chlorine gas with water and sodium
hydroxide solution.

I. State one observation that can be seen for both of the reactions that occur in beaker A and beaker B.
(2M)
In Beaker A, blue litmus paper turn red then bleached to white
In Beaker B, blue litmus paper is bleached to white
II. Write the chemical equations for the reactions that occur in beaker A and beaker B. (4M)
Beaker A: Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HOCl
Beaker B: Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
III. State one precaution that must be taken while carrying out the experiment (1M)
The experiment must be carried out in a fume chamber as chlorine gas is toxic.
IV. If the experiment is repeated using bromine gas to replace chlorine gas, compare the solubility of the
two gases in water (1M)
Chlorine gas is more soluble in water than bromine gas

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 10

Forecast SPM Question 8
a) Table 2 shows proton numbers for certain elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table of Elements.

I. Write the chemical formula for an element which can form a basic oxide when react with oxygen.
Na// Mg

II. Write the electron arrangement for aluminium ion

2.8

III. Compare the atomic size between sodium and chlorine. Explain your answer.
The size of chlorine atom is smaller than sodium atom
Chlorine atom has higher proton number and higher positive charge in nucleus than sodium atom
The strength of the nucleus to attract electrons in chlorine atom is stronger than sodium atom
Hence, electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus of chlorine atom

b) State the element that exists as diatomic molecule.

Chlorine

c) State the element that can form an amphoteric oxide.

Aluminium

d) Which element is a semi-metal?

Silicon

e) Explain why the electronegativity increases across the period from the left to right.
The atomic size decreases across the period from left to right.
When going across the period, the proton number increase cause the positive charge of nucleus increase
The strength of the nucleus to attract electrons become stronger
Hence, electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus

f) Sodium burns in oxygen to form sodium oxide

i. Write the chemical equation for the reaction
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

ii. Sodium oxide dissolve in water to form a solution. Write the equation.
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

iii. State the colour change of the litmus paper when it is placed in the solution
Red to blue

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 11

Forecast Question 9

Diagram below shows the electron arrangements of two compounds, X and Y.

a) Write the electron arrangement of element P. (1M)

2.8.2

b) State the position of element Q in the Periodic Table of Elements. (2M)

Group 16, Period 2

c) State the type of bond that is formed between P and Q in compound X. (1M)
Ionic bond

d) What is the proton number of atom R? (1M)

6

e) State the type of bond that is formed between R and Q in compound Y. (1M)
Covalent bond

f) Compare the melting points between compounds X and Y. Explain your answer. (3m)
The melting point of compound X is higher than compound Y.
compound Y has low melting point because small amount of heat energy is required to overcome the weak
intermolecular force between molecule.
compound X has high melting point because a lot of heat energy is required to overcome the strong electrostatic
force between ions

g) Predict the electrical conductivity of compound X. Explain your answer. (3M)

Compound X can conduct electric in molten state or aqueous solution, but do not conduct electric in solid state.
In solid state, ions are in fixed position in the crystal lattice structure.
In molten state or aqueous solution, ions can move freely to carry electrical charges

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 12

Forecast SPM Question 18

The flow chart in Diagram 5 below shows the steps involved in a chemical process.

a) Name the chemical process.

Contact process
b) How do you carry out step I? Write a chemical equation for the reaction
Burn sulphur powder in air
S + O2 → SO2
c)
I. Name the catalyst X used in step II.
Vanadium(V) oxide
II. State the temperature and pressure needed to carry out step II.
450°C
III. Write an equation for the reaction in step II.
2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO2
d) How do you carry out step III? Write a chemical equation for the reaction
Dissolve sulphur trioxide gas in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum
H2SO4 + SO3 → H2S2O7
e) How do you carry out step IV? Write a chemical equation for the reaction
Dilute oleum with water
H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4
f) State one use of sulphuric acid.
Used as electrolyte in accumulator

The Diagram 8 below shows the

reaction involved in the
production of Z in industry

g)
I. Complete the
following Table 4 related to processes X and Y (2M)
Process Catalyst Temperature /°C Pressure/ atm
X Iron 450 - 550 200
Y Vanadium (V) Oxide 450 - 550 1
II. Write a balanced chemical equation for the process X.
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
III. Name the 3 raw materials for the reaction Y. (2M)
Sulphur/oxygen / water / sulphuric acid

h) Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid through reaction P to produce compound Z.

I. Write a balanced chemical equation for reaction P.
2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4
II. What is the type of reaction that takes place?
Neutralisation

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 13

Forecast SPM Question 19

The following information is about alloys.

Brass and pewter are two examples of alloys

Brass is made up of copper as the major component and another element.
Brass is harder than pure copper
a) Name the element added to copper to form brass.
Zinc
b) What type of particles is present in pure copper?
Atom
c) Draw an arrangement of the particles in (2M)
I. Pure copper

II. Brass

d) Explain why brass is harder than pure copper (4M)

Pure copper only consists of copper atoms which are of the same size and arranged in an orderly manner.
When force is applied, the layers of copper atoms slide easily.
In brass, zinc atoms are present as foreign atoms which are of different sizes and disturb the orderly
arrangement of copper atoms.
Thus, when force is applied, the layers of copper atoms do not slide easily.
e)
I. Name the major component of pewter.
Tin

II. Besides its hardness, state another purpose of alloying to produce pewter.
To prevent the corrosion of metals/To improve the appearance of pure metals
a) State two aims of making alloys.
Improve the appearance of a pure metal
Increase the resistance to corrosion of a pure metal
Increase the strength & hardness of a pure metal

b) What is meant by alloy?

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major component
must be a metal

c) What is the advantage of duralumin compared to its main component?

Stronger, harder and does not tarnish easily compared to aluminium.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 14

Forecast SPM Question 20

a) Glass and ceramic are widely used in our daily life. Name the main component of glass and ceramic. Give a
reason why glass is used in laboratory apparatus instead of metal. Substance X is an important component of
borosilicate glass. Name the substance X and give a special property of borosilicate glass compared the others
glass. (4M)
Silica/ silicon dioxide
Glass is transparent unlike ceramic.
Boron oxide
Resistant to heat when heated to high temperature
b) Diagram 3.2 shows a frying pan and a water pipe that Joong Kook bought at the supermarket

State the type of glass and polymer to make the glass lid and the water pipe. Give a reason to each of your
answer based on the property of each material
Borosilicate glass
High resistant to heat // more resistant to chemical attack.
Polyvinyl chloride
It does not rust
c) Table 7 shows five different manufactured substances in industry, V, W, X, Y and Z, and their uses.
Manufactured substances in Uses
industry
V To make glass cookware and boiling tubes
W To make internal wall of the furnace
X To make helmets and water storage tanks
Y To make medals and statues
Z To make the body of aeroplanes

Based on Table 7, state the names of V,W, X, Y and Z.

Give the specific properties of each of the substances to support your answers. (10M)
V is Borosilicate glass. It able to withstand high temperatures and chemical reaction
W is ceramic. It Able to withstand high temperatures
X is fibre glass. It is strong and light.
Y is bronze. It is hard and shiny.
Z is duralumin. It is light and strong.

d) When Silver bromide is added to glass. What is the name of the glass? What is the special feature of the glass
Photochromic Glass. The glass is sensitive to light intensity. Exposed to sunlight → glass darken. Light intensity
decrease → glass become clear

e) The following table shows two types of manufactured substances and their components
Category of manufactured substance Type of manufactured substance Components
Glass Lead glass P, sodium oxide and lead(II) oxide
Composite material Reinforced concrete Concrete and Q
I. State the name of substance P.
Silicon dioxide / Silica
II. What are the characteristics of decorative items made of lead glass?
Decorative items made from lead glass are sparkling and bright.
III. Q is an alloy for making reinforced concrete. State the name of Q
steel

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 15

Forecast SPM Question 21

The following equation shows how soap can be prepared.

Palm oil + potassium hydroxide → substance Y + soap
a)
i. What is the name of this process?
Saponification

ii. State the name of substance Y.

Glycerol

iii. Sodium chloride is added to the soap mixture to complete this process. Explain why.
To reduce the solubility of soap in water

b) Two cleaning agents, P and Q are used to wash clothes in hard water and soft water. Table 2 shows the results
obtained.
Cleaning agent Hard water Soft water
P Forms scum Does not form scum
Q Does not form scum Does not form scum
i. State the type of cleaning agents P and Q.
Cleaning agent P: Soap
Cleaning agent Q: Detergent

ii. What is the meaning of scum?

A white precipitate formed when soap reacts with magnesium or calcium ions

iii. What are the two ions in hard water that cause the formation of scum?
Calcium ion
Magnesium ion

iv. State one advantage of cleaning agent P compared to Q.

P is biodegradable

c) Diagram 4.1 shows part of the washing action of detergent particles on a grease stained cloth.

i. State the part of the detergent particle that is soluble in grease

Hydrophobic part

ii. Based on Diagram 4.1, explain the washing action of detergent particles on greasy stains
Sulphonate ion that is a hydrophilic part dissolves in water.
Long hydrocarbon tail that is a hydrophobic part dissolves in grease.
Detergent ions reduce the surface tension of water.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 16

Forecast SPM Question 22

Table 2 shows information on four different types of food additives

a) Complete Table 2.
W: Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
X: Antioxidants
Y: Stabilisers
Z: To thicken food
b) Diagram 2 shows a pack of chicken sausages that uses sodium nitrate as food additive.

I. State how sodium nitrate works as food additive

By slowing down the growth of microorganisms

II. Give one other example of food that uses sodium nitrate as food additive
Burger patties/Luncheon meat

c) The following information is written on the label at the back of a soft drink can.

Based on the label shown, classify the types of food additives used in this soft drink. (4M)
Substance Type of food additive
Aspartame Sweetener
Tartrazine Colouring
Octyl butanoate Flavouring
Citric acid Antioxidant

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 17

Forecast SPM Question 23

Table 1 shows two examples of modern medicine

a) Complete Table 1.
Analgesics
Antibiotics

b) Diagram 1 shows the structural formula of aspirin

I. Aspirin is not suitable for a child less than 3 years old. Briefly
explain why.
Because aspirin is acidic and can cause stomach bleeding.

II. In Diagram 1, circle the part on the aspirin structural formula

that is responsible for the reason given in (b)(i).

III. Name a substitute for aspirin that is suitable for a child less than 3 years old.
Paracetamol

IV. Codeine is another medicine of the same class as aspirin. State one side effect that can be caused by
excessive consumption of codeine.
Causes addiction

c) When a doctor prescribed a patient with antibiotics, the doctor will instruct the patient to finish up all the
antibiotics
I. State the reason for the instruction by the doctor.
To make sure all bacteria are killed and destroyed.

II. What will happen if the patient failed to follow the instruction
The patient may be attacked by the same sickness again because the bacteria has became resistant to
the antibiotic.

d) Psychotherapeutic medicine is another class of modern medicine. State the function of the medicine
To change the emotion and behavior of the patient.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 18

Forecast SPM Question 24
An experiment was conducted to investigate decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with a catalyst at a certain
concentration. Some manganese (IV) oxide is added to 25.0 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution. The volume
of oxygen gas evolved is measured every 30 seconds. The experiment is then repeated without using
manganese (IV) oxide. Table 2 shows the results of the experiments.
Experiment I 20.0 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide in a conical flask.
Experiment II 5.0 g of manganese (IV) oxide + 20.0cm3 of hydrogen peroxide in a conical flask.

a) State the definition of a catalyst. (1M)

A catalyst is a substance which alter the rate of reaction while itself remains unchanged at the end of the
reaction.

b) Write an equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (1M)

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

c) Explain how a catalyst can affect the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (2M)
Manganese (IV) Oxide provide alternative pathway which required lower the activation energy.
More hydrogen peroxide molecules are able to achieve the lower activation energy.
Frequency of effective collision between hydrogen peroxide molecule increase
Hence, rate of reaction increase

d) Suggest two other methods which can be used to increase the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
(2M)
Heat the hydrogen peroxide solution to increase the temperature
Use a higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution

e) Draw the profile energy diagram to show the activation energy for both the experiments.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 19

Forecast SPM Question 25
A group of students carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of reaction between
hydrochloric acid and zinc. Table 8.1 shows the results of the experiments.

Experiment Reactants Time taken to collect 40 cm3

of hydrogen gas (s)
I 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + zinc granule + a few 90
drops of copper(II) sulphate solution
II 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + zinc granule 150
III 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid + zinc granule 270

a) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and Experiment II.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 40𝑐𝑚3
Average Rate of Reaction for experiment I = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 90𝑠 = 0.44 cm3 s-1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 40𝑐𝑚3
Average Rate of Reaction for experiment II = = = 0.27 cm3 s-1
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 150𝑠

b) On the same axis , sketch the graph for the three sets of experiments for the liberation of 40 cm3 of hydrogen
gas

c) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2
d) Based on Table 8.1, compare the rate of reaction between
Experiment I and Experiment II
Experiment II and Experiment III
Explain the difference in the rate of reaction based on the Collision Theory. (10M)
Experiment I and Experiment II
Rate of reaction for Experiment I is higher than rate of reaction for Experiment II.
This is because copper (II) sulphate solution acts as positive catalyst which provide an alternative pathway with
lower activation energy.
More zinc atom and Hydrogen ion able to achieve the lower activation energy
Frequency of collision between zinc atom and Hydrogen ion is higher
frequency of effective collision between zinc atom and Hydrogen ion is higher.

Experiment II and Experiment III

Rate of reaction for Experiment II is higher than rate of reaction for Experiment III.
This is because the concentration of hydrochloric acid used in Experiment II is higher.
the number of Hydrogen ion per volume is higher.
Frequency of collision between zinc atom and Hydrogen ion is higher
frequency of effective collision between zinc atom and Hydrogen ion is higher.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 20

Forecast SPM Question 26
Two experiments are conducted to investigate the factor that affects the rate of reaction for Experiment I and
Experiment II respectively.
Experiment I: 3 g marble granules + 25 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid
Experiment II: 3 g marble powder + 25 cm31.0 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid
Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 show the result obtained from Experiment I and Experiment II.
Experiment I

Experiment II

a)
I. State the name the gas released from both experiment (1M)
Carbon Dioxide gas

II. Describe a chemical test to verify the gas in (a) (i). (2M)
Procedure: Bubble the gas release through limewater.
Observation: The limewater turns cloudy
b)
I. Referring to Table 5.1 and Table 5.2; calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and
Experiment II. (2M)
Experiment I Experiment II
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Average rate of reaction = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Average rate of reaction = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
35 = 35120
= 140
= 0.29 cm3 s-1
= 0.25 cm3 s-1

II. Compare the rate of reaction of Experiment I and Experiment II. (1M)
Rate of reaction for Experiment II is higher than Experiment I.
III. Explain your answer in (b) (ii) referring to the collision theory. (3M)
In Experiment II, total surface area of calcium carbonate is bigger.
Frequency of collision between calcium carbonate and hydrogen ion is higher.
Frequency of effective collision between calcium carbonate and hydrogen ions is higher.

c) Sketch the graph of the volume of gas produced against time for both experiments on the same axis. (2M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 21

Forecast SPM Question 27
Diagram 4 shows the reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and sulphuric acid in a conical flask which is
placed on a white paper with a mark of 'X'. When the 'X' disappeared from view, stopwatch is stopped
immediately and the time is recorded.

a)
I. Name the precipitate that causes the 'X' cannot be viewed.
Sulphur
II. What is the colour of the precipitate?
Yellow
III. Write the chemical equation for this reaction
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + S + SO2 + H2O
IV. Write the ionic equation for this reaction.
S2O32- + 2H+ → S + SO2 + H2O
V. Calculate the mass of precipitate formed in this reaction.
Given that the relative atomic mass of Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16 and H = 1.
𝑀𝑉 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
NOM of H2SO4 = NOM of S =
1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
(0.1)(20) 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 1000 0.002 =
32
= 0.002 mol 0.064 g = mass

From the equation, 1 mol Na2S2O3 produce 1 mol S

Therefore, 0.002 mol Na2S2O3 produce 0.002 mol S

b) Explain the effect of concentration of Na2S2O3 on the rate of reaction based on the collision theory.
The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution
the higher the number of thiosulphate ions and hydrogen ions per unit volume
The frequency of collisions between thiosulphate ions and hydrogen ions is higher
The frequency of effective collisions is also higher
Therefore the rate of reaction is higher

c)
I. Sketch a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate against time.
𝟏
II. Sketch a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate against 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 22

 Essay Zone
(60%)
F4C6 Electrochemistry
F4C7 Acid and Base
F4C8 Salt
F5C2 Carbon Compound
F5C3 Redox Reaction
F5C4 Thermochemistry

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 23

Forecast SPM Question 10a

An electrolysis process is carried out using the arrangement of apparatus as shown in Diagram

a) Name the electrodes that serve as the anode. (2M)

Electrode L and electrode S.

b) Write the formulae of all the ions present in beaker I. (2M)

Cu2+ , SO42- , H+, OH-

c) Write the ionic equation that occurs at (2M)

I. electrode L
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-

II. electrode M
Cu2+ + 2e-→ Cu

d) What is the product of electrolysis formed at (2M)

I. electrode R?
Copper metal

II. electrode S?
Oxygen Gas

e) Predict any colour change of the solution that may occur in beakers I after electrolysis has been carried out for
an hour. Explain why(3M)
Intensity of blue colour in beaker I is constant.
Because the concentration of copper (II) ions remain unchanged.
Because the rate of copper metal dissolve into solution to form copper (II) ion at anode same with the rate of
copper (II) ions discharge to form copper metal at cathode

f) Predict any colour change of the solution that may occur in beaker II after electrolysis has been carried out for
an hour. Explain why(3M)
Intensity of blue colour in beaker II decreases.
Because the concentration of copper (II) ions decrease
Because copper (II) ions discharge to form copper metal at cathode

g) Name instrument Q in the diagram. What is the function of instrument Q? (2M)

Rheostat. To control electric current of the circuit

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 24

Forecast SPM Question 10b

Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show the apparatus set-up of two electrolytic cells which use different electrolytes.

a) State the energy changes that occur in the electrolytic cells.

Electrical energy to chemical energy

b) Based on Diagram 1.1,

I. Why does the bulb light up when solid lead(II) bromide is heated? Explain
Ions in lead (II) bromide solid are in fixed position in crystal lattice structure.
There is no free moving ion to carry electrical charge

II. Write the formula of all the ions present in lead(II) bromide.
Pb2+ , Br-, H+, OH-

III. State the observation at the cathode

Grey solid is formed

IV. Write the half-equation at the cathode.

Pb2+ + 2e- → Pb

c) Based on Diagram 1.2,

I. State the anode electrode
Carbon L
II. Write the observation at the anode
Colourless gas bubbles formed
III. Write the half-equation at the anode
4OH- → 2H2O + O2 + 4e-
d) In Diagram 1.2, the carbon electrodes are replaced with silver electrodes and the electrolysis is held for 20
minutes. State the observation at the anode. Explain the observation.
The silver electrode becomes thinner.
The silver electrode releases electrons to form silver ions.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 25

Forecast SPM Question 11

Diagram 5 shows the apparatus set-up to study a chemical cell

a) State all the ions present in Beaker A.

Mg2+ , NO3-, H+, OH-

b) Dilute sulphuric acid is used as the salt bridge in the cell. Suggest another chemical substance that can replace
sulphuric acid.
Potassium nitrate solution/ sodium chloride solution/ potassium chloride solution (any soluble salt)

c) Write the half-equations for the reactions that occur at both terminals
I. Negative terminal
Mg → Mg2+ + 2e-

II. Positive terminal

Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu

d) The voltmeter reading in Diagram 5 is 2.7V

I. Predict the potential difference if copper electrode is replaced with silver.
Higher than 2.7V

II. Give the reason for your answer in (d)(i)

The distance between magnesium and silver is further than magnesium and copper in electrochemical
series

e) The magnesium and magnesium nitrate solution in Diagram 5 are replaced with silver and silver nitrate
solution.
I. State the flow of electrons in the cell
From copper electrode to silver electrode through the external circuit

II. Write the ionic equation for the reaction that occurs in the cell.
Cu + 2Ag+ → Cu2+ + 2Ag

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 26

Forecast SPM Question 12

Diagram 1 shows the set-up of a simple chemical cell

using two metal electrodes X and Y. The voltage of the
cell is recorded. The experiment is repeated using
different pairs of metal electrodes.

Table 1 below shows the results obtained

a) For the cell using X and Y metal electrodes, state

the direction of the flow of electrons.
From electrode Y (negative terminal) to electrode X
(positive terminal)
b) State a hypothesis for the above experiment
The further apart the two metals in the electrochemical series, the higher the voltage obtained.
c) Arrange the metals V} W, X, Y and Z in decreasing order in the electrochemical series
V, Y, X, W, Z

d) A chemical cell is set up using the metals Z and V electrodes

I. state the negative terminal of the cell
V
II. calculate the voltage of the cell obtained
2.00 + 1.45 = 3.45 V

e) If metals W and Y are used as electrodes

I. calculate the voltage of the cell obtained
0.55 + 0.70= 1.25 V

II. state the positive terminal of the cell.

Electrode W

III. state the direction of flow of electron

From metal Y to metal W

f) Three chemical cells are set up using different pairs of metals, with each metal dipping into an aqueous
solution of its ions.

I. State the energy change occurring in these cells

Chemical energy is changed to electrical energy
II. Based on the information from the diagrams, deduce the order of electropositivity of the four metals.
manganese, zinc, cobalt and tin.
The metal that corrodes or dissolves is the more electropistive metal.
The larger the voltmeter reading, the further apart the two metals are in the electrochemical series.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 27

Forecast SPM Question 12a

The diagram shows the circuit for Cell I and Cell II.

a) State the
I. the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the two cells.
Cell I: Positive terminal: copper plate Negative Terminal: zinc plate
Cell II: Positive terminal: P Negative Terminal: Q

II. the direction of electron flow.

From Zinc plate to copper plate Q through external circuit

b)
I. State the observation at the zinc electrode in Cell I.
Zinc plate dissolve into solution and become thinner

II. Explain your answer in (b)(i). Write a half-equation for the reaction at the zinc electrode
Zinc is more electropositive than copper.
Zinc will ionize to form zinc ions
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-

c) Based on Cell II:

I. State the ions present in copper(II) nitrate solution.
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu

II. State the observation for the copper(II) nitrate solution.

Intensity of blue copper of the solution remain the same

III. Write the half-equation for the reaction at electrode Q

Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu

d) How would you modify the set-up of the apparatus to electroplate an iron spoon with copper
Replace electrode Q with the iron spoon

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 28

Forecast SPM Question 13a

Type of acid Concentration pH value

Ethanoic acid 0.1 mol dm-3 3.0
Nitric acid 0.1 mol dm-3 1.0

a) Explain why the pH values of these two acids are different. [4M]
ethanoic acid is a weak acid while nitric acid is a strong acid.
Ethanoic acid ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ions.
Nitric acid ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ions.
The lower the concentration of hydrogen ions, the higher the pH value.
Hence, the pH value of ethanoic acid is higher than nitric acid.

The diagram shows the titration of sodium hydroxide solution

with sulphuric acid.

A few drops of phenolphthalein are added to 25.0 cm3 of the

sodium hydroxide solution in a conical flask. The sodium
hydroxide solution is then titrated with 0.2 mol dm-3 of sulphuric
acid

a)
i. What is the reaction involved in this titration?
Neutralisation
ii. State the name of the salt formed in this reaction
Sodium sulphate
b)
i. What is the function of phenolphthalein?
As an indicator to determine the end-point of the titration
ii. State the colour change of phenolphthalein at the end-point
Pink to colourless
iii. State the precaution that should be taken just before the end-point.
The sulphuric acid should be added slowly drop by drop
c)
i. Write a chemical equation for the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

ii. 10.0 cm3 of sulphuric acid has been added when the end-point is reached. Calculate the concentration
of the sodium hydroxide solution.
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 𝑏
(0.2)(10) 1
𝑀𝑏(25) 2
=
Mb = 0.16 mol dm-3

d) The sulphuric acid is replaced with ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, of the same concentration
i. Write an equation for the reaction
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

ii. What is the volume of ethanoic acid required to reach the end point?
20 cm3

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 29

Forecast SPM Question 13b

Table 7.3 shows the apparatus set-up and observations of two sets of experiment.

The aim of the experiment is to study the electrical conductivity and one property of acid when hydrogen chloride
is dissolved in solvent X and solvent Y.

Set I
Apparatus
Set Up

Observation Bulb Light Up Bulb does not light up

Set II
Apparatus
Set Up

Observation Colourless Gas release No Change

Based on Table 7.3,

I. suggest solvent X and solvent Y (2M)

Solvent X is distilled water. Solvent Y is methylbenzene

II. explain the differences in the observations for both sets of experiment. Write one chemical equation
involved (8M)
In Set I
The bulb light up for hydrogen chloride in solvent X.
Hydrogen chloride ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions and chloride ions.
The free moving ions help to conduct electricity.
The bulb does not light up when hydrogen chloride in solvent Y
Hydrogen chloride remain as neutral molecule in methylbenzene.
There is no free moving ions to carry electrical charge

In Set II
Colourless gas release for hydrogen chloride in solvent X.
Hydrogen chloride ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions which react with calcium carbonate to
produce carbon dioxide gas.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 30

Forecast SPM Question 14

Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment involving hydrogen chloride gas.

a) Name the drying agent W used to dry hydrogen chloride gas. (1M)
Anhydrous calcium chloride

b) What is the function of the filter funnel? (1M)

To prevent the solution from being sucked back into the U-tube

The dry hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in solvent X and solvent Y. The two solutions obtained are tested with
marble chips. Table 2 shows the result of the tests.
Solution Observation
Hydrogen chloride gas dissolved in solvent X. No change
Hydrogen chloride gas dissolved in solvent Y. Effervescence. A colourless gas P is released.
c) Name solvent X and Solvent Y (2M)
X: Methylbenzene Y: Water
d) Name gas P formed (1M)
Carbon dioxide gas
e) Explain why the solution of hydrogen chloride dissolved in solvent X does not react with marble chips whereas
the solution of hydrogen chloride dissolved in solvent Y reacts. (3M)
In Methylbenzene, the hydrogen chloride remain as covalent molecules.
There are no hydrogen ions present in the solution to react with marble.
In water, the hydrogen chloride ionises to produce H+ ions which then react with marble to produce CO2 gas.

a) Describe one chemical test that can be used to identify the presence of an acid. Your answer should consist of
the following: [6M]
• Procedures of the experiment including the test to identify the gas liberated.
• Chemical equations
• Observation

Procedure 1
1. Pour 2 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 of hydrochloric acid into a test tube.
2. Add 2g of zinc powder into the test tube.
3. Bring a burning wooden splinter to the mouth of the test tube
4. Chemical equation : 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
5. Observation : A Pop sound is produced
6. Gas release is hydrogen gas

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 31

Forecast SPM Question 14

Diagram 7.2 shows the pH values of acids HX, H2Y and HZ with the same concentration.

Other than ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid. Suggest the formula of acids HX, H2Y and HZ. (3M)
HX : HNO3 H2Y : H2SO4 HZ: CH3COOH

Compare and explain why (5M)

i) the pH value of acid H2Y is lower than acid HX.
H2Y is diprotic acid and HX is monoprotic acid.
Concentration of H+ ion in H2Y is higher than in HX
The higher the concentration of H+ ion the lower the pH value

ii) the pH value of acid HZ is higher than acid HX.

HZ is a weak acid which ionise partially in water produce lower concentration of H+ ions
HX is a strong acid which ionise completely in water produce higher concentration of H+ ion
The lower the concentration of H+ ion the higher the pH value

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 32

Forecast SPM Question 15

a) Diagram 9 shows a flow chart of zinc salts.

All the three salts, ZnSO4, ZnCl2

and Zn(NO3)2, in Diagram 9 can
be converted to ZnCO3 by
reaction I, then ZnCO3 reacts
with acid W to form a zinc salt
through reaction II.
I. By choosing one of the
three salts in Diagram 9,
suggest solution R to
prepare zinc carbonate,
ZnCO3. Write the
chemical equation
involved and describe a
laboratory experiment
to prepare zinc carbonate, ZnCO3.
The salt chosen is ZnCl2
ZnCl2 + Na2CO3 → ZnCO3 + 2NaCl
1. 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 zinc chloride solution is measured with a measuring cylinder and pour into a
beaker.
2. 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution is measured with a measuring cylinder and poured
into same beaker.
3. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod.
4. Filter the mixture using filter funnel and filter paper to obtain the salt crystal.
5. The salt crystal is rinsed with distilled water and dried by pressing the salt crystal between sheets of
filter papers.

II. Suggest acid W to prepare any one of the three zinc salt in Diagram 9. Write a chemical equation
involved and describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt. (8M)
Use sulphuric acid to prepare ZnSO4 through the following reaction
H2SO4 + ZnCO3 → ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2
1. 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid measure using measuring cylinder is put into a beaker.
2. The acid is heated slowly
3. Using a spatula, Zinc carbonate powder is added bit by bit to the heated acid while stirring with
glass rod until the powder cannot dissolves anymore.
4. The unreacted powder is removed by filtration using filter funnel and filter paper
5. The filtrate is heated in an evaporating dish until 1/3 of its original volume to obtain a saturated
solution.
6. The hot saturated salt solution is allowed to cool for crystallisation to occur
7. The crystals formed are filtered out, rinse with a little distilled water and dried between sheets of
filter paper.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 33

Forecast SPM Question 16

a) Table 10.1 shows the information on action of heat for two lead salts, P and Q.

Based on Table 10.1, identify residue R, gas A, gas B and gas C.

Write the chemical formulae for salt P and salt Q. (6M)
R is lead(II) oxide Gas A is carbon dioxide Gas B is nitrogen dioxide Gas C is oxygen
The chemical formula for P is PbCO3 The chemical formula for Q is Pb(NO3)2
b) Diagram 5.2 shows a series of reactions involving salt P.

I. state the name of gas Y.

Carbon dioxide
II. draw the labelled diagram for the apparatus set-up used for heating salt P in Reaction I. In your
diagram, show how to verify the gas released

III. determine solid Q.

Zinc oxide
IV. identify R.
Zinc nitrate

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 34

Forecast SPM Question 17

Table 10 shows the ions in unpolluted river water in River A.

a) A factory accidently flowed the waste water industry into River A. Besides the ions stated in Table 10, suggest
one cation and one anion in the waste water that cause the river water cloudy. Explain your answer and write
the ionic equation involved (6M)

Cation : Ba2+
Anion : CO32-
Ba2+ reacts with SO42- ion to form insoluble salt
Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4
CO32- reacts with Ca2+ to form insoluble salt
Ca2+ + CO32- → CaCO3

Diagram 8 shows a pie chart which containing the percentages of ions present in sea water.

b) Salt consists of the combination between positive ion and negative ion. Based on the information in Diagram
8,
suggest two salts that are present in the sea water other than common salt, NaCl. Describe a chemical test to
verify one anion presents in the suggested salt.
Magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate
Chemical test for chloride ions:
1. 2 cm3 of sea water is pour into a test tube
2. Add 2cm3 of nitric acid
3. Followed by 2cm3 of silver nitrate solution.
4. White precipitate is formed show the presence of chloride ions

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 35

Forecast SPM Question 28
Diagram 7 shows the structural formulae of hydrocarbon of
compounds P and Q.

a) Describe briefly a chemical test to differentiate between

compound P and Q (3M)
Ethene, Propene, Butene Pentene, Hexene, Heptene, Octene
Ethane, Propane, Butane Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane
3
1. Add 2.0 cm of bromine water into 2 different 1. Add 2.0 cm3 of liquid P & liquid Q into 2 different
test tube. test tube.
2. Bubble the gas P and gas Q through the bromine 2. A few drops of bromine water is added to both
water respectively test tube
3. Gas that decolourise the brown bromine water is 3. Liquid P will decolourise the brown bromine
gas P water
4. Gas that does not decolourise the brown bromine 4. Liquid Q does not decolourise the brown bromine
water is gas Q water

b) Table 4 shows the molecular formulae and boiling points for three compounds, which are members of a
homologous series.
Compound Molecular formula Boiling point (°C)
X C2H4 -103
Y C3H6 -48
Z C4H8 -6

i. Name the homologous series for these compounds.

alkene
ii. Write the general formula for this homologous series
CnH2n n=2,3,4…….
iii. Explain why the boiling point for the members of this homologous series increases when the number
of carbon atoms per molecule increases
As the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases, the size of the molecule also increases.
This results in stronger forces of attraction between molecules
More heat energy is required to overcome the force of attraction
Therefore, the boiling point increases.

c) Both butane and butene bum to produce sooty flame.

i. Determine which compound produces more soot. Explain your answer. [Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C
= 12] (4M)
Butane produces more soot when it is burnt. Percentage of carbon in butane is higher than butene

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛

% of carbon of butane = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶4𝐻10
x 100% % of carbon of butene = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶4𝐻8
x 100%
4(12) 4(12)
= 4(12)+10 x 100% = 4(12)+8 x 100%
= 85.71% = 82.76%

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 36

Forecast SPM Question 29
Table 8 shows the information of four organic compounds R, S, T and U.
Organic compound Information
R Has 4 carbon atoms
Contains carbon and hydrogen only
Decolourises brown colour of bromine water
S Has 4 carbon atoms
Contains carbon and hydrogen only
Does not decolourise the brown colour of bromine water
T Has 3 carbon atoms
Soluble in water
Reacts with zinc to produce hydrogen gas
U Has 3 carbon atoms
Soluble in water
Reacts with ethanoic acid to produce sweet smell
a) Determine the molecular formulae, homologous series and functional group for R,S,T,U. (10M)
Organic compound molecular formulae homologous series functional group
R C4H8 Alkene Carbon carbon double bond
S C4H10 Alkane Carbon carbon single bond
T C2H5COOH Carboxylic Acid Carboxyl group
U C3H7OH Alcohol Hydroxyl group

b) State three chemical properties of propanol and three chemical properties of propene (6M)
Compound F
1. Burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
2. Oxidised by acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution to a propanoic acid
3. Dehydrated by hot porcelain chip to propene
Compound G
1. Burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
2. Oxidised by acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution to a propane-1,2-diol
3. React with bromine water to form 1,2-dibromopropene
4. Hydration by Phosphoric acid to form propanol

e) Table 7 shows some information about three members of a homologous series

Member of homologous series Boiling point (°C) Preparation Oxidation product
Ethanol 78 C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH Ethanoic acid
Propanol 97 C3H6 + H2O → C3H7OH Propanoic acid
Butanol 118 C4H8 + H2O → C4H9OH Butanoic acid
Based on Table 7, state and explain five characteristics of a homologous series. (10M)
All members of the homologous series has the same functional group.
ethanol, propanol to butanol has functional group of hydroxyl group
All members of the homologous series has the same general formula.
General formula for ethanol, propanol to butanol is CnH2n+1OH, n= 1,2,3…..
All members of the homologous series show a gradual change in their physical properties
From ethanol, propanol to butanol, boiling point increase from 78⁰C to 118 ⁰C
All members of the homologous series has a similar method of preparation.
ethanol, propanol to butanol can prepare by hydration of alkene
All members of the homologous series has similar chemical properties.
ethanol, propanol to butanol can be oxidise to form carboxylic acid

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 37

Forecast SPM Question 30
a) Diagram 6.1 shows a flow chart for the formation of ethanoic acid starting from glucose

i. State the process to produce compound P (1M)

Fermentation
ii. State the name of compound P. (1M)
Ethanol
iii. Write a chemical equation for the formation of compound P from glucose. (2M)
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

b) Reaction between ethanoic acid and butanol produces ester Q.

i. Draw the structural formula of ester Q in the space provided below (1M)

ii. Describe briefly the preparation of ester Q in a laboratory. (3M)

About 2 cm3 of butan-1-ol and 2 cm3 of ethanoic acid are measured and pour into boiling tube
A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is added into the mixture.
The mixture is heated slowly until it boils gently for 2 minutes.

c) Diagram 7 shows the conversions of organic compound W to compound X and compound Y. (6M)

i. Draw a labelled diagram to show how to prepare and collect compound Y from compound W.

ii. State the condition and reagent used for the conversion of compound W to compound X and write
the chemical equation for the reaction
Catalyst: acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution
Heat the mixture under reflux for 30 minutes
C3H7OH + 2[O] → C2H5COOH + H2O

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 38

Forecast SPM Question 28 (Essay Theory)
Diagram 9 shows a series of reactions involving butene.

a) Butene reacts with bromine water to produce 1,2-dibromobutane.

I. Draw the structural formula of 1,2-dibromobutane.

II. Write a chemical equation for this reaction

C4H8 + Br2 → C4H8Br2
III. State the observation for this reaction. Explain your answer (6M)
The brown colour of bromine water is decolourised. But-1-ene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon and has a
double bond between the carbon atoms. But-1-ene undergoes addition reaction with bromine water, B2
b) The combustion of butane and butene in the air produce sooty flames
I. Which compound produce a more sooty flame? Explain your answer. [Relative atomic mass: C = 12, H = 1]
(5M)
Butene produces a more sooty flame
Percentage of carbon by mass in butane is higher than butene
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛
% of carbon of butane = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶4𝐻10
x 100% % of carbon of butene = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶4𝐻8
x 100%
4(12) 4(12)
= x 100% = x 100%
4(12)+10 4(12)+8
= 85.71% = 82.76%
II. Write a balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of butane. (1M)
13
C4H10 + 2
O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O
c) Butene has three isomers.
I. Explain the meaning of isomers (1M)
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
II. Draw and name two of the isomers of butene (4M)

d) Describe briefly a chemical test to differentiate between butane and butene (3M)
Ethene, Propene, Butene Pentene, Hexene, Heptene, Octene
Ethane, Propane, Butane Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane
1. Add 2.0 cm3 of bromine water into 2 different 1. Add 2.0 cm3 of Hexene & Hexane into 2 different
test tube. test tube.
2. Bubble the butene gas and butane gas through 2. A few drops of bromine water is added to both
the bromine water respectively test tube
3. Gas that decolourise the brown bromine water is 3. Hexene will decolourise the brown bromine
butene gas water
4. Gas that does not decolourise the brown bromine 4. Hexane does not decolourise the brown bromine
water is butane gas water

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 39

Forecast SPM Question 29 (Essay Theory)
Diagram 8 shows a series of reactions involving several organic compounds

a) Describe how reactions I, II, III and IV can be carried out. Your description must include the reagent required,
catalyst and conditions (if any) for the reactions to occur. (8M)
Reaction I can be carried out by reacting glucose with yeast.
Yeast produces zymase enzyme to convert glucose into ethanol.

Reaction II can be conducted by reacting ethanol with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution under reflux.

Reaction III can be done by passing the vapour of ethanol over hot porcelain chips

Reaction IV can be carried out by passing a mixture of ethene with hydrogen gas over nickel catalyst at 180°C.

b) Write the chemical equations for reactions I, II, III and IV (8M)
Reaction I: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Reaction II: C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O
Reaction III: C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
Reaction IV: C2H4 + H2 → C2H6

c) The organic compound P can be changed into

compounds Q and R as shown in the following
reaction scheme

Identify compounds P, Q and R. Use relevant

equations to help you explain your answer. (6M)
Compound Q is ethanol, C2H5OH.
Complete combustion of 1 mole of ethanol
produces 3 moles of water.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

Compound P is ethene,
Addition of steam to ethene in the presence of
phosphoric acid catalyst produces ethanol.
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

Compound R is ethanoic acid, CH3COOH. Acidified K2Cr2O7 oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid.
C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 40

Forecast SPM Question 31

Diagram 2 shows the set up of apparatus to investigate the reactions that take place in test tubes P and Q.
Bromine water is added to test tubes P and Q until no further change is observed.

a)
I. What is the colour of the solution formed in test tube P?
Brown colour

II. Describe a confirmatory test to identify the substance that gives the colour in (a)(i).
Add a few drops of starch solution into a test tube containing 2 cm3 of the solution formed.
A blue black precipitate is formed.

III. Write the change in the oxidation number of bromine in test tubes P.
Decrease from 0 to -1

IV. What is the function of bromine water in this experiment? State a reason to your answer
As an oxidising agent.
Because bromine molecule accepts electron.

V. Write ionic equation to represent the reaction that take place in test tube P.
Br2 + 2I- → 2Br- + I2

b) 1,1,1-trichloromethane is added to the test tube P and Q. The mixture in both test tubes are shaken gently.
I. Predict the colour of the 1,1,1-trichloromethane in both test tubes
P: Purple
Q: Brown

II. Explain the formation of the colour of the 1,1,1-trichloromethane in test tube Q.
No reaction occurs in test tube Q
Bromine cannot reduce chloride ion.
The presence of bromine shows brown colour in 1,1,1-trichloromethane

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 41

Forecast SPM Question 32a
Diagram 3 shows the set-up of the apparatus of an experiment to investigate the transfer of electrons at a
distance. After a few minutes, the acidified potassium dichromat(VI) solution turns from orange to green

a)
I. State the colour change of iron(II) sulphate solution.
From green to brown

II. Write the half-equation for the reaction in (a)(i).

Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-

III. State the change in oxidation number of iron.

+2 increase to +3

b) Referring to the reaction that takes place in acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution,
I. state the type of reaction that occurs
reduction

II. what is the function of acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution?

Act as an oxidizing agent

c) State the direction of flow of electrons in this experiment

From the carbon electrode in iron(II) sulphate solution to the carbon electrode in potassium dichromate(VI)
solution

d) What is the function of dilute sulphuric acid in the experiment?

To separate the iron (II) sulphate solution and acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution and complete the
circuit by allowing ions to pass through.

e) Name a chemical that can be used to replaced acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution in this experiment.
Chlorine water / bromine water / acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 42

Forecast SPM Question 33
a) Diagram 9.1 shows the mechanism of rusting of iron

Write the half equations for the reactions occurred at

negative terminal and positive terminal. Then, state the
type of reaction at the positive terminal (4M)
Negative terminal: Fe → Fe2+ + 2e-
Positive terminal: 2H2O + O2 + 4e- → 4OH-
Reaction at the positive terminal is reduction reaction

b) Diagram 6 shows the use of zinc plates on an iron ship to

prevent rusting.

I. Explain how the zinc plates protect the iron ship

from rusting
Zinc is more electropositive than iron so it undergoes corrosion easier to protect iron from rusting
II. Write the half equation for the reaction in (c)(i).
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-

Two sets of an experiment is carried out to study the effect of other metals on rusting of iron. For Set I, an iron
nail is coiled with metal R whereas in Set II iron nail is coiled with metal S. Both of the coiled iron nails are dipped
into hot jelly solution containing potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and phenolphthalein. The results of the
experiment are shown in Table 8.2.
Set I II
Experiment

Observation Dark blue colour formed Pink colour formed

Based on the observations, (10M)
I. suggest metal R and metal S
Metal R can be stanum, lead or copper
Metal S can be zinc, aluminium or magnesium
II. in each set of experiment,
• explain the observations and include the half-equation
• state the metal that is oxidised
In Set I
The dark blue colour formed shows that iron (II) ions are produced
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e-
Iron is more electropositive than metal R. Iron loses its electrons more readily than metal R
Rusting is speeded up when iron is in contact with a less electropositive metal
Iron is oxidised

In Set II
The pink colour formed shows that iron (II) ions are absent
Metal S is more electropositive than iron. Metal S loses its electrons more readily than iron
Rusting is prevented when iron is in contact with a more electropositive metal
Metal S is oxidised

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 43

Forecast SPM Question 34a
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up to study the reactivities of metals
P,Q,R and S when reacted with oxygen.

The P metal powder was heated strongly first. Then the potassium chlorate
was heated. On heating, the potassium chlorate decomposes to give
oxygen gas. The reactivity of the reaction between the hot metal P powder
and oxygen gas was recorded. The experiment was repeated by replacing P
metal powder with Q, R and S metal powders.

The result of the experiment is shown in the table below:

Metal Observation Colour of product formed when

Hot Cold
P Burns brightly Yellow White
Q Glows dimly Black Black
R Burns very brightly White White
S Glows brightly Brown Yellow
a) What is the function of the glass wool in the experiment?
To prevent the potassium chlorate powder from mixing with the metal powders.
Heating the mixture of the two powder will cause explosion

b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of potassium chlorate when heated
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

c) Arrange the metals P,Q,R and S in a decreasing order of reactivity.

R, P, S, Q

d) Identify the metal

I. P
Zinc
II. S
Lead

Diagram 10 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment to study redox reaction between hydrogen gas with
different metal oxides

Table 10 shows the results of the experiment.

Reactants Observation
Hydrogen gas + oxide of X Yellow powder glows brightly and changes to grey solid
Hydrogen gas + oxide of Y Black powder glows dimly and changes to brown solid
Hydrogen gas + oxide of Z No glow is observed, white powder does not change colour

I. suggest metal X, metal Y and metal Z. (3M)

X is lead, Y is copper and Z is magnesium
II. arrange X, Y, Z and hydrogen in ascending order of their reactivity. (1M)
Y, X, H, Mg

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 44

Forecast SPM Question 34b

Table 1 shows the information for four sets of experiment to construct the reactivity series of metals.

Set Reactants Observation

I Carbon + Copper(II) oxide Brown solid is formed
II Carbon + Oxide of P Grey solid is formed
III Carbon + Aluminium oxide No change
IV P + Copper(II) oxide No change

a) Set I is a redox reaction.

I. What is the meaning of redox reaction? (1M)
Reaction involves oxidation and reduction that occur simultaneously

II. Write the chemical equation for the reaction (1M)

C + 2CuO → Cu + CO2

III. State the change in the oxidation number of copper (1M)

+2 decrease to 0

IV. Which substance undergoes reduction? (1M)

Copper (II) Oxide

b) Based on set I and set III. explain the difference in the observations. (5M)
Reaction occur in Set I but reaction does not occur in Set III.
In Set I, carbon is more reactive than copper.
Hence, Carbon can reduce copper (II) Oxide to copper metal
Set III, carbon is less reactive than aluminium.
Hence carbon unable to reduce aluminium oxide to aluminium metal

c) Arrange P. carbon, aluminium and copper in descending order of reactivity.

Al, C, Cu, P

d) Suggest P.
Silver

e) Draw a labelled diagram for the apparatus set-up used in set I.

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 45

SPM Forecast Question 35
Table 1 shows the heat of reactions A and B between hydrochloric acid, HCl with sodium carbonate. Na2CO3 and
between calcium chloride CaCl2 with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.

Based on Table 1, compare Reaction A and Reaction B in terms of

• Type of reaction
• Temperature change
• Change in the total energy of reactants and the total energy content of products
• Formation and breaking of bond
Give another example for Reaction A and Reaction B. (10M)

Reaction A Reaction B
Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
Temperature Increases Temperature decreases
Total energy content of reactants is higher than the Total energy content of reactants is lower than the
total energy content of products total energy content of products
The energy absorbed and used to break the bonds is The energy absorbed and used to break the bonds is
less than the energy released when bonds are formed more than energy released when bonds are formed.
Reaction of magnesium with sulphuric acid. Thermal decomposition of zinc nitrate

b) Diagram below shows the energy level for the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride.

Write three statements that can be concluded from Diagram above. (3M)

This reaction is an exothermic reaction.

65.5 kJ of heat energy is released to surrounding when 1 mol of silver chloride is formed.
Total energy content of reactants is higher than total energy content of products
The energy absorbed and used to break the bonds is less than the energy released when bonds are formed

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 46

SPM Forecast Question 36
Table 6 shows the values of heat of neutralisation, ΔH for a reaction of sodium hydroxide solution with two
different acids.
Reactant ΔH (kJ mol-1)
Sodium hydroxide solution and ethanoic acid - 53.7
Sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric - 57.3
acid

a) State the meaning of heat of neutralisation (1M)

the energy change when one mole of water is formed from the neutralization between one mole of hydrogen
ions from an acid and one mole of hydroxide ions from an alkali

b) Based on Table 6:
I. State one observation that can be deduced from the values of heat of neutralisation when sodium
hydroxide solution reacts with the acids. Explain your answer (2M)
The mixture becomes hot. Because this reaction is an exothermic reaction which release heat energy to
surrounding.

II. Compare and explain why there is a difference in the values of heat of neutralisation. (3M)
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid which dissociate completely in water.
Ethanoic Acid is a weak acid which dissociate partially in water.
Some of the heat release during neutralisation is used to dissociate the acid completely in water.

c) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution with hydrochloric acid
(3M)

d) In an experiment, 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution is added to 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid. Calculate the temperature change in the experiment.
[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 ⁰C , Density of solution = 1 g cm-3 ] (3M)
𝑀𝑉 (1)(100) 𝑀𝑉 (1)(100)
NOM of HNCl = 1000 = 1000
= 0.1 mol NOM of NaOH = 1000 = 1000
= 0.1 mol

From the equation, 1 mol HCl react with 1 mol NaOH to produce 1 mol H2O
Therefore, 0.1 mol HCl react with 0.1 mol NaOH to produce 0.1 mol H2O

𝑄 𝑄
ΔH = - 𝑛 -57300 = - 0.1 Heat released, Q = 5730 J

Heat released, Q = mcθ

5730 = (100+100)(4.2) θ
6.8 ⁰C = θ

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 47

SPM Forecast Question 37
Diagram 5 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of precipitation for magnesium carbonate

Table 5 shows the results obtained

Description Temperature (°C)
Initial temperature of magnesium nitrate solution 27.0
Initial temperature of sodium carbonate solution 28.0
Lowest temperature of the mixture 25.0
a) Why polystyrene cup is used in this experiment? (1M)
Polystyrene cup is a good heat insulator to reduce heat loss to the surrounding
b) The chemical equation for the precipitation of magnesium carbonate is as follows:
Na2CO3 + Mg(NO3)2 → MgCO3 + 2NaNO3
I. Calculate the heat change in the reaction. [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 ⁰C , Density of
solution = 1 g cm-3 ] (1M)
27.0+28.0
Average initial temperature = = 27.5⁰C
2
Heat absorbed, Q = mcθ = = (50+50)(4.2)(27.5-25.0) = 1050J

II. the heat of precipitation of magnesium carbonate. (3M)

𝑀𝑉 (1)(50) 𝑀𝑉 (1)(50)
NOM of Na2CO3 = = = 0.05 mol NOM of Mg(NO3)2 = = = 0.05 mol
1000 1000 1000 1000
From the equation, 1 mol Na2CO3 react with 1 mol Mg(NO3)2 to produce 1 mol MgCO3
Therefore, 0.05 mol Na2CO3 react with 0.05 mol Mg(NO3)2 to produce 0.05 mol MgCO3
𝑄 1050𝐽
Heat of neutralisation, ΔH = - 𝑛 = + 0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = +21000 J mol-1 = +21 kJ mol-1

c) Based on the temperature change in Table 5, state the type of the reaction (1M)
Endothermic reaction
d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction (2M)

e) The experiment is repeated by using 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium carbonate solution to replace the
sodium carbonate solution
I. Predict the value of heat of precipitation for this experiment (1M)
+21 kJ mol-1
II. Explain your answer in (e)(i). (2M)
Because both sodium carbonate solution and potassium carbonate solution provide the same amount of
carbonate ion. The amount of magnesium carbonate produced are the same

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 48

SPM Forecast Question 38

Figure above shows the set-up of an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH).
Results show that when 0.23g of ethanol is burned completely in air, the heat released increases the temperature
of 100g of water by 16°C. (Relative atomic mass : H,1 ; C,12 ; O, 16)
a) Name the product when ethanol is burned [1M]
Carbon Dioxide gas and water

b) Write the chemical equation of the above reaction [1]

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

c) Assuming that heat is not absorbed by the metal container and the atmosphere, determine the heat in Joules
that released when 0.23 g of ethanol is burned[1]
Heat release , Q = mcƟ = (100)(4.2)(16) = 6720 J

d) What is the number of moles in 0.23 g of ethanol?[1]

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 0.23
Number of mole of ethanol , n= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 2(12)+5+16+1= 0.005 mol

e) What is the heat of combustion of one mole of ethanol?[1]

𝑄 6720
Heat of combustion , ∆H = - = - = - 1344 kJ mol-1
𝑛 0.005

f) What is meant by heat of combustion of ethanol? [1M]

Heat of combustion is the heat released when one mole of ethanol is completely
burnt in oxygen under standard conditions

g) Heat of combustion of ethanol produced based on this experiment is smaller than the value based on theory.
Give two reason ? [2M]
Some heat is absorbed by wire gauze
Heat loss to surrounding

h) State 2 safety precaution that can increase the accuracy of this experiment. [2M]
The wire gauze is removed.
Use a wind shield.

i) Draw an energy level diagram for the heat of combustion of ethanol [1M]

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 49

 Paper 2
Describe
Experiment
Zone
(Final 10%)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 50

Describe Experiment 1 (Prepare Standard solution)

a) Explain how you would prepare 100cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution, starting from solid
sodium hydroxide. [Relative atomic mass: Na, 23; H, 1; O,16]

Describe Experiment 2 (Iron (II) ion to Iron (III) ion)

Iron(II) ions can be converted to iron(III) ions and iron(III) ions can be converted back to iron(II) ions. By using a
named metal as a reducing agent and a named halogen as an oxidising agent, describe briefly how you would
carry out these two conversions.
Describe a test to show that each conversion has taken place. (10M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 51

Describe Experiment 3 (Prepare soluble salt)

describe how you prepare a sample of dry copper (II) Chloride salt (10M)

Describe Experiment 4 (Prepare insoluble salt)

Describe a laboratory preparation of a dry pure sample of lead(ll) Sulphate.

Your answer should include relevant equations of reactions involved. (8M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 52

Describe Experiment 5 (Anion & Cation Test)

Iron (II) Lead (II) Ammonium

Chloride Nitrate Sulphate

Qualitative analysis can be used to determine the presence of cations and anions in solutions. Describe chemical tests that can be used to
verify the ions in each solution. (20M)

Test For Procedure, Observation

Fe2+ 1. Add a few drop of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) solution.
2. Dark Blue Precipitate formed

Cl- 1. Add 2cm3 of nitric acid

2. Followed by 2cm3 of silver nitrate solution.
3. White precipitate is formed

Pb2+ 1. Add 2cm3 of potassium iodide solution

2. Yellow precipitate form

NO3- 1. Add 2cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid followed by 2cm3 of Iron (II) sulphate solution then shake well.
2. a few drops concentrated sulphuric acid is added slowly down to the slanted test tube.
3. Brown ring is formed

NH4+ 1. Add a few drops of Nessler reagent

2. Brown Precipitate formed

SO42- 1. Add 2cm3 of nitric acid

2. Followed by 2cm3 of barium nitrate solution.
3. White precipitate is formed

Cu2+ Procedure: add excess aqueous ammonia solution

Observation: blue precipitate formed, the precipitate dissolve in excess ammonia solution to form dark
blue solution is formed

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 53

Describe Experiment 6 (Dehydration of alcohol)
Ethene can be prepared by ethanol. Describe the preparation of ethene in lab. In your description, include the
chemical equation for the reaction. Suggest a chemical test to test the ethene gas formed. (6M)

Describe Experiment 7 (Esterification)

a) By using compound W and compound X that obtained in (b), describe how ester A can be prepared in the
laboratory. In your description, include: (10M)
•List of materials and apparatus
•Procedure
•Observations
•Chemical equation
•Name of ester A

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 54

Describe Experiment 8 (Displacement of Halogen)

You are required to investigate the oxidation and reduction in the displacement of halogens from its halide solution.
The chemicals provided are;
• potassium chloride solution • potassium bromide solution • potassium iodide solution
• chlorine water • bromine water • iodine solution • 1,1,1 trichloroethane

Describe a laboratory experiment to compare the ability of halogens as oxidizing agent. In your description include
• procedure • observation • ionic equation
(10M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 55

Describe Experiment 9 (U tube)

By using solution P and solution Q, Fe2+ ion can be converted to Fe3+ ion and vice versa.

Reaction 1: Fe2+ + solution P → Fe3+

Reaction 2: Fe3+ + solution Q → Fe2+

Based on Reaction 1 and Reaction 2, suggest suitable substances for solution P and solution Q.
Then, by choosing either Reaction 1 or Reaction 2, describe one experiment to study the transfer of electron at a
distance. In your description include a labelled diagram and the ionic equation involved. (10M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 56

Describe Experiment 10 (position of carbon)

The position of carbon is above zinc and below aluminium in the Reactivity Series of Metal.
You are provided with zinc oxide, aluminium oxide, carbon powder and apparatus needed. With the aid of a
labelled diagram, describe an experiment to verify the above statement (9M)

Your answer should consist of the following:

• Diagram showing the set-up of apparatus

• Procedure of the experiment
• Observation
• Chemical equation

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 57

Describe Experiment 11 (Reactivity series of metal)

You are provided with potassium manganate(VII) powder and metal powders of zinc, copper and magnesium.
Potassium manganate(VII) powder is heated to release oxygen gas to react with the metal powder.
Describe how the metals are arranged in the reactivity series based on their reactivity with oxygen.
Your explanation should include observations (10M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 58

Describe Experiment 12 (Heat of neutralization
Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the heat of neutralization between a strong acid and a weak alkali.

Your answer should consist of the followings (14M)

• Name of both acid and alkali

• Procedure of the experiment
• Results
• Calculation steps
• Two precaution steps taken to obtain accurate results

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 59

Describe Experiment 13 (Heat of combustion

Diagram 1.2 shows two different fuels that can be easily obtained in any petrol station

The following chemical equation shows the complete combustion of gasoline and diesel.

Gasoline: 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O

𝟕𝟏
Diesel: 2C12H23 + 𝟐
O2 → 24CO2 + 23H2O

The heat of combustion for diesel is greater than gasoline. This is due to the higher number of carbon atom per
molecule in diesel. Describe an experiment to compare the combustion heat between gasoline and diesel. Your
description should include procedure and steps of calculation.

[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12; Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 °C-1] (10M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 60

 Blur Blur Book
(Paper 3)
50%

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 61

Planning Experiment 1 (F5C1 ROR→Size)
Table 1 shows the taken of two experiments for the complete reaction between excess zinc with 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol
dm-3 of hydrochloric acid. The reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid will produce zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas
Experiment Reactants Time taken for complete
reaction/s
3 -3
I Zinc granules and 50 cm of 0.1 mol dm of hydrochloric acid 60
3 -3
II Zinc powder and 50 cm of 0.1 mol dm of hydrochloric acid 40

Based on the information in Table 1, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of size on the rate of
reaction between an acid and a metal.
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Aim
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment 4 (F5C1 ROR→Size ) Mark

MV Size of zinc 1

RV Rate of reaction 1

CV volume and concentration of sulphuric acid 1

Problem Does the size of zinc affect the rate of reaction with sulphuric acid? 3
statement

Hypothesis The smaller the size of zinc used to react with sulphuric acid, the higher the 3
rate of reaction (Type of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)

Material big sized granulated zinc, small sized granulated zinc, 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric 3
acid, water
Apparatus burette, conical flask, delivery tube with stopper, basin, retort, basin, weighing
balance, stop watch, measuring cylinder
Procedure 1. 5 g of big sized granulated zinc is weighed and put into the conical flask. 3
2. Half filled a basin with water.
3. Fill burette with water and invert into the basin and record the initial
reading.
4. Measure 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid and pour into the conical flask.
5. Stopper the conical flask and immediately start the stop watch.
6. Record the burette reading every 30 s intervals for 5 minutes.
7. repeat the experiment by replace the big sized granulated zinc with small
sized granulated zinc

Tabulation 2
of data Time/s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Burette reading/cm3
Volume of gas/cm3

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 62

Planning Experiment 2 (F4C6 Electrolytic cell →concentration of ions )

Concentration of ions in the electrolytes affects the product of electrolysis of an aqueous solution

Plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of concentration of chloride ion on the the selectively
discharge at anode.
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Statement of the problem
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment 6 (F4C6 Electrolytic cell →concentration of ions ) Mark

MV Concentration of sodium chloride solution 1

RV product formed at anode 1

CV type of electrode 1

Problem Does concentration of sodium chloride solution affect the product of electrolysis 3
Statement
process at the anode?
Hypothesis When concentrated sodium chloride solution is electrolysed, chlorine gas is 3
produced at anode, but when diluted sodium chloride solution is electrolysed,
oxygen gas is produced at anode. (Type of hypothesis: Different result →
Result 1, Result 2)

Material 0.0001 mol dm-3 sodium clrloride solution. 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution. 3
Apparatus carbon electrode, electrolytic cell, test tubes, dry cell, blue litmus paper, wooden
splinter. Bunsen burner.
Procedure 1. Fill electrolytic cell with 0.0001 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution. 3
2. Connect carbon electrodes to the power supply and ammeter.
3. Switch on the circuit for half hour.
4. Collect the gas at the anode and test with a glowing wooden splinter and a damp
blue litmus paper.
5. Repeat the step 1 to 4 by replacing 0.0001 mol dm=3 sodium chloride solution with
2.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution.
Tabulation Concentration of sodium chloride solution / mol dm-3 Observation 2
of data 0.0001
2.0

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 63

Planning Experiment 3 (F4C2 Rate of Diffusion)

Bromine gas and nitrogen dioxide gas are brown gas. Nitrogen dioxide gas can be produced in the laboratory by
reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and solid sodium nitrite

Referring to the information above, design a laboratory experiment to compare the rate of diffusion of bromine
gas and nitrogen dioxide gas.
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Statement of the problem
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment 16 (F4C2 Rate of Diffusion) Mark

MV Bromine gas and nitrogen dioxide gas 1

RV Rate of diffusion 1

CV Size of gas jar, temperature 1

Problem Does bromine gas and nitrogen dioxide gas have different rate of diffusion 3
Statement
?

Hypothesis Nitrogen gas diffuses faster than bromine gas (Type of hypothesis: 3
Comparision)

Material Liquid bromine, concentrated sulphuric acid, solid sodium nitrite 3

Apparatus Gas jars and covers, droppers, stopwatch
Procedure 1) A few drops of liquid bromine are placed into a gas jar and immediately 3
cover the gas jar and set aside for a few minutes
2) Another gas jar containing air is inverted on top of gas jar
3) The cover between the two gas jar is removed
4) The time taken for brown gas to spread into the second gas jar is
recorded
5) Repeat step 1-4 using nitrogen dioxide gas (the gas produced by adding a
few drop of concentrated sulphuric acid on solid sodium nitride)
Tabulation of Gas Time (S) 2
data Bromine gas
Nitrogen Dioxide gas

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 64

Planning Experiment 4 (F4C5 Ionic/Covalent → Melting Point)

Table 1 shows a general physical property of ionic and covalent compound.

Compound Melting point
lonic compound high
Covalent compound low

Plan an experiment to compare the property shown in Table 1 for a named ionic compound and a named covalent
compound
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Statement of the problem
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment 9 (F4C5 Ionic/Covalent → Melting Point) Mark

MV Type of compound (Sodium chloride and naphthalene) 1

RV Melting point 1

CV Mass of compound used 1

Problem How does type of compound affect the melting point of a compound 3
Statement

?
Hypothesis An ionic compound has a higher melting point than a covalent compound 3
(Type of hypothesis: Comparision)

Material Sodium chloride powder, naphthalene powder and water 3

Apparatus Boiling tube, spatulas, retort stand and clamp, tripod stand, Bunsen burner,
wire gauze, thermometer, beaker and test tube holder
Procedure 1 3 spatulas of naphthalene powder are placed in a boiling tube. 3
2 3 spatulas of sodium chloride powder are placed in another boiling tube.
3 A beaker is filled with water until it is half full
4 The beaker is then placed on a tripod stand.
5 Two boiling tubes which contain naphthalene and sodium chloride
respectively are clamped in the beaker of water and ensured that the
naphthalene and sodium chloride powder are below the water level of the
water bath.
6 The water bath is heated until it reaches a temperature of about 90 °C.
7 The physical states of both compounds are recorded.

Tabulation of Type of compound Physical state at 90ᴼC 2

data Sodium chloride
Naphthalene

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 65

Planning Experiment 5 (F4C5 Ionic/Covalent Compound → Solubility)

Magnesium chloride and hexane differ in their ability to dissolve in organic solvent

You are required to plan a laboratory experiment to show the properties of magnesium chloride and hexane. Your
planning must include the following aspects:
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Aim
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment 10 (F4C5 Ionic/Covalent Compound → Solubility) Mark

MV magnesium chloride and hexane 1

RV solubility of magnesium chloride and hexane 1

CV amount of magnesium chloride and hexane / Volume of methylbenze 1

ne
Aim To compare the solubility of magnesium chloride and hexane in 3
methylbenzene

Hypothesis magnesium chloride does not dissolve in methylbenzene but hexane dissolve 3
in methylbenzene (Type of hypothesis: Different result → Result 1

, Result 2)
Material magnesium chloride , hexane , methylbenzene 3
Apparatus test tube, glass rod
Procedure 1. A test tube is fill with 5cm3 of methylbenzene. 3
2. Half spatula of magnesium chloride is added into the test tube
3. The test tube is then stir with glass rod and observe the solubility of
magnesium chloride in the methylbenzene.
4. Step 1 to 3 are repeated by replace magnesium chloride with hexane.
5. Observation is recorded.
Tabulation 2
of data Type of compound Observation
(solubility in methylbenzene)
magnesium chloride
hexane

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 66

Planning Experiment 6 (F5C3 Displacement of halogen as redox reaction)

A more electronegative halogen can displace a less electronegative halogen from its halide solution. The
more electronegative halogen acts as the oxidising agent and the halide ions of less electronegative
halogen acts as the reducing agent.

Referring to the above statements, plan a laboratory experiment to Investigate the oxidation and reduction in the
displacement of a named halogen and two named halide solutions.
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Aim
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment (F5C3 Displacement of halogen as redox reaction) Mark

MV Halogen and halide solution 1

RV Change of colour of 1,1,1-trlchloroethane layer 1

CV Concentration of halide solutions 1

Aim To Investigate the oxidation and reduction in the displacement of halogen fro

m its halide solution by a more electronegative halogen.

Problem Does the displacement of halogen from Its halide solution relate to oxidation and 3
Statement reduction reactions?

Hypothesis The more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from its halide 3
solution. (Type of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)

Material Bromine water, 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium chloride solution, 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium 3
Iodide solution, 1,1,1-trichloroethane
Apparatus Test tube, test tube rack
Procedure 1) Pour 2 cm3 of potassium chloride solution Into a test tube. 3
2) Add 2 cm3 of bromine water Into the solution and shake the test tube.
3) Add 2 cm3 of 1,1,1-trichloroethane Into the mixture. Shake the test tube.
4) Record the change of colour of halogen In 1,1,1-trichloroethane layer.
5) Repeat steps 1. to 4 by using potassium Iodide to replace potassium chloride.
Tabulation of 2
data Mixture Colour of halogen in 1,1,1- trlchloroethane
Bromine + potassium chloride
Bromine + potassium Iodide

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 67

Planning Experiment 7 (F5C3 Reactivity of metals towards oxygen)

Metals have different reactivity towards oxygen. X and Y are metals which are more reactive
than iron

Plan a laboratory experiment to compare the reactivity of metal X and metal Y towards oxygen.
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Aim
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment (F5C3 Reactivity of metals towards oxygen) Mark

MV Metal X and Metal Y 1

RV Reactivity of metal formed with oxygen 1

CV Amount of oxygen gas//amount of potassium 1

Aim To compare the reactivity of metal X and metal Y toward oxygen.

Problem How to compare the reactivity of metal X and metal Y towards oxygen? 3
Statement

Hypothesis Metal X Is more reactive towards oxygen than metal Y (Type of hypothesis: 3
Comparision)

Material (Finely divided) powdered metal X and Y(solid potassium manganate(VII) 3

Apparatus Combustion tube, retort stand with clamp, bunsen burner, glass-wool, asbestos
paper
Procedure 1) Place 1 spatula of potassium manganate(VI) into a combustion tube 3
2) Push In some glass wool Into the boiling tube
3) Place a spatula of powdered metal X Into an asbestos boat and place it next to
the glass wool inside the combustion tube
4) Heat metal X and then heat potassium manganate(VII) strongly
5) Observe and record the brightness of the flame/glow when metal X burns
6) Repeat steps 1 -5 using powdered metal Y
Tabulation of 2
data Metal Brightness of the flame/glow
X
Y

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 68

Planning Experiment 8 (F5C3 To determine the position of Carbon in Reactivity Series of metals)

Diagram shows the apparatus set-up to determine the position of carbon In

the Reactivity Series of Metals.

By using chemical substances such as aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, copper(II)

oxide and carbon powder, plan an experiment to determine the position of
carbon In the Reactivity Series of Metals.
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Aim
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment (F5C3 To determine the position of Carbon in Reactivity Series of metals) Mark
MV Mixture of carbon and metal oxides 1

RV The reactivity of the reaction 1

CV Amount of carbon and metal oxides 1

Aim To determine the position of Carbon in the Reactivity Series of Meta

ls.
Problem How to determine the position of carbon In the Reactivity Series of M 3
Statement
etals?
Hypothesis Carbon is placed between aluminium and zinc in Reactivity Series of Metals (Type 3
of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)

Material aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, copper(ll) oxide and carbon powder 3
Apparatus crucible, tripod stand, Bunsen burner
Procedure 1) Place one spatula of copper (II) oxide powder into a crucible. 3
2) Then, add one spatula of carbon powder and mix the powder thoroughly.
3) Heat the mixture strongly.
4) Record the observation.
5) Repeat step 1 to 4 by using aluminium oxide and zinc oxide respectively to
replace copper (II) oxide.
Tabulation of 2
data Mixture Observation
Carbon + copper(ll) oxide
Carbon + aluminium oxide
Carbon + zinc oxide

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 69

Planning Experiment 9 (F5C4 Heat of neutralisation)
The following table shows the heat of neutralization between an acid an alkali.
Acid and alkali Heat of neutralization (kJ mol-1)
Strong acid + strong alkali -57.3
Weak acid + strong alkali -55.0
Based on the Information In the table, plan an experiment to compare the heat of neutralization between a
named strong acid and a named weak acid with a named strong alkali
Your planning should include the following aspects: (17 Marks)
a) Aim
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data

Planning Experiment (F5C4 Heat of neutralisation) Mark

MV Strength of acid 1

RV Heat of neutralization 1

CV Strong alkali 1

Aim To compare the heat of neutralization of different strenqth of add with stronq
alkali

Problem How does the strength of add affect the heat of neutralization? 3
Statement

Hypothesis The heat of neutralisation between strong acid and strong alkali Is higher than the 3
heat of neutralisation between weak acid and strong alkali.
(Type of hypothesis: Comparision)

Material 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol dm3 ethanoic add, 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium 3
hydroxide
Apparatus Thermometer, polystyrene cup with lid, measuring cylinder
Procedure 1) Measure 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid using measuring cylinder and pour into a 3
polystyrene cup.
2) Measure 50cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution using measuring cylinder and
pour into another polystyrene cup.
3) Record the initial temperature of both solution
4) Pour the hydrochloric acid into sodium hydroxide solution quickly. Stir the
mixture with thermometer.
5) Record the highest temperature of the mixture.
6) Repeat step 1 to 5 using ethanoic acid to replace hydrochloric acid

Tabulation of Acid hydrochloric acid ethanoic acid 2

data Initial temperature(°C)
Highest temperature(°C)
Increase in temperature(°C)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 70

Question 1 (F4C7 Neutralisation / F5C4 Heat of neutralisation) 2018
A student has conducted an experiment to determine the end point for the neutralisation reaction between
hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
25.00 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution is poured into a plastic cup. The temperature of the
solution is recorded. Then, 5.00 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, HCl is poured into the plastic cup and stirred. The highest
temperature of the mixture is recorded.

Diagram 1 shows the temperature readings before and after 5.00 cm3 of hydrochloric acid is added
Before After

This step is repeated by adding another 5.00 cm3 of hydrochloric acid until the volume of acid has reached 40.00
cm3.
Table 1.1 shows part of the temperatures recorded
Total volume of 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
hydrochloric acid (cm3)
Temperature (⁰C) 36.5 39.5 41.0 41.0 39.0 39.5 30.0

a) Based on Diagram 1, record the temperatures in the spaces provided in Table 1.1. (3M)
27.5 °C, 32.5 °C.
b)
I. Based on Diagram 1, state one observation (3M)
The temperature increases to a maximum of 41.0°C. Then, its temperature decreases to the final
temperature of 30°C.
II. State the inference for your answer in (b)(i). (3M)
When the acid is added, neutralisation takes place and heat of neutralisation is released. After the end
point, there is no more neutralisation. The temperature drops.
c) State one hypothesis for this experiment (3M)
When volume of hydrochloric acid increase, the temperature increase to highest temperature and decrease with
time. (Type of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)
d) For this experiment, state the (3M)
I. manipulated variable
Volume of hydrochloric acid added
II. responding variable
Temperature of the mixture
III. fixed variable
Concentration of hydrochloric acid
e)
I. Draw a graph of temperature against total volume of hydrochloric acid on the graph paper using the
data in Table 1.1 (3M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 71

 II. Based on the graph drawn in (e)(i), determine the highest temperature achieved and then, determine
the total volume of hydrochloric acid needed to achieve this highest temperature. (3M)
Highest temperature: 41.0°C. Total volume of hydrochloric acid is 20.0 cm3
III. The equation for this reaction is as follows:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
[Assume that the highest temperature achieved in this experiment is the end point for the
neutralisation reaction]
Calculate the concentration of hydrochloric acid, in mol dm-3. (3M)
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 𝑎
=
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 𝑏
𝑀𝑎(20.0)
(2)(25.0)
= 1
Ma = 2.5 mol dm-3
f) State the operational definition for the end point of this experiment. (3M)
End point of titration is the volume of acid added to completely neutralise the alkali (simple definition) which
show by the highest temperature achieve (observation) when hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide
solution (procedure)
g) In another experiment, 25.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid is added to 25.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium
hydroxide solution. Table 1.2 shows the temperature change for 3 minutes
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Temperature (°C) 29.0 36.0 42.0 40.0 37.0 36.0 35.0
Based on Table 1.2, state the relationship between temperature and time (3M)
The temperature increases with time and the maximum temperature is 42°C. Then, the temperature decreases
with time.

h) Table 1.3 shows the temperature change for the neutralisation reaction between a few type of acids and
sodium hydroxide solution.
Reaction of mixture Temperature change (°C)
3 -3
100 cm of 2.0 mol dm acid P and 13.0
100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 acid Q and 13.0
100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 acid R and 11.0
100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
Classify these acids into strong acid and weak acid. (3M)
Strong acid Weak acid
Acid P Acid Q Acid R

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 72

Question 2 (F4C9 Hardness of alloy) 2017
Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up of an
experiment to compare the hardness of a pure metal,
copper and its alloy, bronze.

A weight with a mass of 1 kg is hung above the copper

block at the height of 50 cm. The weight is dropped
and hits the steel ball bearing. The diameter of the
dent formed on the block is measured. The experiment
is repeated by using bronze block to replace the
copper block.
Diagram 1.2 shows the diameter of the dents of the
copper and bronze blocks.

a) Record the diameter of the dents in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.2. (3M)
0.3 cm ; 0.2 cm
b) Construct a table to record the diameter of the dents of the copper and bronze blocks. (3M)
Metal block Diameter of dent (cm)
Copper 0.3
Bronze 0.2
c)
I. Based on Diagram 1.2, state one observation on the blocks (3M)
The average diameter of dent for bronze is smaller than average diameter of dent for copper
II. State the inference based on the observation in (c)(i). (3M)
The smaller the diameter of the dent, the harder and stronger is the material, Hence bronze is harder
than copper.

d) By referring to the arrangement of particles, explain why the diameter of the dents on the both blocks in
Diagram 1.2 are different (3M)
Pure copper metal consist of atom which same size and orderly arranged to form layer of atom which easily slide
over each other when a force is applied.
The presence of foreign atoms (tin atom) which is different size disrupts the orderly arrangment of pure copper
atom. Hence, the layer of atom become harder to slide over each over and bronze become harder than pure
copper. Thus, diameter of dent of bronze will be smaller than copper.

e) State the operational definition of alloy in this experiment (3m)

Alloy is the block with smaller diameter of dent (observation) when 1kg weight is dropped from 50cm of height
to a steel ball bearing which tape with cellophane tape on the block (procedure)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 73

f) For this experiment, state the (3M)
I. manipulated variable
types of block material // copper and bronze
II. responding variable
Hardness // Diameter of dent
III. fixed variable
height of the weight // mass of weight
g) State one hypothesis for this experiment (3M)
Bronze is harder than copper. (Type of hypothesis: Comparision)
h) Another experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between the height of .weight used and the
diameter of the dent formed on the block. Diagram 1.3 shows the graph of diameter of the dent against the
height of weight of the experiment.

Using the graph in Diagram 1.3, determine the diameter of the dent on the block if the height of weight above
the block is 120 cm. Show on the graph how you could obtain the diameter of the dent. (3M)
0.48 cm
i) Diagram 1.4 shows the condition of the steel ball bearing when exposed to the air after a long period of time

State the relationship between the quantity of rust formed with time(3M)
Rusting increases if the steel ball bearing is exposed to air for longer time
j) A list of the substances is identified as follows:
Pewter Stanum Brass Duralumin Zinc Aluminium
Classify these substances into pure metal and alloy. (3M)
Pure metal Alloy
Stanum Zinc Aluminium Pewter Brass Duralumin

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 74

Question 3 (F5C1 Acid + Marble) 2016
A student carried out an experiment to study a factor that affects the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up for Set I.

The student repeated the experiment by replacing calcium carbonate chips with the calcium carbonate powder for
Set II. Table 1 shows the results for Set I and Set II.
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Total volume of gas collected in 0.00 12.50 x 30.00 36.50 41.50 45.00 45.00
Set I (cm3)
Total volume of gas collected in 0.00 20.00 31.50 39.00 43.00 45.00
Set II (cm3)
X is the value of total volume of gas collected at 60 seconds in Set I. The total volume of gas collected in Set II is
recorded until 150 seconds.

a) Based on Diagram 1, record the burrette readings at 0 second and 60 seconds. Determine the value of X.(3M)
Burette reading at 0 second : 50.00cm3
Burette reading at 60 seconds: 27.50cm3
Value of X: 22.50cm3

b) For this experiment, state the (3M)

I. Manipulat ed variable
Size of calcium carbonate
II. responding variable
Rate of reaction
III. fixed variable
Volume and Concentration of hydrochloric acid

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 75

c) State one hypothesis for this experiment(3M)
The smaller the size of calcium carbonate used to react with hydrochloric acid, the higher the rate of reaction
(Type of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)
d)
I. Based on Diagram 1, state one observation for this experiment(3M)
A colourless gas released
II. Give the corresponding inference based on your answer in (d)(i). (3M)
Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to release carbon dioxide gas
e)
I. Based on Table 1, plot a graph of total volume of gas collected against time on the same axis for
experiments Set I and Set II on the graph paper (3M)

II. Show on the graph how you can determine the total volume of gas collected in Set II at 135
seconds.State the volume. (3M)
44.5 cm3
f) Based on experiment Set I, state how the total volume of gas collected changes with time (3M)
The total volume of gas collected increase with time
g) State the operational definition for the rate of reaction in this experiment. (3M)
Rate of reaction is the volume of gas collected per unit of time (observation) when calcium carbonate is added to
hydrochloric acid (procedure)
h) Referring to your graph, how do the rates of reaction in Set I and Set II differ? Give your reason. (3M)
The rate of reaction of Set II is higher than the rate of reaction of Set I.
Because the Size of calcium carbonate used in Set II is smaller than set I. The smaller the size of calcium
carbonate, the bigger the total surface area of calcium carbonate exposed to hydrochloric acid.
i) A list of reactions are identified as follows:
Fermentation
Double decomposition
Rusting
Combustion
Classify the reactions into fast reaction and slow reaction. (3M)
Fast reaction Slow reaction
Double decomposition Fermentation
Combustion Rusting

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 76

Question 4 (F4C4 Period Oxide / F4C2 Melting Point) 2015
Diagram 1 shows three sets, Set I, Set II and Set III of the apparatus set-up for an experiment to study the properties
of basic oxide and acidic oxide of elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
Set Apparatus Set Up
I

II

III

a) For this experiment, state the (3M)

I. Manipulat ed variable
Types of oxide powder // sodium oxide, magnesium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide
II. responding variable
pH values // properties of oxide powder
III. fixed variable
Volume of distilled water / Mass of oxide powder
b) State one hypothesis for this experiment(3M)
sodium oxide and magnesium oxide is basic oxide. phosphorus pentoxide is acidic oxide.
(Type of hypothesis: Different result → Result 1, Result 2)
c) Based on Diagram 1, state one observation and one related inference for each set of the experiment in Table 1
(3M)
Set Observation Inference
I pH is 13.0 Sodium oxide is a basic oxide.
II pH is 9.0 Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide
III pH is 3.0 Phosphorus pentoxide ia acidic oxide

d) State the operational definition of basic oxide and acidic oxide for the experiment. (3M)
Basic oxide is the oxide powder dissolve into water to form a solution which has pH value higher than 7
(observation) when the oxide powder is added into water and stir with glass rod (procedure)
Acidic oxide is the oxide powder dissolve into water to form a solution which has pH value lower than 7
(observation) when the oxide powder is added into water and stir with glass rod (procedure)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 77

e) Chlorine is located on the right side of phosphorus in Period 3 of Periodic Table of Elements. Dichlorine
heptoxide, Cl2O7 dissolves in water to form a chloric(VII) acid, HClO4 solution. This solution is a strong acid.
Predict the pH value of the solution. (3M)
1.0
f) The following is a list of oxide of elements
Phosphorus pentoxide Dichlorine heptoxide Potassium oxide Magnesium oxide
Classify the oxide of elements into metal oxide and non-metal oxide(3M)
Metal oxide Non Metal oxide
Potassium oxide Phosphorus pentoxide
Magnesium oxide Dichlorine heptoxide

A student carried out an experiment to determine the melting point of

acetamide.When the temperature of acetamide reached 70 °C, the stopwatch
is started. The temperature of acetamide is recorded at 30 seconds interval
until the temperature reaches 90 °C.
Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up for the experiment.

Time (s) 0 30 60 90
Thermometer
reading

Temperature (°C)

Time (s) 120 150 180 210

Thermometer
reading

Temperature (°C)

a) Record the thermometer readings in the space provided in Table 2(3M)

70.0°C, 78.0°C, 80.0°C, 80.0°C, 80.0°C, 80.0°C, 82.0°C, 90.0°C.
b)
I. By using data in Table 2, plot a graph of temperature against time for this experiment on the graph
paper (3M)
II. Mark the value of melting point of acetamide on the graph (3M)
80.0⁰C
c) Based on your graph in 2(c)(i), complete the table below by stating the physical state of acetamide based on
the time range given. (3M)
Time range (s) Physical state
0 second to 60th second Solid
60th second to 150th second Solid and liquid
150th second to 210th second Gas

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 78

Question 5 (F4C5 Electric Conductivity) 2014
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the electrical conductivity of ionic and covalent compounds
with the same concentration.
Experiment Apparatus Set Up Ammeter Reading
I

II

III

a) Record the ammeter readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 1. (3M)

1.0A,2.5A,0A
b) For this experiment, state the (3M)
I. Manipulat ed variable
Types of solution // ionic compound and covalent compound
II. responding variable
The reading on ammeter // electric conductivity
III. fixed variable
volume and concentration of solution
c) State one hypothesis for this experiment(3M)
Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state or in aqueous solution. Covalent conpound do not conduct
electricity in any state.
(Type of hypothesis: Different result → Result 1, Result 2)
d) Based on Diagram 1, state the observation and the corresponding inference for each Experiment I, Experiment
II and Experiment III in Table 1. (3M)
Set Observation Inference
I The indicator of ammeter deflects and shows a Sodium nitrate solution conducts
reading electricity.

II The indicator of ammeter deflects and shows a Aluminium nitrate solution conducts
reading electricity

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 79

 III The indicator of ammeter does not deflects. Glucose solution do not conducts
electricity.

e) State the relationship between the total volume of gas bubbles produced with time at the cathode in
Experiment II. (3M)
The total volume of gas bubbles increase with time.
f) State the operational definition for electrical conductivity (3M)
Electrical conductivity is the ammeter shows a reading which is greater than zero (observation) when carbon
electrodes which connected to battery are dipped into sodium nitrate solution (procedure)

g) You are given a list of substance as follow (3M)

Tetrachloromethane Lead(II) bromide Copper(II) sulphate Ethanol
Classify these substance into ionic compound and covalent compound
Ionic compund Covalent compound
Copper(II) sulphate Tetrachloromethane
Lead(II) bromide Ethanol

h)
I. Based on Experiment I, write the half equations for the reactions occur at both electrodes (3M)
Anode: 4OH- → 2H2O + O2 + 4e-
Cathode: 2H+ + 2e- → H2

II. Based on the half equations in (h)(i), name the products at anode and cathode. (3M)
Anode: Oxygen gas and water
Cathode: Hydrogen gas

i) You are given the following apparatus to carry out the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide
Crucible Connecting wire Carbon electrode
Bunsen burner Tripod stand Batteries
Draw a labelled diagram to show the apparatus set-up for the electrolysis(3M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 80

Question 6 (F4C6 Voltaic Cell) 2013
Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment of set I, set II and Set III to construct the
electrochemical series based on the potential difference between two different metals in a voltaic cell
Experiment Apparatus Set Up Voltmeter Reading
I

II

III

a) Record the voltmeter readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.1.

1.1 V 2.7 V 0.4V
b) For this experiment, state the (3M)
I. Manipulated variable
Pairs of metals

II. responding variable

Potential difference // voltmeter reading

III. fixed variable

volume and concentration of copper (II) nitrate solution

c) State one hypothesis for this experiment

The further apart the two metals in the electrochemical series, the greater is their potential difference.
(Type of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)

d) State the operational definition for the construction of electrochemical series in this experiment
construction of electrochemical series is using the potential difference between two metals (simple defination)
which shown by reading of voltmeter which measures (observation) when two different metal which connected
to voltmeter and dipped into copper (II) nitrate solution (procedure)

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e) Based on the voltmeter readings in Diagram 1.1, arrange copper, zinc, magnesium and lead, starting with the
most electropositive metal.
Magnesium, zinc, lead, copper
f) Diagram 1.2 shows the result of the experiment for Set II after 20 minutes

I. State the colour change of copper(II) nitrate solution in Diagram 1.2.

From blue to pale blue

II. State the inference based on the answer in (f)(i).

The concentration of copper(II) ions decreases

III. State the relationship between the Change in the size of copper electrode with time.
When the time increases, the size of copper electrode also increases

g) Metal X is placed between magnesium and zinc in the electrochemical series. Predict the voltage produced if
magnesium in Set II is replaced by metal X.
2.1V

h) The following half-equations show the reaction that occurs at the lead electrode and copper electrode in Set
III. Balance the equations by writing the number of electrons in the boxes provided. Write the ionic equation.
At lead electrode: Pb → PB2+ + 2e-
At copper electrode : Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu
Ionic equation: Pb + Cu → Pb2+ + Cu
2+

i) Table 1 shows the information about pairs of metals and its positive terminal in voltaic cells.
Pair of metals Positive termi
Silver and copper Silver
Iron and copper Copper
Tin and copper Copper
Gold and copper Gold
Classify silver, iron, tin and gold into metals which are more electropositive than copper and metals which are
less electropositive than copper.
Metal which are more electropositive than copper Metal which are less electropositive than copper
Iron Silver
Tin Gold

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 82

Question 7 (F5C4 Heat of Combustion) 2012
Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of methanol.

Diagram 1.2 shows the initial and the highest thermometer readings of water for this experiment.

This experiment is repeated by replacing methanol with ethanol, propanol and butanol.
a)
I. Based on Diagram 1.2, state one observation(3M)
The thermometer reading increases
II. State the inference based on the observation (3M)
Heat energy is released in the reaction
b) Based on Diagram 1.1, a list of heat conductors identified is as the following:
Glass lamp Iron tripod stand Aluminium windshield Water
Classify into good heat conductor and poor heat conductor(3M)
Good heat conductor Poor heat conductor
Tripod stand, aluminium windshield Glass lamp, water

c) State one hypothesis for this experiment(3M)

The higher the number of carbon atom per alcohol molecule, the higher the heat of combustion.
(Type of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)

d) For this experiment, state the (3M)

I. Manipulated variable
Type of alcohol // Methonal, ethanol, propanol and butanol

II. responding variable

Heat of combustion // Increase in temperature

III. fixed variable

Volume of water, copper can, glass lamp

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 83

e) Diagram 1.3 shows the readings of the electronic balance for the masses of four glass lamps after burning.
Reading of electronic balance for the mass of glass lamp after burning

Based on Diagram 1.3, complete Table 1.1 by recording the masses of glass lamps after burning, correct to two
decimal places. (3M)
Alcohol Volume of water Temperature Mass of glass lamp Mass of glass lamp
(cm3) change of water before burning (g) after burning (g)
(°C)
Methanol, CH3OH 200 30 374.95 373.35
Ethanol, C2H5OH 200 30 332.00 330.80
Propanol, C3H7OH 200 30 344.38 343.30
Butanol, C4H9OH 200 30 372.90 371.90

f) Referring to Table 1.1, calculate (3M)

I. the heat energy absorbed by water from the burning of propanol. [Density of water = 1 g cm-3]
Heat energy absorbed = Mass of water x 4.2 x Temperature change of water
= 200 x 4.2 x 30 = 25200J
II. the number of moles of propanol burnt
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒍 344.38−343.30
Number of moles of propanol = = = 0.018 mol
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 60

III. Heat of combustion

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 25200 𝐽
Heat of combustion = 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒍 = − 0.018 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = -1400 kJ mol-1

g) Table 1.2 shows the heat combustion of methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
Alcohol Number of carbon atoms per molecule Heat of combustion, ΔH (-x kJ mol-1)
Methanol 1 -504
Ethanol 2 -970
Propanol 3 -1420
Butanol 4 -1870
Using the data in Table 1.2, plot a graph of heat of combustion against the number of carbon atoms per
molecule of alcohol. (3M)

h) Based on this experiment, predict the heat of combustion for pentanol, C5H11OH. (3M)
-2 340 kJ mol-1
i) Actual value of heat of combustion of ethanol = 1 376 kJ mol-1 Experimental value of heat combustion of
ethanol = 970 kJ mol-1. State two reasons why the experimental value is less than the actual value. (3M)
Incomplete combustion of alcohol
Heat is absorbed by the copper can
Some heat loss to surrounding
j) State the operational definition of heat of combustion of alcohol in this experiment(3M)
Heat of combustion of alcohol is the amount of heat energy released (observation) when 1 mole of the alcohol is
burnt in excess oxygen (procedure)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 84

Question 8 (F5C1 Rate of reaction sodium thiosulphate solution) 2011
Diagrams 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 shows the apparatus set-up for Set I, Set II, Set III and Set IV for an experiment to
investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and
hydrochloric acid. In each set of the experiment, the size of the conical flask used is 250 cm 3.
Set Apparatus set-up Observation
I 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid +
50 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution

II 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid +

50 cm3 of 0.16 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution

III 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid +

50 cm3 of 0.12 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution

a)
I. Based on Diagrams 1.1,1.2 and 1.3, state one observation in this experiment. (3M)
yellow precipitate is formed.
II. Based on the observation in (a)(i), state the inference (3M)
Sulphur is formed

b) For this experiment, state the (3M)

I. Manipulated variable
Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution
II. responding variable
Rate of reaction / Time taken for ‘X’ mark to disappear from sight

III. fixed variable

Concentration of hydrochloric acid / Size of conical flask

c) State one hypothesis for this experiment(3M)

The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher the rate of reaction with hydrochloric
acid (Type of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)

d) State the operational definition for the rate of reaction in this experiment (3M)
rate of reaction is the time taken for the cross mark to disappear from sight (observation) when hydrochloric
acid is added to sodium thiosulphate solution (procedure)

e)
I. Based on Diagrams 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, complete Table 1.1. (3M)
Set I II III IV
Concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution (mol dm- 0.20 0.16 1.12 0.08
3
)
Time (s) 20 25 33 50
𝟏 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
(s-1)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 85

 𝟏
II. Based on Table 1.1, plot a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against (3M)
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

f) Based on the graph in (e)(ii),

I. state the relationship between the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution and the rate of
reaction (3M)
The rate of reaction is directly propotional to the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution.

II. Predict the time taken for the mark “ X ” to disappear from sight if the experiment is carried out using
0.22 mol dm-3 of sodium thiosulphate solution. Show on the graph how you determine the time taken
(3M)
1
0.055
= 18.18s

g) The experiment for Set I is repeated by replacing the 250 cm3 conical flask with a smaller conical flask. The
time taken for the mark “ X ” to disappear from sight is less than 20 seconds. Explain why. (3M)
The smaller conical flask has a smaller base area. Thus, the thickness of the sulphur is increased.

h) Classify the ions present in Set II by completing Table 1.2. (3M)

Anions Cations
Chloride ion Hydrogen ion
Thiosulphate ion Sodium ion

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Question 9 (F4C4 Group 1 element) 2010
Table 1.1 shows three experiments to investigate the reactivity of Group 1 elements with water. The pH value of
the solution formed is measured using a pH meter.
Experiment Observation during reaction pH meter reading of the solution
after reaction
I

II

III

a) Record the pH value of: (3M)

Experiment I: 13.0
Experiment II: 13.1
Experiment III: 13.0

b) State the observations during the reaction in Experiment I, Experiment II and Experiment III in Table 1.2 (3M)
Experiment Observation
I Moves slowly on water surface. Bums with a red flame

II Moves very vigorously on water surface. Bums with a purple flame

.
III Moves quickly on water surface. Burns with a bright yellow flame

c) State three inferences from Experiment II. (3M)

Potassium reacts vigorously with water
Heat is released.
An alkaline solution is produced
d) State one hypothesis for this experiment (3M)
When going down group 1, Lithium, sodium potassium become more reactive in their reaction with water
(Type of hypothesis: Relationship MV↑,RV↑↓)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 87

e) State the operational definition for the reactivity of Group 1 elements (3M)
reactivity of Group 1 elements is the brightness of the flame (observation) when a small piece of alkali metal is
place slowly on water surface (procedure)

f)
I. Arrange the three elements in ascending order of reactivity (3M)
Lithium, Sodium, Potassium

II. Explain the answer in (f)(i) based on atomic size. (3M)

The atomic size increases from lithium, sodium to potassium. The distance between the valence
electrons and the nucleus become further. The force of attraction between valence electron and nuclues
become weaker. It become easier for atom to release the valence electron to achieve stable octet
electron arrangment.

g) Rubidium is placed below potassium in Group 1 of The Periodic Table of Elements. Predict three observations
from the reaction of rubidium with water. (3M)
Rubidium burns with a very bright flame
Heat is released
A colourless alkaline solution with pH higher than 13.1 is obtained

Table 2 shows the results from an experiment to investigate the acidic properties of ethanoic acid.
Reaction Observation
Ethanoic acid in water + magnesium Effervescence
Ethanoic acid is methylbenzene + magnesium No effervescence

a) For this experiment, state the (3M)

I. Manipulated variable
Type of Solvent // water and methylbenzene
II. responding variable
Acidic property of ethanoic acid // effervescence
III. fixed variable
Type of acid used / Type of metal used / Concentration of acid
b) Ethanoic acid reacts with reactive metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Sketch a graph to show the
volume of hydrogen gas produced against time (3M)

c) Classify the following acids into strong acids and weak acids (3M)
Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Ethanoic acid Nitric acid

Strong acid Weak acid

Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid Ethanoic acid

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 88

Question 10 (F4C6 Type of electrode) 2009
Diagram 1 shows two electrolytic cells
Electrolytic cell I

Electrolytic cell II

Electrolytic cell 1 uses carbon electrodes and electrolytic cell II uses copper electrodes.

a) State three different observations and the corresponding inferences in Table 1.1. The observations should not
include the colour change of the electrolyte. (3M)
Observation Inference
Colourless gas formed at the anode of cell I while the Oxygen is formed at the anode of cell I. The anode of
anode of cell II becomes thinner cell II is eroded.

The concentration of the electrolyte in cell I Concentration of Cu2+ ions decreases in cell I but
decreases but remains the same in cell II remains the same in cell II.

At the end of the experiment, the anode of cell I is The type of electrode used affects the product of the
heavier than the anode of cell II electrolysis.

b) State one hypothesis for this experiment. (3M)

When carbon electrode is used in electrolytic cell, oxygen gas is produce at anode.
When copper electrode is used in electrolytic cell, copper (II) ions is produce at anode.
(Type of hypothesis: Different result → Result 1, Result 2)

c) For this experiment, state the (3M)

I. Manipulated variable
Type of electrode // carbon electrode and copper electrode
II. responding variable
Product formed at anode
III. fixed variable
volume and concentration of copper (II) sulphate solution

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 89

d) Electrolytic cell I is used to carry out the electrolysis of the following solutions:
1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium iodide 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid
Classify the solutions by completing Table 1.2. (3M)
Solution that produces gas at the anode when Solution that does not produce gas at the anode
electrolysed when electrolysed
-3
1.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium iodide
-3
1.0 mol dm nitric acid

e) In electrolytic cell I, the colour of the solution changes from dark blue to light blue. In electrolytic cell II, there
is no change of colour in the solution. Explain the difference. (3M)
Cell I: The blue solution of CuSO4 becomes lighter as more Cu2+ ions are discharged from the solution
Cell II: Copper ionises at the anode while Cu2+ ions are discharged at the cathode. Hence, the concentration of
Cu2+ ions remain constant. Thus, there is no change of colour in the solution.

f)
I. Draw a labelled diagram to show the electroplating of an iron key with silver using silver nitrate
solution as the electrolyte. (3M)

II. What will happen to the iron key after electrolysed for 20 minutes? (3M)
The key will be coated with a thin layer of silver.
A student carried out an experiment to investigate the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric
acid. Table 2 shows the data obtained from the experiment
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Burette reading (cm3) 50.00 38.00 30.50 19.50 18.50 18.00 18.00
Volume of gas evolved (cm3) 0.00 12.00 19.50 30.50 31.50 32.00 32.00
Diagram 2 shows the burette readings at 90 seconds and 120 seconds.

a) Based on Diagram 2, record the burette readings and volume of gas evolved at 90 seconds and 120 seconds in
Table 2. (3M)
25.50 cm3 24.50 cm3 // 22.00 cm3 28.00 cm3
b) Based on Table 2, state how the volume of gas evolved changes when the marble chips react with hydrochloric
acid (3M)
The volume of gas evolved increases from 0 s to 210 s and remains constant until the end of the experiment
c) Based on this experiment, what is the meaning of the rate of reaction? (3M)
The rate of reaction is the volume of gas evolved per unit time (observation) when marble chip is added to
hydrochloric acid (procedure)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 90

Question 11 (F5C2 Coagulation of latex) 2008
Diagram 1 shows three sets, Set I, Set II and Set III, of the apparatus set-up for an experiment to investigate the
effect of ethanoic acid and ammonia solution on the coagulation of latex.
Set Apparatus Set up
I

II

III

a) State one hypothesis based on Set I and Set II.

The presence of ethanoic acid speeds up the coagulation of latex while the presence of ammonia prevents the
coagulation of latex. (Type of hypothesis: Different result → Result 1, Result 2)

b) Record the time taken for the latex to coagulate in Set I and Set III.
Set I: 5 minutes
Set III: 6 hours

c) Construct a table to record the time taken for coagulation in Set I and Set III
Set Initial time Final time Time taken
I 8:00 a.m. 8:05 a.m. 5 minutes
II 8:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 6 hours

d) State one observation that can be obtained from each set of this experiment
Set Observation
I The latex coagulates in 5 minutes
II The latex does not coagulate
III The latex coagulates in 6 hours

e) State the operational definition for the coagulation of latex

coagulation of latex is formation of white solid (observation) when ethanoic acid is added into latex (procedure)

f) For this experiment, state the (3M)

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 91

 I. Manipulated variable
Type of solution //Ethanoic acid and ammonia solution

II. responding variable

Coagulation of latex // formation of white solid

III. fixed variable

volume and concentration of Ethanoic acid and ammonia solution
g)
I. Excess hydrochloric acid is added to the beaker in Set II after 2:00 p.m. What observation can be made
about the latex?
White solid is formed

II. Explain the answer in (g)(i).

Hydrochloric acid neutralises the ammonia solution. When in excess, it neutralises the negative charges
of the rubber particles enabling them to combine and coagulate.

h) Explain why latex can coagulate without acid in Set III.

Bacteria in the air will grow in the latex and produce an acid. This is a slow process. Thus, the latex can coagulate
without acid in Set III

i)
I. Explain why the latex in Set I coagulates faster than the latex in Set III.
The quantity of acid in Set I is more than that in Set III

II. The following is a list of chemical substances:

Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide Methanoic acid Potassium hydroxide
Classify these substances into substances that can coagulate latex and substances that cannot
coagulate latex
Can coagulate latex Cannot coagulate latex
Nitric acid, methanoic acid Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 92

Question 12 (F5C4 Heat of neutralisation) 2007
Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up for Experiments I, II, III and IV.
The magnification of the thermometers shows the readings of the initial temperature and the highest or lowest
temperatures in each experiment.
a)
I. Record the temperature readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.1. (3M)

II. Construct a table to show all the data in each of these experiments
Experiment Initial temperature (°C) Final temperature (°C)
I 28.0 36.0
II 29.0 25.0
III 27.0 32.0
IV 30.0 27.0

III. Classify the reaction in these experiments as either exothermic reactions or endothermic reactions
Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
I,III II,IV

SPM BLUR BLUR BOOK 93

b) A student repeated Experiment I several times
I. State three things that must be kept constant in these experiments
Mass of solid sodium hydroxide
Volume of water used
Type of cup used
II. State the hypothesis for Experiment I.
Heat is released when solid sodium hydroxide dissolves in water

c) Based on Experiment II:

I. State the temperature change and give two reasons for the change.
Temperature change: (29 - 25)°C = 4°C
Reason 1: Heat is needed to break the bonds in ammonium chloride during dissolving process
Reason 2: Heat is absorbed from the surroundings

II. State the operational definition for the reaction that takes place
The reaction that takes place is depend on the temperature change (observation) when solid ammonium
chloride into water (procedure)
d) The reaction in Experiment III is a neutralisation reaction.
Other acids can be substituted for hydrochloric acid.
These acids have the same volume and concentration as the hydrochloric acid in Experiment III.
Predict the temperature in the neutralisation reactions of these acids.
1. Sulphuric acid = 38 °C
2. Nitric acid = 32 °C
3. Ethanoic acid = 30 °C
e) Diagram 1.2 shows some observations in Experiment IV.

I. State three observations shown in Diagram 1.2.

Decrease in temperature
The volume of liquid in the polystyrene cup increases
Gas bubbles are formed
II. The following chemical equation represents the reaction in Experiment IV.
HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Based on the chemical equation, and the answer in l(e)(i), what inference can be made from
Experiment IV?
The energy content of the products is higher than the energy content of the reactants. Thus, the heat of
reaction is positive
III. Sketch a graph to show the change in the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced against time.

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