HKCEE Circulation in human
1992 Q1b - to provide a large surface area )
(i) vessel Y 1 - for diffusion of gases )
Its thick / elastic wall 1+ OR
helps resisting the high blood pressure 1 - wall of air sac is very thin (thin epithelial layer) )
(ii) vessel X (renal vein) * vena cava * heart * pulmonary artery * lungs - to provide a short distance )
* pulmonary vein * heart * aorta* vessel Y (renal artery) 4 - for diffusion of gases )
(iii) vessel X vessel Y OR
carbon dioxide less more 1 - numerous capillaries to provide )
concentration - a rich blood supply to transport gases to and form respiratory surface )
glucose concentration less more 1 - to maintain a steep concentration gradient / for gaseous diffusion )
any ONE set 1+1+1
1993 Q2a (v) * pulmonary artery 1
same blood oxygen content when compared with that in the vena
(i) (1) simple sugar / glucose 1
cava 1
(2) oil / fat 1
(ii) the route :
1996 Q1b
lymph vessel Q (anterior) vena cava heart pulmonary arteries lungs
(i) (1) artery (1 mark)
pulmonary veins heart aorta hepatic artery organ M
(2) capillary(1 mark)
(iii) Lymphocytes / white blood cells produce antibodies to act 1
against antigens / pathogens 1 (ii) Blood vessel A has thick wall
phagocytes / white blood cells engulf pathogens 1 to withstand a high blood pressure (1+1 marks) OR
Blood vessel A has elastic wall
1993 Q4a To withstand/maintain a high blood pressure. (1+1 marks) OR
(i) to relay nerve impulses between the brain and other body parts 1 Blood vessel A has muscular wall
responsible for reflex actions 1 To control the blood flow/the diameter for the blood vessel (1+1marks) any one set
(ii) to push food bolus towards stomach 1 The wall of blood vessel B has one-cell thick (1 mark)
by peristalsis / contraction of the circular muscle 1 So as to facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and the tissue cells. (1)
(iii) - to protect the spinal cord (iii) To provided a large surface area to volume ratio(1 mark)
- to ARTICULATE with the ribs to effect breathing movements To facilitate the diffusion of gases(1 mark)
- to support the body any TWO 1,1 (iv) The blood supply to the heart muscle id reduced. (1 mark)
(iv) - numerous air sacs )
HKCEE Circulation in human
So there is less food and oxygen supply to the heart muscle cells(1 mark)
The heart muscle cells would die/heart attack would occur. (1 mark)
1998 Q3a
2001 Q3b
(i) The barbecued pork contains fat 1
2000 Q3a The digested products are absorbed into the lacteal in the form of fat / oil droplets 1
As a result, there will be numerous fat / oil droplets in the lymph in X 1
(ii) Contraction of skeletal muscles around vessel Y forces the lymph to flow upward 1
The valves in vessel Y help to prevent the backflow of the lymph1
(iii) As the lymph vessels are blocked, tissue fluid in the leg cannot be transported away 1
Meanwhile it is continuously formed in the leg 1
thus tissue fluid accumulates
(iv) The pathogen that causes sore throat. 1
stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes / white blood cells in structure Z 1
2003 Q4b
HKCEE Circulation in human
2004 Q3c 2006 Q1
(i) To withstand the high blood pressure. (1)
To regulate the blood flow to the organ / control the diameter of the vessel lumen. (1)
(ii) The blood pressure in vessel type II is lower. (1)
The larger lumen would have a smaller resistance, thus facilitating the blood flow. (1)
(iii) Lung (1)
(iv) (1) Vessel type II of organ A has a lower carbon dioxide content than vessel type I. (1)
As blood flows from vessel type 1 to the lung, then to vessel type II, (1)
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood to the air sac in the lungs. (1)
(2) Blood in vessel type I of organ A comes from the veins / the right side of the heart,(1)
which collect blood from the body tissues (1)
where oxygen is consumed in respiration. (1) 2008 Q9b
2005 Q8a
HKCEE Circulation in human
2006 Q10b
HKCEE Circulation in human
2010 Q3
HKCE Transport and Support in plants
