10/10/22, 9:11 PM Learning PHYSICS for IIT JEE: Formula revision

The charge on a proton is

e = 1.60218*10^-19 C

Coulomb's formula for the electric force between two charges.

(1) F = k*q1*q2/r²

q1,q2 charges
r = separation
between charges

k = constant

In SI units k is measured to be 8.98755*10^9 N-m²/C²

The constant k is often written as 1/4πε0.

The constant ε0 is called the permittivity of the space and its value is

ε0 = 8.85419*10^-12 C²/N-m²

The intensity of field is defined as Vector E = Vector F/q

(3) E = F/q

Electric field due to a point charge (Q)

(4) E = F/q = Q/4πε0r²

(5) U(r2) - U(r1) = -W = [q1*q2/4πε0]* [(1/r2) - (1/r1)]

Choosing potential energy at infinite separation as zero

(6) U(r) = U(r) - U(∞) = [q1*q2/4πε0]* (1/r)

= q1*q2/4πε0r

(7) VB - VA = (UB - UA)/q

We can define absolute electric potential at any point by choosing a reference point P and
saying that the potential at this point is zero.

(8) VA = VA - VP = (UA - UP)/q

The potential due to a point charge Q (placed at A) at a point P with distance AP = r is

(9) VP = Q/4πε0r

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10/10/22, 9:11 PM Learning PHYSICS for IIT JEE: Formula revision

The electric potential at a point due to more than one charge in the system is obtained by
finding potential due to individual charges and then adding them.

10. Relation between electric field and potential

dV = -E.dr

Integrating between limits r1 and r2

V2 – V1 = - ∫ E.dr

If we choose r1 as infinity (reference point)

V(r) = - ∫ E.dr (from infinity to r)

Hence we can calculate potential V if we know E and r.

If we know V we can find E through the relation

Ex = - ∂V/∂x

Ey = -∂V/∂y
Ez = -∂V/∂z

We can find the x,y and z components of E.

E can be written as Ex i +Ey j + Ez k

We can write dV as dV = -E dr cos θ where θ is the angle between the field E and the small
displacement dr.

-dV/dr = E cos θ

15. Electric Dipole

Electric dipole moment

It is defined as a vector p = q*distance vector d

where distance vector is the vector joining the negative charge to the positive charge.
The line along the direction of the dipole moment is called the axis of the dipole.

16. Electric potential due to a dipole at a point P

Point is at distance r from the centre of the diploe (d/2) and theline joining the point P to
the centre of the dipole make an angle θ with the direction of dipole movement (from –q to
+q)

Potential at P due to charge –q = - [1/4πε0][q/(r + (dcos θ)/2)]

Potential at P due to charge q = [1/4πε0][q/(r - (dcos θ)/2)]

Net potential due to q and –q = [1/4πε0](qd cos θ)/r²

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10/10/22, 9:11 PM Learning PHYSICS for IIT JEE: Formula revision

17. Electric field due to a dipole

Er = [1/4πε0](2p cos θ)/r³

Eθ = [1/4πε0](p sin θ)/r³

Resultant electric field at P = E= √ (Er²+ Eθ²)

= [1/4πε0](p/r³)√(3 cos²θ + 1)

19. Torque on an electric dipole placed in an electric field.

If the dipole axis makes an angle θ with the electric field magnitude of the torque = | Γ| =
pE sin θ

In vector notation Γ = p × E

20. Potential energy of a dipole placed in a uniform electric field

dipole axis makes an angle θ with the electric field magnitude of the torque

Change in potential energy = U(θ) – U(90°) = -pE cos θ = -p.E

If we choose the potential energy of the dipole to be zero when θ = 90° , above equation
becomes

U(θ) = -pE cos θ = -p.E

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Labels: Electric field, Formula revision

IIT JEE Physics Formula Revision 30. Gauss's Law

1. ∆Φ = E ∆s cos θ

∆Φ is the flux of the electric field (E) through the surface ∆s. θ is the angle between positive
normal to the surface and electric field.

Using the techniques of integration flux over a surface is:

Φ = ∫ E.∆s
Flux over a
closed surface

Φ = ∮ E.∆s (* Intregration over a closed surface)

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10/10/22, 9:11 PM Learning PHYSICS for IIT JEE: Formula revision

2. Solid angle

Ω = S/r²

Ω = solid angle (dimensionless figure)

S = the area of the part of sphere intercepted by the cone

r = radius of the sphere assumed on which we are assuming
the cone

A complete circle subtends an angle 2 π

Any closed surface subtends a solid angle 4 π at the centre.

How much is the angle subtended by a closed plane curve at an external point? Zero.

3. Gauss's law

The flux of the net electric field through a closed surface equals the net charge enclosed by
the surface divided by ε0.

In symbols

∮ E.∆s (* Intregration over a closed surface) =

qin/ε0.

Where

qin = charge enclosed by the closed surface

ε0 = emittivity of the free space

4. Electric field due to a uniformly charged sphere

A total charge Q is uniformly distributed in a spherical volume of radius R. what is the

electric field at a distance r from the centre of the charge distribution outside the sphere?
E = Q/4π ε0 r²

5. Field at an internal point

At centre E = O

At any other point inside (rless than R) radius of the sphere

E = Qr/4π ε0 R³

6. c. Electric field due to a linear charge distribution

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10/10/22, 9:11 PM Learning PHYSICS for IIT JEE: Formula revision

The linear charge density (charge per unit length) is λ.

Electric field at a distance r from the linear charge distribution

E = λ/2π ε0r

7. d. Electric field due to a plane sheet of charge

Plane sheet with charge density (charge per unit area) σ.

Field at distance d from the sheet = E = σ/2ε0

We see that the field is uniform and does not depend on the distance from the charge sheet.
This is true as long as the sheet is large as compared to its distance from P.

8. Electric field due to a charged conducting surface

To find the field at a point near this surface but outside the surface having charge density σ.

E = σ/ ε0

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