Module 2:
Overview of C#
First Name Last Name 20pt
Job Title 20pt
Today’s Date 18pt
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The Avanade name and logo are registered trademarks in the US and other countries.
Module Overview
• Structure of a C# Program
• Basic Input/Output Operations
• Documenting an Application
• Debugging Applications by Using Visual Studio 2010
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Lesson 1:
Structure of a C# Program
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Structure of a C# Program
• Hello, World
• The Class
• The Main Method
• The using Directive and the System Namespace
• Demonstration: Using Visual Studio to Create a C#
Program
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The Structure of a Console Application
[2.1.1 Structure]
Bring System namespace into scope
using System;
Namespace declaration
namespace MyFirstApplication
{ Program class declaration
class Hello
{
static void Main( ) Main method declaration
{
[Link](“Hello, World”);
}
}
}
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The Class
• A C# application is a collection of classes, structures, and
types
• A class is a set of data and methods
• Syntax
class name
{
...
}
• A C# application can consist of many files
• A class can span multiple files
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The Main Method
• When writing Main, you should:
– Use an uppercase “M”, as in “Main”
– Designate one Main as the entry point to the program
– Declare Main as public static void Main
• Multiple classes can have a Main
• When Main finishes, or returns, the application quits
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The using Directive and the System
Namespace
• The .NET Framework provides many utility classes
– Organized into namespaces
• System is the most commonly used namespace
• Refer to classes by their namespace
[Link]("Hello, World");
• The using directive
using System;
…
[Link]("Hello, World");
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Lesson 2:
Basic Input / Output Operations
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Basic Input / Output Operations
• The Console Class
• Write and WriteLine Methods
• Read and ReadLine Methods
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The Console Class
• Provides access to the standard input, standard output,
and standard error streams
• Only meaningful for console applications
– Standard input – keyboard
– Standard output – screen
– Standard error – screen
• All streams may be redirected
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Performing Input and Output by Using a Console
Application
[Link] method includes:
Write()
WriteLine()
Read()
ReadKey()
ReadLine()
Clear()
[2.2.1 Write / 2.2.2 WriteLine / 2.2.3 Read / 2.2.4 ReadKey / 2.2.5 ReadLine / 2.2.6 Clear]
using System;
...
[Link]("Hello there!“);
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Text Formatting
• The format string specifies how the data is output and it
can contain makers which are replaced in order by the
parameters that follow. [2.2.7 Text Formatting / 2.2.8 Text Formatting]
[Link](“The sum of {0} and {1} is {2}”, 100, 130,
100+130);
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Numeric Formatting
• The full syntax for the format string is {N,M:FormatString},
where N is the parameter number, M is the field width and
justification, and FormatString specifies how numeric data
should be displayed. [2.2.9 Numeric Formatting]
Item Meaning
C Display the number as currency, using the local currency
symbol and conventions.
D Display the number as a decimal integer.
E Display the number by using exponential (scientific) notation.
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Numeric Formatting (continued)
Item Meaning
F Display the number as a fixed-point value.
G Display the number as either fixed point or integer, depending
on which format is the most compact.
N Display the number with embedded commas.
X Display the number by using hexadecimal notation.
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Lesson 3:
Documenting an Application
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Documenting an Application
• What Are XML Comments?
• Common XML Comment Tags
• Generating documentation from XML Comments
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Commenting Applications
• Comments are important
– A well-commented application permits a developer to fully
understand the structure of the application
• Single-line comments [2.3.1 Single Comment]
// Get the user’s name
[Link]("What is your name? ");
name = [Link]( );
• Multiple-line comments [2.3.2 Multiple Comment]
/* Find the higher root of the
quadratic equation */
x = (…);
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Best Practices for Commenting C# Applications
Begin procedures by using a comment block
In longer procedures, use comments to break up
units of work
When you declare variables, use a comment to indicate
how the variable will be used
When you write a decision structure, use a comment to
indicate how the decision is made and what it implies
// This is a comment on a separate line.
string message = "Hello there!"; // This is an inline comment.
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What Are XML Comments?
Use XML comments to generate Help documentation for
your applications
[2.3.3 XML Comments]
/// <summary> The Hello class prints a greeting on the screen
/// </summary>
public class Hello
{
/// <summary> We use console-based I/O. For more information
/// about
/// WriteLine, see <seealso cref="[Link]"/>
/// </summary>
public static void Main( )
{
[Link]("Hello World");
}
}
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Common XML Comment Tags
[2.3.4 XML Comment Tags]
Common tags include:
<summary> … </summary>
<remarks> … </remarks>
<example> … </example>
<code> … </code>
<returns> … </returns>
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Common XML Comment Tags (cont.)
/// <summary> The Hello class prints a greeting
/// on the screen
/// </summary>
class Hello
{
/// <remarks> We use console-based I/O.
/// For more information about WriteLine, see
/// <seealso cref="[Link]"/>
/// </remarks>
public static void Main( )
{
[Link]("Hello, World");
}
}
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Generating Documentation from XML Comments
Generate an XML file from Visual Studio 2010
Generate an XML file from [Link]
[2.3.5 Generating Documentation]
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<doc>
<assembly> <name>MyProject</name></assembly>
<members>
<member name="T:Hello">
<summary> The Hello class prints a greeting on the screen
</summary>
</member>
<member name="M:[Link]">
...
</member>
</members>
</doc>
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Generating XML Documentation
• You can compile the XML tags and documentation into an
XML file by using the C# compiler with the /doc option:
csc [Link] /doc:[Link]
• If there are no errors, you can view the XML file that is
generated by using a tool such as Internet Explorer.
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Exception Handling
[2.3.6 Exception Handling]
using System;
public class Hello
{
public static void Main(string[ ] args)
{
try{
[Link](args[0]);
}
catch (Exception e) {
[Link]("Exception at
{0}", [Link]);
}
}
}
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Module Review and Takeaways
• Review Questions
• Best Practices
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