POINTERS TO REVIEW FOR LOCAL TOUR GUIDING 1
Introduction to Tour Guide
What is a Tour Guide?
1. Tour guides are often called as frontline workers in the travel industry, they take tourists
on sightsee ing
tours on the limited and specified duration of time (Salamanca and Roque, 2016).
2. Guides are tourism professionals that lead their guests through the most
interesting parts of their region.
It is their task to entertain visitors to their region and to help them to interpret the sigh
ts that they are visiting.
They help tourists to have a positive experience and take care of their guests as good a
s they can.
They are knowledgeable and savvy about the places they show to tourists.
On tours that include sightseeing historical buildings, sites, and locations,
tour guides must be able to provide travellers with all the information they
should know about the place they’re visiting.
Most tour guides work on a pre-established route and visit a selected list of
locations. They are usually employed by tour operators, hotels, resorts, and
other establishments such as museums or historical landmarks. However,
some tour guides work independently or are self-employed.
They are expected to provide tourists with information regarding the place
they’re visiting, answer questions they may have, and adhere toa pre designed
route to avoid getting lost.
History of Tour Guiding
1. Ancient Empire
This is the era of the great empires from 3000 BC to 500 AD.
Ancient Persians, Assyrians and Egyptians traveled in an organized manner.
During the era of the Greek Empire, travel flourished thus increasing the
number of guides.
Guides were referred to as pathfinder, leader and explainer using the Greek
terms “periegetai” or“exegetai” and “proxemos” whose functions was to help
fellow citizens traveling abroad.
Olympic Games begun in 776 BC. This became a major motivation for people to travel.
Periegetai – guides
Exegetai – explainers
Proxemos – primary purpose to help fellow citizens to travel abroad
Herodotus – called by many as the first travel writer.
2. Middle Ages or Dark Ages
Approximately between 500 AD and 1508 AD.
The period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance also referred to
as the Dark Age.
This was a period that saw the prevalence of religious pilgrimages.
Encounters with robbers were common during pilgrimages with most pilgrims
afraid to travel alone.
References to guides during this period emphasizes on their roles as
pathfinders, protectors, safety escorts and bridges to ensure safe passage.
Prevalent type of journey was religious pilgrimage primarily for upper and
middle classes.
3. Renaissance & Grand Tour
The image of Tour Guides was improved significantly during the Renaissance
and the Grand Tour.
Young men of the upper classes traveled from Britain using a
prescribed route
from England through France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland to
their final destination Italy.
The Grand Tourist was expected to return from his travel with a broadened
mind, good command of foreign languages, self-reliance, a
highly developed taste and graceful manner.
Since the journeys were for educational and cultural reasons the individuals
or groups were usually assigned personal tutors.
Plenty of reference are made during Renaissance of British and
European royalties and rich individua ls hiring guides.
The tutor also known as Antiquarii or Ciceronewould remain with the traveller
and his entourage throughout the journey.
Many tutors and guides during this period were distinguished clergy, students, teachers,
writers and historians.
Tour travelers of the 17th to 19h Centuries often hired a vetturino, a driver of
the Italian carriages called vettura
Safety was an issue for travelers during the renaissance period so guides who could offer
protection were very in demand.
4. Modern Age
During the 17th and 18th century, travelers to and within the new world were
explorers rather than pleasure travellers.
The first travelers were ordinary and often indigent explorers who traveled a lot to find a
new way of life.
Few new world travellers and guides are known to have existed during this period.
Due to the great distance and limitations of transportation, time and
money, pleasure travel to and from
the new world was undertaken by a few privileged and curious Europeans.
5. Development of Tour Guiding in Europe
Sir Thomas Cook (1801 – 1892) – Founder of Thomas Cook and Sons Travel Agency
It is without underestimation the role played by Sir Thomas Cook after the
2nd World War that
provided the impetus for development of the modern tour guiding as we know it today (Bre
ndon, 1991).
Thomas Cook is considered as the first travel agent as he transported
570 passengers on a round trip train excursion as the first rail excursion
agent.
Hebecame the first tour operator in the world after diversifying his full
time excursion agency to offer packaged tours to the growing travellers.
Cook organized intracontinental andintercontinental tours around the
world including the Grand Tours of Europe, pilgrimage tours to Egypt among others.
England was one of the first countries to regulate and train guides with the
London Country Counciland the Regent Street Polytechnic offering training
courses for guides from 1936 to 1939.
The London Country Council reestablished its guide training program
and the Tourist Authority was established in 1949 to 1951 as an official
status for “approved guides” that accredited guides with a badge and
certificate.
European guides have been widely regarded as having the most advanced training and hi
ghest guiding standards in the world with an exception of Israel
which has the world’s best trained, most highly respected and best paid
guides.
The origin of tour guiding comes from a person who would lead a travel party through un
familiar terrain and would show the way or route to the travellers.
In 1851 Cook launched a newspaper called “The Excursionist” to educate
travelers on the places ofinterest in France, Germany, India, Australasia,
America and Far East in the package tour.
His son John Mason Cook later set up oversees editions of the newspaper
and in May 1902 it wasrenamed to “The Travelers Gazette” and
continued being published until 1939.
During the 20th century, Cook through his travel agency gave training to guides to
support his quality tours that were started in the second half
of the nineteenth century, he provided travellers with personalized tours
which were escorted by a tour leader.
Early travelers were often accompanied by guides who had become familiar
with the routes of earlier trips.
As travelling became common and people frequently travelled for leisure
and fun, they started seeking support from companions who were expected
to take good care of them.
In the 19th century when leisure travel became more common place, women
and young children were not expected to travel alone with relatives or
house servants acting as their companions.
Travelers sought support from experts who could interpret nature and local
culture to them thus givingbirth to the demand and rise of the professional
tour guide.
Types of Tours
1. Specially arranged tour - is a tour specially arranged based
on the specific needs of the tourist
2. Daily run tour - is a tour conducted regularly.
3. Seat in Coach- is atour participated by different tour members with varied pick-up po
ints but going to the same destination.
4. Walking Tour- tour where members have to do a lot of walking in order to see the di
fferent aspects of the tour.
5. Museum Tour- is normally a visit to
the different museums as the main part of the tour
6. Plant Tour/ Company Visit- conducted normally with students visiting an
actual company or plant, which related to their course of study
7. Eco Tour- tour to the different ecology sites with emphasis on the
preservation of the environment
8. Other Specialized Tour– conducted for a specific type tourist like going to a
faith healer, shooting a film, agri- tourism, or any other tour of special interest.
Types of Tour Guides
1. On-site Guide- They conduct tours for an hour or more at
a specific building, place or site like a museum curator who is well-
informed about the place.
2. Docents- These are guides who normally volunteer for a small museum or
archive, often work for free.
3. City Guide- They do city guiding and point out the many different
highlights of a city, usually doing this on a coach, van or any transport service. There
are some instances that guests would go down and do
some walking.
4. DriverGuide- This refers to a tour guide and driver at the same time.
Performs guiding work while driving.
5. Personal or Private Guide- Their service is on an on call basis, for
6. an individual, or small group, exclusive tour.
7. Specialized Guide- This refers to a guide whose expertise or skills are highly unique,
and not many of this type are available.
8. Step-on Guide- This relates to a guide who gets on the bus at the
destination to do the commentary normally about a certain facility, or site.
9. Local Guide- This refers to a person who is competent enough to
give information on a particular area or locality.
10. Specialist Guide- This refers to one who specializes in some areas such as arts, archit
ecture, churches, flora and fauna, mountains, etc.
11. Staff Guide- This refers to one who is permanently connected with a tour/travel agen
cy and paid per day or monthly basis.
12. Freelance Guide- This refers to a person who is not permanently connected with a
tour/travel agency and is paid per trip basis only.
13. Indigenous Guide- This guide is usually a member of a tribe, a native of a
certain community who has a deep understanding of the
cultural background of the people.
14. Naturalist Guide- refers to an expert on natural attractions such as caves, lakes, river
s, mountains, seascapes, etc.
15. Cruise Ship Guide- cruise ship personnel in charge of guiding onboard
guests to tour various department of the vessel.
16. Transfer Guide- Can also be referred to as the Courier, usually in charge of the “mee
t and greet” oftourists and guests, taking charge of the baggage and luggage to be tran
sferred from point of arrival to point of send-offs.
17. Tour Escort- This refers to accompanying tourists from the point of origin
Tothe point of destinations andreturn to the point of origin acting as
coordinators of the tour activities for a specified number of days
states in the tour package.
18. Outbound Guide (Tour Leader)- refers to accompanying tourists from the
point of origin to the point of destination and back to the point of origin
acting as manager of the tour activities for a specified numberof days
stated in the tour package, but this time, the activity is out of the country
Characteristics of a good tour guide
knowledge of the tour area
ability to communicate effectively
strong empathy and understanding
charismatic personality
keen ability to improvise and adapt
focuses on building rapport
engaging storyteller and actor
flexibility
timeliness and punctuality
eagerness to learn and willingness to teach others
professionalism.
What skills make a tour guide 5-star quality?
1. Powerful Communicator- Communication is one of the most important
skills of a tour guide. Guests rely on tour guides to provide direction, share facts
and information, and keep them entertained throughout the tour.
2. Memory like an elephant- tour guides become masters at memorizing
scripts and delivering performances that come across as natural, rather
than rehearsed. Although tour guides interact with different guests
daily, they can quickly transform a tour from average to extraordinary
by addressing everyguest by name so that they feel valued and not
just another tip.
3. Storytelling chops- Anyone can rehearse a script word for word, but an
exceptional tour guide can add a little bit of zest, make it their own,
and take guests on a journey through storytelling. In fact, storytelling
in tourism helps bring life to the subject matter, captivate an audience,
and give guests something to remember/pass on to their friends for years to come.
4. A good sense of humor- No one wants to stand or sit through a dry, boring, humor
less history lesson —
they zone out, get bored, and, worse, and turn to their phone for amusement. On the other han
d, making
guests laugh out loud is a surefire way to show them a good time and land a
super positive review.
5. Charismatic and genuine- A tour guide who is likeable and personable can light up a dest
ination and
make every guest feel like the most important person in the group. And a tour guide who sho
ws genuine
interest, listens intently, and recalls details later on, can make a far greater impact on the tour
experience
than the attraction itself.
6. Quickwitted and flexible- Guaranteed, guests will have random questions
and comments at one point or another, and a
tour guide must know their stuff while being able to respond with authority and enthusiasm.
Also, anything can happen in an hour-long tour or more. Next to communication skills, adapt
ability is
essential because people are unpredictable.
7. Sensitive to guest diversity
Since tour guides spend the most time with guests, they have a moral responsibility to:
respect cultural differences, all abilities, and language barriers
tailor their deliveries accordingly
demonstrate a hospitable attitude on behalf of the destination
inspire tourists to leave a positive social impact and reinforce a tour company’s core values
8. Indepth knowledge- While it’s tempting to tell guests to google it, a tour
guide is far more impressivewhen they can answer anything thrown their way.
After all, guests expect guides to be destination experts, so
knowing relevant facts, figures, and tips better than Google is part of the job.
9. A whole lot of passion- Most tour guides have a
passion for travel. It’s only fitting. They want to live the
dream and scratch off as many countries as possible on a world map.
10. Organized and punctual- Being orderly, efficient, and dependable might be common lies l
isted on a
resume, but are essential qualities of an effective tour guide. Guests shouldn’t have to wait ar
ound for a tour guide to get their act together. Everything should
run smoothly from check-in to check-out.
Bonus Skills of aTour Guide- A creative eye, Multilingual, Tech Wizard and Gutsy
at sales
Benefits and Challenges of a Tour Guide
PROS
You can work with many different people.
Tour guides can learn new languages.
Tour guides can work in many different locations.
You may be able to travel the world for free.
You can get to know every detail of your city.
Tour guides do not have to work in classical office jobs.
Working as tour guide can be interesting.
Being a tour guide is not that stressful.
You can improve your people skills.
You can get out of your comfort zone.
Tour guides learn to lead people.
You do not need extensive education.
Tour guides get paid for what other people pay for.
Good job if you are a rather extroverted person.
CONS
Tour guides often have to work on weekends.
Your schedule can change without prior notice.
You do not make much money.
Many tour guides need a second or an extra job to survive.
Short-term contract is pretty common.
Seasonality plays a big role on the job of tour guides.
Bad weather can be a problem.
Rather poor job security.
Limited promotion opportunities.
Tour guides have to deal with difficult people.
Being a tour guide may become boring in the long run.
You cannot work from home as a tour guide.
Managing Tours
Differentiate ‘Domestic Tour’ ‘Inbound Tour’ and ‘Outbound Tour’
Trip- usually refers to traveling to a place and returning back to where you started.
Travel- is going to another place (in general).
Domestic Trip- refers tothe travel between leaving the place of residence and
returning from a destination in the country of residence.
Inbound Trip- corresponds to the travel between arriving in a country and leaving.
Outbound Trip- refers to the travel between leaving a place of residence and
returning from a destination outside the country of residence.
Personal prosperity is a key driver in modern society, thus there is a growth in
spending power of consumers from different countries.
Tourism has two types and various forms.
On the basis of the movement of people tourism and bases of the
purpose of visit and alternative forms of tourism. categorized into two types.
1. International- tourism that crosses national borders.
Inbound- Tourism of nonresident visitors within the economic territory of
the country of reference. Tourism of NON-RESIDENT visitors in a country
Outbound- Tourism of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the count
ry of reference. (Tourism of RESIDENT visitors outside their own country)
2. Domestic- tourism of resident visitors in their own country.
Interregional – from 1 region to another region
Intraregional – from 1 province to another province within the same region
Local – from 1 municipality/city to another municipality /city within the same
province
Roles and responsibilities of tourist guides when leading each type of tour
Tour Guide makes or breaks the tour
A tour guide must be able to project two basic assets:
A personality able to present the information clearly, enjoyably and with
something of the artistic skills of an entertainer.
An ability to convey factual and interesting information with all the skills of a
good teacher and lecturer.
Fundamental Roles of Tour Guides:
1. The leader – the majority of the employers of guides regard leadership as
the most important aspect of a guide’s responsibilities.
2.The Educator - travel stimulates the exchange of knowledge. It gives the
travellers an opportunity to interact with the local residents. If travel is a
classroom and travellers are the students, then the guides are called educators.
Cognitive, Psychomotor and Affective domains
3. The Public Relations Representatives –considered as
the most important aspect of the guide’s work.
Tour Guides are frequently called as ambassadors.
4. The Host – hosts have many roles including those of companion, mediator, entertainer, ad
vocate, concierge, storyteller and many more.
5. The Conduit – Channel or link. It can be the most powerful and long-
lasting. This is integral to ALL guide’s functions.
Tour Guide’s Roles and Basic Tasks
Guide as a source of knowledge relating to sightseeing
Providing up-to-date, bona fide information based on facts.
Knowledge of topography and a good orientation in the terrain.
Supplementary self-education and up-dating one’s knowledge.
Participation in specialist trade conferences.
Giving information on the cultural patterns and ways of practicing tourism.
Guide as an educator – tutor
Selection of suitable methods adjusted to a given group in order to
exert an impact on tourists. Shaping the attitude of respect for nature and
cultural heritage among tourists. Paying attention to tourists’ safety.
Guide as a representative of a city, region, country
Creating an attractive image of one’s region.
Promotion of one’s region (local patriotism).
Guide as a tourist information Centre
Knowledge of the transport system, prices of tickets.
Knowledge of the accommodation and gastronomy base.
Knowledge of the opening hours of cinemas, museums art galleries and ticket
prices