INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
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RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX
1
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
RAM
• What is the characteristics of an effective
risk ranking matrix ?
– detailed descriptions of the consequences of
concern.
– clearly defined tolerable and intolerable risk
levels.
– clear guidance on what action is necessary to
mitigate.
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
RAM
• Risk ranking uses a matrix that has ranges of
consequence and likelihood as the axes.
• The combination of a consequence and
likelihood range gives an estimate of risk or a
risk ranking.
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
RAM
• Although there are many risk matrices that
have been developed and published, the
development and application of risk
matrices present their own challenges.
• Some examples of RAM …
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Assessment Matrix
Likelihood Likelihood Description
Likely could happen frequently
Unlikely could happen occasionally
Highly unlikely could happen, but only rarely
Harm Harm Description
Slight Harm Harm that is of a temporary nature, e.g.
headache or muscle strain that dissipates.
Harm Harm that results in permanent minor disability,
e.g. slight deafness, small reductions in lung
function, minor back problems
Extreme harm Premature death or permanent major disability
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
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Qualitative Risk Table
Severity
Likelihood Slightly harmful Harmful Extremely
harmful
Highly unlikely Trivial Risk Tolerable Risk Moderate Risk
Unlikely Tolerable Risk Moderate Risk Substantial Risk
Likely Moderate Risk Substantial Risk Intolerable Risk
BS 8800
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Action Level
Risk Level Description
Trivial No action nor documentary records needed - but good
practice to record the assessment
Tolerable Improvement not mandatory, but record and monitoring
required to ensure controls are maintained. Go for cheap
improvements where possible.
Moderate Aim to reduce risk but costs of prevention may be limited.
Measures should be tied to a timetable
Substantial Where the risk involves work in progress urgent action should
be taken otherwise work should not start until the risk has
been reduced. Considerable resources may have to be
allocated.
Intolerable Work should not be started or continued until the risk has
been reduced. If it is not possible to reduce risk even with
unlimited resources work has to remain prohibited.
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Assessment Matrix
Likelihood Likelihood Description
Very likely could happen frequently
Likely could happen occasionally
Unlikely could happen, but only rarely
Highly unlikely could happen, but probably never will
Severity Severity Description
Fatality Death
Major injuries Irreversible injuries
Minor injuries Reversible injuries
Negligible injuries First aid cases
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Assessment Matrix
Likelihood Index Likelihood Description
4 Daily
3 Weekly
2 Monthly
1 Yearly
Severity Index Severity Description
4 Fatality & Permanent Disability (P.D.)
3 More than 4 days M.C
2 Less than 4 days M.C
1 First aid cases (F.A.C) and near misses
(N.M.)
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Qualitative Risk Table
Likelihood
Severity
Very Likely Likelihood Unlikely Highly
Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium
Major High High Medium Medium
injuries
Minor High Medium Medium Low
injuries
Negligible Medium Medium Low Low
injuries
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Semi-Quantitative Risk Table
Likelihood
Severity
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
(1) (2) (3) (4)
F.A.C. & N.M. 1 2 3 4
(1)
< 4 days M.C 2 4 6 8
(2)
> 4 days M.C 3 6 9 12
(3)
Fatality & P.D. 4 8 12 16
(4)
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Assessment Matrix
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Semi-Quantitative Risk Table
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Decision for Risk Action
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Assessment Matrix
Description Level Probability Description
Frequent A Likely to occur frequently
Probable B Will occur several times during the life of an item
Occasional C Likely to occur sometime in the life of an item
Remote D Unlikely, but many possibly occur in life of an item
Improbable E So unlikely, it can be assumed that the hazard will not
occur
Description Category Severity Description
Catastrophic I Death or system loss
Critical II Severe injury, occupational illness, or system damage
Marginal III Minor injury, occupational illness, or system damage
Negligible IV Less than minor injury, occupational illness, or system
damage
Source: MIL-STD-882B, 1984
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Table
Risk Assessment Hazard Categories
Matrix
Frequency of I II III IV
Occurrences Catastrophic Critical Marginal Negligible
(A) Frequent
(B) Probable
(C) Occasional
(D) Remote
(E) Improbable
HAZARD RISK INDEX
Risk Classification Risk Criteria
1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 3A Unacceptable
1D, 2C, 2D, 3B, 3C Undesirable
1E, 2E, 3D, 3E, 4A, 4B Acceptable with review
4C, 4D, 4E Acceptable without review
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Assessment Matrix
ESTABLISH THE PROBABILITY OF THE EVNT OCCURING ASSOCIATED WITH
THE SELECTED EVENT SEVERITY
Description Frequency examples
A Almost Happen often More than 1 event per
Certain month
B Likely Could easily happen More than 1 event per year
C Possible Could happen and has 1 event per 1 to 10 years
occurred here or
elsewhere
D Unlikely Hasn’t happen yet 1 event per 10 to 100 years
but could (e.g. within a single mine life)
E Rare Conceivable, but only in Less than 1 event per 100
extreme circumstances years (e.g. within life of BMA)
© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Assessment Matrix
ESTABLISH THE CONSEQUENCE OR SEVERITY & ASSIGN A RATING OF LEVEL 1 TO 5
Conse- Injury Property Damage or Environmental Impact
quence Process Loss
Level 1 Very low short term Low financial loss Limited damage to
Low injury. Minor injury or (<$20,000) minimal area of low
report only significance
Level 2 Reversible disability or Medium financial loss Minor effects on
Minor impairment. (e.g. ($20,000 - $200,000) biological or physical
Disabling and short term environment
LTI)
Level 3 Moderate irreversible High financial loss Moderate short term
Moderate disability or impairment ($200,000 - $2M) effects but not
(<30%) affecting eco-system
Level 4 Single fatality and/or Major financial loss Serious medium term
Major severe irreversible ($2M - $20M) environmental effects
disability (>30%)
Level 5 Multiple fatality and/or Financial loss ($20M) Very serious long term
Critical significant irreversible env. impairment of
effects to >50 people 18
eco-system
INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Assessment Matrix
USING THE MATRIX BELOW DETERMINE THE RISK CATEGORY
CONSEQUENCE SEVERITY
PROBABILITY FACTOR Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
Low Minor Moderate Major Critical
A Happen often High High Extreme Extreme Extreme
B Could easily happen Moderate High High Extreme Extreme
C Could happen and has Low Moderate High Extreme Extreme
occurred here or elsewhere
D Hasn’t happened yet but Low Low Moderate High Extreme
could
E Conceivable, but only in Low Low Moderate High High
extreme circumstances
TOLERABLE ALARP ALARP INTOLERABLE
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INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
Risk Priority Number (RPN)
CONSEQUENCE SEVERITY
PROBABILITY FACTOR LEVEL 1 : LEVEL 2 : LEVEL 3 : LEVEL 4 : LEVEL 5 :
LOW MINOR MODERATE MAJOR CRITICAL
A HAPPENS OFTEN 11 16 20 23 25
B COULD EASILY HAPPEN 7 12 17 21 24
COULD HAPPEN, AND
C HAS OCCURRED HERE 4 8 13 18 22
OR ELSEWHERE
HASN'T HAPPENED YET
D
BUT COULD
2 5 9 14 19
CONCEIVABLE, BUT
E ONLY IN EXTREME 1 3 6 10 15
CIRCUMSTANCES
Risk Zones : 1 – 5, 6 – 9, 10 – 17, & 18 – 25
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INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
[Link]
THANK YOU
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