11.

1 Martensitic transformation involves the Bain transformation, shown schematically in

Figure Ex11.1. The FCC structure is transformed into the BCC structure. Assuming that
there is a 5% expansion in volume during the FCC to BCC transformation, (a) calculate
the lattice parameter of the BCC structure in terms of a0, and (b) determine the strains in
the three orthogonal directions.

3
a) FCC volume = a 0

3
BCC volume = a

105
.  a0 3  a 3

. a0  a
101

b)

a  a0
 
a0

a  a 0 101
. a0  a0
 11    .01
a a0


a0 1 
a . 
 101  a0
2  2
 22    .42
a0 1
 a0
2 2


a0 1 
a . 
 101  a0
2  2
 33    .42
a0 1
 a0
2 2
11.2 Plot hydrostatic strain versus carbon content for the martensitic transformation in
steel from the plot shown in Ex11.2.

a0 a0
V0 F  a 0
2 2

V0 B  a 2 c

V0 B  V0 F
EH 
V0 F

From Fig. Ex 11.2

.4% .8% 1.2% 1.6%

~a .286 .286 .285 .285
~c .290 .294 .300 .304
~ a0 .356 .358 .360 .362

a0 3
VF  VB  a 2 c
2

% carbon VF VB EH
.4% .0225 .0237 .053
.8% .0229 .0240 .048
.12% .0233 .0243 .045
1.6% .0237 .0248 .041

VB  VF
EH 
VF
Plot of hydrostatic strain versus carbon content

0.06

0.05
Hydrostatic strain

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0.40% 0.80% 0.12% 1.60%
Wt % Carbon

11.3 From the data of Figure 11.12, estimate the Ms temperature of the alloy at zero stress

Temperature in K Load in N
233K ~ 1090N
243K ~ 1420N
253K ~ 1730N

243 K – 233 K =  T  10 1420N – 1090 N =  N  330 N

253 K – 243 K =  T  10 1730N – 1420 N =  N  310 N

 N  320 N

 T  10

 N 320
Slope =   32
T 10

32 N
Change in load per kelvin:
1K
1090 N
 34.06 K change to drop the load to zero stress.
N
32
K

Initial minus the calculated change is needed

233 − 34.06  198.93K is estimated Ms for zero stress.

11.4 The steel shown in Figure 11.15(b) has a plane strain fracture toughness of 110
MPa m1/2 and a yield stress of 320 MPa. Will the cracks shown in the figure have a
catastrophic effect if a specimen is stressed to 180 MPa?

1
Kic  110 MPa  m 2

Kic  Y a

Assume: Y = 1.12 (single edge notch)

Crack Length  2a  10m from figure 11.15 b

Kic 110  10 6
 
Y a 112
.  5  10  6 

  2.5  1010   y

Therefore the cracks will have catastrophic effects.

11.5 Write down all the possible martensite variants for the Kurdjumov—Sachs
orientation.

The 12 variants are:

(2 2 5) ( 2 2 5)
(2 5 2) ( 2 5 2)
(5 2 2) ( 5 2 2)

(2 2 5) (2 2 5)
(2 5 2) (2 5 2 )
(5 2 2) (5 2 2 )

11.8 Calculate the total strain energy associated with a martensite lens having a volume
of 10 μm3, assuming that all the energy is elastically stored. Specify the assumptions
made; include both shear and longitudinal strain components from Equation 11.2.

V  10  10 6 m3

We assume a linearly elastic solid under uniaxial stress

1
U E 2
2 ij
= E  23   23   32 
1 2 2 2
2
 210  109 .102  .102  .052 
1
=
2

.  106
U = 1052

U = energy per unit volume

Total energy = U  V
Total energy = 10.52  106 10  10  6 

= 10.52 J

11.9 Plot the stress required to form martensite as a function of temperature in Figure
11.16b.

Temperature in °C Martensite formation  MPa

-50.5° ~ 310
-98° ~ 200
-113° ~ 150
-141° ~ 100

Stress required for Martensitic formation

350
300
250
200 Stress
150
100
50
0
-141 -113 -98 -50.8
Temperature (C)

- Stress at which martensite forms increases when temperature increases

11.10 (a) To what radius can a wire with diameter of 1 mm be curved using the
superelastic effect if the maximum strain is approximately 0.05? (b) If the wire were
made of a high-strength piano wire steel (σy ∼ 2GPa), what would be the minimum
radius to which it could be curved? Take E = 210 GPa. (c) Discuss the differences
obtained in (a) and (b).

Mc 
  E
I 
L

L

 R  L d  Rd

Rd
L L
  R
R 

L 2 1  10 
1 3

a) R  
 .05

R = .01m or 10mm

L 
b) R  
 E

210  109 1  10 3   2

1
EL
R 
 2  109

R = .0525m or 52.5mm
11.11 What is the volume change associated with the tetragonal-to-monoclinic
transformation in zirconia?
Given:
Monoclinic zirconia Tetragonal zirconia

a = 0.5156 nm a = 0.5094 nm
b = 0.5191 nm b = 0.5304 nm
c = 0.5304 nm
β = 98.9◦

Volume for Monoclinic Volume for Tetragonal

Vm  abc sin  VT  a 2 b

Vm  .5156.5191.5304 Sin98.9 VT  .5094 .5304

2

Vm  .14025nm3 VT  .13763nm3

Vm  VT .14025 .13763
 100   100  186%
.
Vm .14025

1.86% decrease in volume can be expected in transformation from monoclinic to

tetragonal zirconia.