INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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RISK CONTROL MEASURES

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 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Types of Controls
Preventive
(terminate)

This controls are designed to limit the

possibility of an undesirable outcome,
then the more important it is to stop
an undesirable outcome, then the
more important it is to implement
appropriate preventive controls.

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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Types of Controls
Corrective
(treat)

This controls are designed to limit

the scope for loss and reduce any
undesirable outcomes that have
been realized. They may also
provide a route of resource to
achieve some recovery against loss
or damage.
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Types of Controls

Directive (transfer)

This controls are designed to ensure that a

particular outcome is achieved. They are
based on giving directions to people on
how to ensure that losses do not occur.
They are important, but depend on
people following established safe systems
of work.
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Types of Controls
Detective (tolerate)

This controls are designed to identify

occasions of undesirable outcomes
having been realized. Their effect is, by
definition, ‘after the event’ so they are
only appropriate when it is possible to
accept that the loss or damage has
occurred.
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Risk Zones
Impact Cautious zone Concerned zone
Dominant Dominant
response will be response will be
Transfer Terminate

Critical line

Judgement Cautious zone

line Dominant
response will be
Comfort zone Treat
Dominant
response will be
Tolerate

Likelihood
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Types of Risk Control

Type Risk controls for health and Risk control for fraud risk
safety risks
Preventive • Elimination or removal of • Limits of authorization
the source of the hazard and separation of
• Substitution of the hazard duties
with something less risky • Pre-employment
screening of potential
staff
Corrective • Engineering containment • Passwords or other
using barriers or guards access controls
• Exposure reduction by • Staff rotation and
job rotation or limitation regular chance of
on hours worked supervisors

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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Types of Risk Control

Type Risk controls for health and Risk control for fraud risk
safety risks
Directive • Training and supervision • Accessible, detailed
to enforce procedures written systems and
• Personal protective procedures
equipment and • Training to ensure
improved welfare understanding of
facilities procedures
Detective • Health monitoring to • Reconciliation, audit
enquire about potential and review by internal
symptoms audit
• Health surveillance to • Whistle-blowing policy
seek early symptoms to report (alleged)
fraud
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Preventive Controls
Example:
• Separation of duty
• Expenditure system
• Elimination or removal of the hazard
• Substitution of the hazard
Advantage:
• Eliminate the hazard, no further consideration
required.
Disadvantage:
• Beneficial activities may be eliminated and either
outsourced or replaced with something less
effectives and efficient.

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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Corrective Controls
Examples:
• Engineering containment
• Use of passwords
• Staff rotation
• Regular change of supervisors
Advantages:
• Simple and cost effective
• Do not require existing practices and procedures are
eliminated
• Replaced with alternative methods of work
Disadvantage:
• Marginal benefits achieved may be difficult to quantify or
confirm as cost effective
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Directive Controls
Example:
• Required to wear personal protective equipment
• Trained in the correct use of the equipment
• Supervision will be required in order to ensure that it
is used correctly
Advantage:
• Risk control requirements can be explained during a
normal training and instruction provided for staff
Disadvantage:
• Represent a low level of control may require
constant supervision in order to ensure the correct
procedures are being followed
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Detective Controls
Example:
• Stock or asset checks
• Bank reconciliation exercises
• Post implementation reviews
Advantage:
• Simple to administer
• Essential in many circumstances
Disadvantages:
• Risk will already have materialized before it has
been detected

© 2012 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced
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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Other principles of control measures

• Controls are usually placed:
– at the source
– along the path
– at the worker

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without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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Common Hierarchy of Control

Elimination

Substitution

Isolation

Engineering

Administrative

PPE

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 INSTITUT KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN NEGARA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

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THANK YOU

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