School of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

18EC2007 – Analog and Digital Communication Laboratory (Credit 0:0:1)

Academic year: 2019-2020

Name Signature

Dr. Tony Jose

Prepared by
Dr. Abraham Chandy

Dr. D. Nirmal
Approved by
HoD - ECE
2
 School of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

VISION

Raising competent Electronics and Communication engineers and technocrats to solve the
problems of human society.

MISSION

To raise engineers and researchers with technical expertise on par with international standards,
professional attitude and ethical values, having the ability to apply acquired knowledge & skills
for a productive career and service to humanity.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

Graduates demonstrate their technical knowledge in the field of Electronics

PEO I
and Communication Engineering for real world applications.

Graduates exhibit competence as academicians, researchers and

PEO II
entrepreneurs by pursuing continuous professional development.

Graduates contribute to the development of the society with professional

PEO III
ethics.

3
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Graduates will have ability to:

Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an

PO 1
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering

PO2 problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or
PO3 processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
PO4 analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
PO5 IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
PO6 legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
PO7 environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.

Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
PO8
norms of the engineering practice.

Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in

PO9
multidisciplinary settings.

Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
PO10
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management
PO11 principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
PO12
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change

4
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

Impart solid foundation in mathematical, scientific and engineering

PSO 1 fundamentals required to solve electronics and communication engineering
problems.

Specify, analyze and design the electronics devices using semiconductor

PSO2 technology for effective development of hardware systems.

Understand, analyze, design and simulate the various communication systems,

PSO3 data processing techniques and validate their performance for practical
applications.

Specify, analyze, design, implement and test the analog and digital systems
PSO4 using the state of art components, software tools and ICT

Course Objectives:

1. To analyze, design and implement AM and FM modulation experiments using discrete

electronic components.
2. To study the basics of MATLAB

Course Outcomes:

After completion of the course, students will be able to

CO1: Comprehend the fundamentals in explain the functionality of modulation and

demodulation environment.

CO2: Analyze the concepts, write and simulate the concepts of AM and AM Demodulation
process in Communication.

CO3: Know the origin and simulation of FM and FM Demodulation process in

communication.

CO4: Acquaint with AM and FM basic functionalities.

CO5: Discriminate the AM and FM functionalities.

CO6: Interpret with various angle modulation and demodulation systems.

5
6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Course
Sl. No Name of the Experiment Page No.
Outcome

1 Generation of AM signals CO2 9

2 Demodulation of AM signals CO2 13

3 Frequency Modulation CO3 17

4 Digital Modulation: FSK CO6 21

5 Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis CO1 25

6 Pulse Code Modulation CO1 29

7 PLL as FM Demodulator using MATLAB CO4 35

Time Division Multiplexing & Demultiplexing

8 using MATLAB
CO1 41

7
Circuit Diagram

Tabulation

Sl. No Parameter Amplitude (V) Time-period (ms)

1. Message signal

2. Carrier Signal

3. Modulated signal - Vmax

4. Modulated signal - Vmin

8
 1. GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS
Aim
To construct an Amplitude modulator using SL100 and study its output waveform.

Apparatus Required
Transistor SL100, RPS (0-30V), Inductor, Capacitors, Resistors, Function Generator,
CRO, Bread Board, Connecting wires.

Design
Given: Vcc = 12V, VTh=1.5V, fc = 70KHz, fm = 7 KHz, C=0.01µF, R1 = 70 KΩ, R2 = 10KΩ,
L = 0.542mH.
1
𝐹𝑐 = , Vcc = Vcc x R2 /(R1+R2)
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

Theory
Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform
called the carrier signal with a modulating signal which typically contains information to be
transmitted. The base band signal is referred to as the modulating signal and the output of the
modulation process is called as the modulation signal. In Amplitude modulation, the amplitude
of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the amplitude of the modulating signal. The
envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the
following two requirements are satisfied.

1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater than the highest frequency components fm
of the message signal fm(t) i.e. fc >> fm.
2. The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is greater than
unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated.

In radio communication, a continuous wave radio-frequency signal (a sinusoidal carrier

wave) has its amplitude modulated by an audio waveform before transmission. The audio
waveform modifies the amplitude of the carrier wave and determines the envelope of the
waveform. In the frequency domain, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power
concentrated at the carrier frequency and two adjacent sidebands. Each sideband is equal in
bandwidth to that of the modulating signal, and is a mirror image of the other. Amplitude
modulation resulting in two sidebands and a carrier is called "double-sideband amplitude
modulation" (DSB-AM).

9
10
 Amplitude modulation is inefficient in power usage; at least two-thirds of the power is
concentrated in the carrier signal. The carrier signal contains none of the original information
being transmitted (voice, video, data, etc.). However, it does contain information about the
frequency, phase and amplitude needed to demodulate the received signal most simply and
effectively. In some communications systems, lower total cost can be achieved by eliminating
some of the carrier, thereby lowering electrical power usage even though this requires greater
receiver complexity and cost. If some carrier is retained (reduced-carrier transmission, or DSB-
RC) receivers can be designed to recover the frequency, phase, and amplitude information from
this "pilot" carrier and use it in the demodulation process. If the carrier is eliminated (Double-
sideband suppressed-carrier transmission or DSB-SC) the receiver must provide a substitute
carrier, with inevitable loss of fidelity. Completely suppressing both the carrier and one of the
sidebands produces single-sideband modulation, widely used in amateur radio and other
communications applications. SSB occupies less than half the spectrum of AM so it also has
greatly improved bandwidth efficiency. In AM broadcasting, where there are many receivers for
each transmitter, the full carrier is provided to allow reception with inexpensive receivers. The
broadcaster absorbs the extra power cost to greatly increase potential audience.

Procedure
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The carrier signal is fed to the base and the modulating signal is fed to the emitter of the
transistor.
3. The waveform of the carrier signal is obtained from CRO.

Result
The AM modulator was constructed using SL100 & the modulated signal was obtained.

Viva Questions
1. In AM, the information signal varies the _______________ of the carrier sine wave.
2. If the amplitude of the modulating signal is greater than the amplitude of the carrier,
_______________ will occur.
3. The relationship between the amplitude of the modulating signal and the amplitude of the
carrier is known as the modulation _______________.
4. In AM if the modulating voltage is much greater than the carrier voltage, a condition known
as _______________ results.
5. The amount, or depth of AM is more commonly expressed as the _______________ of
modulation rather than as a fractional value.
6. In AM _______________ occur at frequencies that are the sum and difference of the carrier
and modulating frequencies.
7. The bandwidth of an AM signal is _______________ the highest frequency in the
modulating signal.
8. What are low level and high-level modulations?
9. How much percentage of power is saved in SSB-SC?
10. Name few applications of AM.

11
Circuit Diagram

Tabulation

Sl. No. Parameter Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms)

1. Modulated signal - Vmax

2. Modulated signal - Vmin

3. Demodulated signal

12
 2. DEMODULATION OF AM SIGNALS
Aim
To construct a diode detector and to study its output waveform.

Apparatus Required
RF Signal Generator, Diode, Capacitors, Resistors, CRO, Bread board, Wires.

Theory
The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating signal from the
modulated signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector circuit is
employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope of an AM
wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase,
demodulation can be accomplished by extracting the envelope. An envelope detector is an
electronic circuit that takes a high-frequency signal as input and provides an output which is the
envelope of the original signal. The capacitor in the circuit stores up charge on the rising edge
and releases it slowly through the resistor when the signal falls.
This is essentially just a halfwave rectifier which charges a capacitor to a voltage to the
peak voltage of the incoming AM waveform. When the input wave's amplitude increases, the
capacitor voltage is increased via the rectifying diode. When the input's amplitude falls, the
capacitor voltage is reduced by being discharged by a ‘bleed’ resistor. The main advantage of
this form of AM Demodulator is that it is very simple and cheap! However, it does suffer from
some practical problem like ripple effect and negative peak clipping.

Whenever the amplitude of the AM signal starts to drop, the capacitor will discharge
through the resistor. Denote the maximum amplitude of the AM signal as Vp, then the capacitor
discharge will follow the following equation Vp’= Vp.exp(-t/τ) where τ = RC is the time
constant of the RC circuit.

It can be seen that, in order to minimize the ripple effect at high voltage, we should have τ >>Tc,
where Tc is the period of the carrier. On the other hand, in order to minimize the negative peak
clipping, we wish the voltage drops as fast as possible, thus τ << Tm, where Tm is the period of
the modulating signal (envelope). Based on the discussion above, the value of R and C should be
chosen such that Tc << RC << Tm. A simple filter can then be applied to filter out the DC
component.
13
Model Graph

Input Signal

Output Signal

14
Procedure
1. The circuit is connected as per circuit diagram.
2. The output from the RF signal generator (modulated signal) is fed as the input.
3. The output of the detector is the reconstructed message signal as observed from the CRO.
4. Observe the input (modulated wave) and output (message signal) simultaneously by
keeping the CRO in dual mode.

Result
The diode detector is analyzed, and the waveforms are observed on CRO.

15
Circuit Diagram

Tabulation

INPUT OUTPUT

Vin Vc Vo (+Vc to -Vc)

Amplitude (V)

Time(s)

16
 3. FREQUENCY MODULATION
Aim
To study the circuit of frequency modulation.

Apparatus Required
IC 2206, Capacitors, Resistors, Capacitors, Audio Oscillators, DSO, Bread board,
Connecting wires.

Theory
The modulation systems namely angle modulation in which the angle of the carrier wave
is varied according to the Base band signals. In this method of modulation, the amplitude of the
carrier wave is maintained constant. There are two common forms of angle modulation, namely
phase modulation and frequency modulation. FM is widely used for broadcasting music and
speech, two-way radio systems, magnetic tape-recording systems and some video-transmission
systems. In radio systems, frequency modulation with sufficient bandwidth provides an
advantage in cancelling naturally-occurring noise.

Frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its
instantaneous frequency. This contrasts with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of
the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant Frequency Modulation is the process in
which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied by the modulating signal while the amplitude
remains constant. The big advantage of frequency modulation is its noise reduction ability,
because most of noise is appeared as additional amplitude and in FM the amplitude of signal is
hold fixed. The modulation index is a measure of radian phase shift of the modulated FM signal
compared to the phase of the un-modulated carrier alone. In most communications systems using
FM, maximum limits are put on both the frequency deviation and modulating frequency.

FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and
speech. Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Narrowband FM is used for
voice communications in commercial and amateur radio settings. In broadcast services, where
audio fidelity is important, wideband FM is generally used.

Procedure

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The FM wave is obtained by feeding the modulating signal to the integrator circuit that is
designed.
3. The output of the integrator is given to the input of the phase modulation kit whose
output is the FM signal and the output is observed in the oscilloscope.
4. The graph is plotted from the output reading.

17
Model graph

18
Result
The circuit of the frequency modulation is studied, and the graph is plotted.

Viva Questions

1. What is Sampling? What is Sampling Theorem?

2. What is Modulation? What happens in over modulation?
3. What do you mean by Nyquist rate?
4. What do you mean by FM and classify FM?
5. What is under sampling?
6. How can be aliasing be avoided?
7. Why frequency modulation is better than amplitude modulation?
8. What is the difference between detector and demodulator?
9. What is the difference between coherent and non-coherent demodulation?
10. What is depth of modulation?

19
Block Diagram: FSK Modulation

Fig.1 FSK Modulation Flow Diagram

Fig.2 FSK Modulator MUX Schematic

FSK Waveforms

Fig.3 NRZ_L Input Data & FSK Modulated Waveform

20
 4. DIGITAL MODULATION: FSK
Aim
Conduct the waveform measurements and observe the Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
digital modulation technique.

Apparatus Required

Sl. No Name of the Equipment’s Model/Make/Range Quantity

Carrier Band Pass
1. DCLT-005 1
Modulation trainer
Digital Storage
2. Keysight/Tektronix 1
Oscilloscopes
3. Connecting Probes Keysight/Tektronix 2
4. Patch cords - few
5. DC Power Supply +/- 5V or +/- 12V 1

Theory
In FSK modulation, the modulated output shifts between two frequencies for all one to zero
transitions. Let the two carrier frequencies be represented by ω1 and ω2. i.e., when modulating
the input data pattern [S_data Test Point],

21
Tabulation

Table 1: FSK MODULATION

Scheme Nature of Waveforms Amplitude Time period

Frequency: 125KHZ

S_DATA

NRZ_L (INPUT DATA)

FSK CARRIER SIGNAL 1 (SIN1)

Modulation

CARRIER SIGNAL 2 (SIN2)

FSK MODULATED WAVEFORM

22
Procedure
1. Set up the trainer Kit (DCLT-005) and prepare a list of waveforms that are observed for
FSK Modulation.
2. Connect the S-CLOCK to the CODING CLOCK.
3. Connect S-DATA to the CONTROL INPUT of the modulator.
4. Connect one channel of the scope to the S_Data and other to the control input.
5. Observe the control input w.r.t the S_Data. If it is not matching with the S-DATA slightly
adjust the potentiometer (P1).
6. Connect SIN1 to the INPUT -1 of the modulator. The amplitude of the sine waveform can
be varied by means of the potentiometer P4.
7. Connect SIN2 to the INPUT -2 of the modulator. The amplitude of the sine waveform can
be varied by means of the potentiometer P3.
8. Connect the scope to the CONTROL INPUT test point and observe the modulated
OUTYPUT w.r.t control input and observe the FSK modulated waveform.

Inference: Since the tracking ability and time response of the PLL is limited, a small phase
lag exists between the recovered data and the modulating data.

Important observation (required)

Observe the INPUT DATA using DSO from the Data simulator Logic. The data simulator
logic generates NRZ-L data of a constant pattern and a reference clock of 125 KHz. The
constant data pattern repeats after every 15 clock states.

Constant Data Pattern 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

Serial Data Pattern 125KHZ

Result
The FSK digital modulation technique is performed and following observations were
made: In FSK, switching of carrier signals with different frequencies are for modulation binary
data “zeros” and “ones”.

23
Circuit Diagram

Pre-emphasis

De-emphasis

24
 5. PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS

Aim
To design pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit to reduce the noise component in the
communication channel and to study its frequency response.

Apparatus Required
Transistor BC547, Audio amplifier, CRO, Capacitors, Resistors, Inductor, Regulated
Power Supply, Bread Board.

Theory
In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed
to increase (within a frequency band) the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with
respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall
signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation
distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system. The mirror
operation is called de-emphasis, and the system as a whole is called emphasis. Pre-emphasis is
achieved with a pre-emphasis network which is essentially a calibrated filter. The frequency
response is decided by special time constants. The cut off frequency can be calculated from
that value. Pre-emphasis is commonly used in telecommunications, digital audio recording,
record cutting, in FM broadcasting transmissions, and in displaying the spectrograms of speech
signals.

In high speed digital transmission, pre-emphasis is used to improve signal quality at the
output of a data transmission. In transmitting signals at high data rates, the transmission
medium may introduce distortions, so pre-emphasis is used to distort the transmitted signal to
correct for this distortion. When done properly this produces a received signal which more
closely resembles the original or desired signal, allowing the use of higher frequencies or
producing fewer bit errors. Pre-emphasis is employed in frequency modulation or phase
modulation transmitters to equalize the modulating signal drive power in terms of deviation
ratio. The receiver demodulation process includes a reciprocal network, called a de-emphasis
network, to restore the original signal power distribution.

25
Tabulation for Pre-emphasis

Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo) Gain= 20 log (Vo/Vin) dB

Tabulation for De-emphasis:

Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo) Gain= 20 log (Vo/Vin) dB

Model Graph

26
In telecommunication, de-emphasis is the complement of pre-emphasis, in the anti-noise system
called emphasis. Emphasis is a system process designed to decrease, (within a band of
frequencies), the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude
of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by
minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation differences or saturation of
recording media in subsequent parts of the system. Special time constants dictate the frequency
response curve, from which one can calculate the cut off frequency. Pre-emphasis is commonly
used in audio digital recording, record cutting and FM radio transmission.

In serial data transmission, de-emphasis has a different meaning, which is to reduce the
level of all bits except the first one after a transition. That causes the high frequency content due
to the transition to be emphasized compared to the low frequency content which is de-
emphasized. This is a form of transmitter equalization; it compensates for losses over the channel
which are larger at higher frequencies. Well known serial data standards such as PCI Express,
SATA and SAS require transmitted signals to use de-emphasis.

Procedure
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. First connect the audio oscillator directly to the CRO and note down the input voltage.
3. Now the signal generator and the CRO are connected to the circuit.
4. In this circuit, BC147 is enabled using a 18v supply which is set using a regulated power
supply.
5. Now the output is taken by varying the frequency.
6. The gain is calculated using the formula 20 log (Vo/Vin )

Result
Thus the design of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis are obtained and its frequency response is
plotted on the graph.

Viva questions
1. What is meant by Pre emphasis and De-emphasis?
2. What are the applications of Pre-emphasis?
3. Why FM is more immune to noise than AM?
4. Define Capture effect.
5. What are the types of FM?
6. Define Transmission Efficiency.
7. What do you mean by 3db cut off frequency? Why is it 3 db not 1 db?
8. Why we use vestigial side band transmission for picture?
9. What is CMRR.
10. Define sampling theorem.

27
28
 6. PULSE CODE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Aim
1. To study sampling and multiplexing techniques in the Fast mode.
2. To study the operation of the PRBS in the Fast mode
3. To study the De-multiplexing and reconstruction techniques (using three wire
communication lines for synchronization)

Apparatus Required

Sl. No Name of the Equipments Model/Make/Range Quantity

1. PCM (Modulation) Trainer DCLT-003 1
2. PCM (Modulation) Trainer DCLT-004 1
3 Digital Storage oscilloscopes Keysight/Tektronix 1
3. Connecting Probes Keysight/Tektronix 2
4. Patch cords - few
5. DC Power Supply +/- 5V or +/- 12V 1

Theory
In Pulse Modulation, analog message is transmitted in discrete time. First of all, sampling
of the message signal should be performed. Considering the sampling process, the sampled
signal appears as a train of samples which is a form of PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
signal. When M levels are used to quantize this signal, this modulation is called M-PAM. If
those pulses were converted to digital numbers, then the train of numbers so generated would be
called as Pulse Code Modulated – PCM signal. In PCM, modulation process is executed in three
steps:

1. Sampling
2. Quantizing
3. Coding

Fig 1. Block Diagram of Pulse Code Modulation

29
Tabulation:

Signal Waveform Amplitude (V) Time period (s)

500 Hz Input Signal (TP1)

1kHz Input Signal (TP2)

Sampling Clock Signal (TP7/TP8)

Sample and Hold output (TP12)

PCM TRANSMITTER

TX SYNC

PRBS OUTPUT (TP45)

DATA:
(14 Bit DATA STREAM)

PCM OUTPUT (TP48)

[PRBS+DATA]
PRBS: 14bit
Data:
CH0: 7-bit
CH1: 7-bit

500 Hz Demodulated Signal

500 Hz Demodulated Signal

PCM RECEIVER

(Filtered)

1kHz Demodulated Signal

1kHz Demodulated Signal (Filtered)

30
As stated before, in PCM, the information signal x(t) is first sampled with the appropriate
Sampling frequency (sampling frequency fs ≥ 2×highest frequency of the information signal (fx),
then the sampled levels are quantized to appropriate quantization levels. In the last step, each
quanta level is demonstrated by a two-code word, that is by a finite number of {0,1} sequence.
After this step, the signal is called as PCM wave.

Procedure
1. Connect 500 Hz to CH0 and 1 KHz to CH1 using patch cords.
2. Switch ON the trainer kit using the Power supply provided
3. Set the speed selection switch to fast mode.
4. Connect the Scope to CH0 and CH1 to observe the Channel input waveform. Measure the
amplitude and time period of the signals and note down in the tabulation.
5. Connect the Scope to observe the sampling clocks at TP7 & TP8 respectively. Measure the
amplitude and time period. (16KHz)
6. Observe the Sampling amplifier output at TP12 with respect to the sampling clock. Note the
readings.
7. The Sampled data is further quantized through the Analog to digital conversion.
8. Observe the TX SYNC Waveform and note down the amplitude time period in the
tabulation.
9. Encoding of quantized data is achieved by first transmitting a 14-bit PRBS only when the
SYNC signal is HIGH and When the SYNC is LOW, no PRBS is generated and the two
channel CH0 and CH1 are transmitted.
10. Observe the PRBS Sequence in the test point TP45 in comparing with TX SYNC waveform.
Note down the PRBS data in the tabulation. (Every instant PRBS data will be keep
changing)
11. Now Measure the PCM Output data to notice the PRB data and CH0, CH1 data respectively
in the TX SYNC HIGH and LOW Pulse.
12. To demodulate the PCM data, Use three wires for synchronization of TX and Rx. Connect
TX CLK to RX CLK, TX SYNC to RX SYNC and PCM DATA to RX Data.
13. Measure the demodulated 500Hz and 1 KHZ at TP 39 and TP40 respectively.
14. The Filtered Signal is observed at the TP43 and TP44.

31
32
Model Graph (contd…)

Experimental Exercises:
1. Study the error Check code generation logic for ODD parity
2. Study the error Check code generation logic for EVEN parity
3. Study the error Check code generation using Hamming Code
4. Study the error detection logic using odd parity check techniques
5. Study the operation of Digital to Analog Converter
6. Study the operation of Analog to Digital Converter

Result:
Thus, the Pulse Code Modulation and demodulation is conducted and following observations
were studied.
1. Sampling and Hold Waveforms
2. PRBS Sequence Generation for SYNC HIGH
3. PCM OUTPUT [PRBS (14bit) + CH0 (7bit+CH1(7bit)]
4. Demodulated Signal Waveforms

33
 Simulink Model

Parameters

34
 7. PLL AS FM DEMODULATOR
Aim
To perform the operation of FM Demodulation with PLL using Matlab Simulink.

Apparatus Required:
a) Hardware Tools: Computer system
b) Software Tool: MATLAB 7.0 or Upgraded version.

Procedure
1. Switch on the computer and click on the MATLAB icon.
2. Go to start at the bottom of the command window, then select “Simulink” then go to
library browser and drag it into creating file. (or) Once you open the Matlab then click on
the Simulink icon . Go to file and select new and then select model. You will get a
new window.
3. Arrange the functional blocks as shown in Simulink model.
4. Assign required parameters to each functional block.
5. Observe the outputs on scope.

35
36
Output

37
38
Result:

Demodulation of an FM modulated signal is carried out using PLL and message signal is
recovered.

Viva Questions
1. What is PLL?
2. What are the applications of PLL?
3. What is the free running frequency?
4. What is the function of VCO?
5. What is the function of Low Pass Filter in PLL?
6. What is the function of Phase Detector?

39
Simulink Model

Parameters

40
 8. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING & DEMULTIPLEXING
Aim
To perform the Time Division Multiplexing using Matlab Simulink.

Apparatus Required

a) Hardware Tools: Computer system

b) Software Tool: MATLAB 7.0 or Upgraded Version

Procedure
1. Switch on the computer and click on the MATLAB icon.
2. Go to start at the bottom of the command window, then select “Simulink” then go to
library browser and drag it into creating file. (or) Once you open the Matlab then click
on the Simulink icon . Go to file and select new and then select model. You will
get a new window.
3. Arrange the functional blocks as shown in Simulink model.
4. Assign required parameters to each functional block.
5. Observe the outputs on scope.

41
42
Output:
Result:
Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing is carried out using Matlab and waveforms are
observed.

Viva Questions
1. Draw the TDM signal with 2 signals being multiplexed over the channel?
2. Define guard time & frame time?
3. Explain block schematic of TDM?
4. How TDM differ from FDM?
5. What type of filter is used at receiver end in TDM system?
6. What are the applications of TDM?
7. If 2 signal band limited to 3 kHz, 5 KHz & are to be time division multiplexed. What is
the maximum permissible interval between 2 successive samples.?
8. Is the bandwidth requirement for TDM & FDM will be same?
9. Is TDM system is relatively immune to interference within channels (inter channel cross
talk) as compared to FDM?
10. Is the FDM susceptible to harmonic distortion compared to TDM?
11. In what aspects, TDM is superior to FDM?

Applications
1. Telephone based applications uses Pulse coded modulation signals which further uses
time division multiplexing for the efficient use of channel bandwidth.
2. Used in wire line telephone systems and some cellular telephone systems.