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Web System and Technologies II: Introduction
What is the internet?
- A collection of computer networks that use a protocol to exchange data.
Is the World Wide Web (WWW) and the internet the same?
The world wide web, or web for short, are the pages you see when you're at a device and
you're online. But the internet is the network of connected computers that the web works on, as
well as what emails and files travel across. Think of the internet as the roads that connect towns
and cities together.
Brief History
Began as a US Department of Defense network called ARPANET (1960s-70s)
- The U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first
public packet-switched computer network. It was first used in 1969 and finally
decommissioned in 1989. ARPANET's main use was for academic and research
purposes.
Packet switching (in the 60s)
- Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks. These
data chunks or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer. Often, when a
user sends a file across a network, it gets transferred in smaller data packets, not in
one piece.
E-mail is born on 1971
- is a computer-based application for the exchange of messages between users. A
worldwide e-mail network allows people to exchange e-mail messages very quickly.
TCP/IP beginning on 1974 (Vinton Cerf)
- The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is the set of communication
protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks.
By 1987: Internet includes nearly 30,000 hosts
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Learning
Web System and Packet 1Introduction
Technology
WWW created in 1989-91 by Tim Berners-Lee
Popular web browsers released:
- Netscape 1994
- IE 1995
Amazon.com opens in 1995
Google January 1996
Wikipedia launched in 2001
Facebook February 2004
People and organizations
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): internet protocol standards
- Is the premier Internet standards body, developing open standards through open
processes.
- The IETF is a large open international community of network designers, operators,
vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and
the smooth operation of the Internet. The technical work of the IETF is done
in Working Groups, which are organized by topic into several Areas. Much of the
work is handled via mailing lists. The IETF holds meetings three times per year.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): decides top-level
domain names
- Oversees the distribution of Internet domain names, or site addresses, and other
identifiers that distinguish one Internet site from another. The non-profit entity
handles the assignment of IP addresses, which identify computers that are connected
to a TCP/IP network; port numbers, which identify the type of port being used to
ensure that data is connected to the proper service; and other protocol parameters that
allow the Internet to operate as it does.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): web standards
- The consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff
working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web
- Examples:
1. HTML, XML 1.0 - Extensible Markup Language
2. XHTML - Extensible Hypertext Markup Language
3. CSS - Cascading Style Sheets
Internet Protocol (IP)
- Simple protocol for data exchange between computers
- IP Addresses:
1. 32-bit for IPv4
2. 128-bit for IPv6
IPv4 provides an addressing capability of approximately 4.3 billion addresses.
While the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is more advanced and has better features
compared to IPv4. It has the capability to provide an infinite number of addresses.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
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Adds multiplexing, guaranteed message delivery on top of IP
Multiplexing: multiple programs using the same IP address
Port: a number given to each program or service
o port 80: web browser (port 443 for secure browsing)
o port 25: email
o port 22: ssh
Some programs (games, streaming media programs) use simpler UDP protocol instead of
TCP
Web Servers
- Software that listens for web page requests
Apache
Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
Application Servers
- Software framework that provides an environment where applications can run
Apache
Glassfish
WebSphere
WebLogic
Web Browser
- Web browser: fetches/displays documents from web servers
Mozilla Firefox
Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
Apple Safari
Google Chrome
Opera
Domain Name Server (DNS)
- Set of servers that map written names to IP addresses
Example: ju.edu → 204.29.160.73
- Many systems maintain a local cache called a hosts file
Windows: C:\Windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts
Mac: /private/etc/hosts
Linux: /etc/hosts
Uniform Resource Locator (URL
- Identifier for the location of a document on a web site.
Example: http://dept.ju.edu/cs/index.html
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Web System and Packet 1Introduction
Technology
- Upon entering this URL into the browser, it would:
ask the DNS server for the IP address of dept.ju.edu
connect to that IP address at port 80
ask the server to GET /cs/index.html display the resulting page on the screen
Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)
- Set of commands understood by a web server and sent from a browser
- Some HTTP commands (your browser sends these internally):
GET filename : download
POST filename : send a web form response
PUT filename : upload
- Exercise: simulate a browser with a terminal window
HTTP Error Codes
- When something goes wrong, the web server returns a special "error code" number
- Common error codes:
Number Meaning
200 OK
301-303 page has moved (permanently or temporarily)
403 you are forbidden to access this page
404 page not found
500 Internal server error
Internet Media (“MIME”) types
Web Languages:
- Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): used for writing web pages
- Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): stylistic info for web pages
- PHP Hypertext Processor (PHP): dynamically create pages on a web server
- JavaScript: interactive and programmable web pages
- Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax): accessing data for web applications
