Lesson 3: UNDERSTANDING NARRATION TEXTS (2/16/22) – (2/21/22)

Graphic Organizer
• (Narrator) is a great visual for students to work on reading comprehension.
• Are like visual map. And by using one, students can understand what they are reading. There are lot of
organizers to use.

Some simple ones for reading a story are:

• In order or Story sequence
Narration Transition Words – First Then, Last, Second, Finally
• This is an organizer that begins to teach story elements like the character, setting and plot.
• For non-fiction reading, like books about facts and real events , 3-2-1 charts helps students to
summarize what they've learned.

NARRATIVE TEXTS
• Is a piece of text which tells a story and entertains the reader and listener; It is a story with
complications or problematic events and tries to find resolutions to solve the problems.

A. GENERIC STRUCTURE

1.Orientation (exposition, beginning)

• Sets the scene
• Introduces the character(s)

2. Complications (rising action, middle)

• New problems that cause suspense and add to the conflict of the story
• Loads to the climax

3. Resolution (ending)
• The conflicts are solved....hopefully

The Author's Job

1.To establish settings and characters by:

• Using figurative language

• Using dialogue to establish attitudes, personalities, and relationships

2. To explore ideas and feelings by inventing characters and situations

• Here's an example of what an author could say to get us involved:

His palms were clammy, his voice turned into a squeak, he wondered if he would ever be able to speak
to a girl without sounding like Mickey Mouse.
3. To create tension and suspense with

• Dialogue
• A variety of sentence types (exclamations, questions, interrupted statements, etc.)

A SHORT STORY the elements are really the pieces that make up a short story come together to create
the story as a whole.

Definition of a short story:

• Tells about a single event or experience

• Fictional (not true)

• 500 to 15,000 words in length

• It has a beginning, a middle, and end

• Creates an impression on the reader

ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY

• Setting
• Characterization
• Plot
• Theme
• Point of view

SHORT STORY VOCABULARY

SETTING
- Tells the reader where and when the story takes place.

CHARACTERIZATION
- Creation of imaginary people who appear to be real to the reader. The writer gives information about
the characters in the story.

PLOT
- A series of event through which the writer reveals what is happening, to whom, and why.

THEME
- The "message" the writer intends to communicate by telling the story.
- Different from the topic
-can be moral
POINT OF VIEW
- The position of the narrator of the story and what the writer sees from that vantage point.
-1st Person (I, Me...)
- 3rd Person (He, She)

ELEMENTS OF PLOT

• Exposition
-is a part that really sets up the story

• Conflict
-The rising action is the series of conflicts that the story builds
-The conflicts are all parts of the rising action

• Climax
-is a part of the greatest tension in the story
-is like the turning point
-is a part of the most exciting which everything changes in the story, the conflicts are resolved

Falling action comes after the Climax and is when things start to fall off a little bit.
-it tells you what happened after the climax

• Resolution
-is how all of the conflicts are resolved in the story
-Sometimes they are resolved and sometimes they are not
-It is really the way the story is wrapped up

NARRATION

• Is a pattern of development in writing that is used to tell a story or focus on a set of events.

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER FORMAT

Description or details of instruction

Description or details of instruction

Description or details of instruction

I. WRITING THE MAIN IDEA FOR A NARRATIVE TEXT

A. Choosing a Topic for a narrative text

-Since narrative text tells a story the topic of your text should be about set of events such as particular
time of your life, memories, spending time with your loved ones and a difficult experience that you have
survive

B. Formulating Opinions
-you must state your opinion and how you feel about the set of evets that occurred
-you may say that the set of events have been hideous, rewarding or memorable

II. SUPPORTING THE MAIN IDEA

In writing a narrative, you must be able to:

• Choose an appropriate topic;

• Compose a clear thesis statement that tells your impression or point of view about the chosen topic;

• Support the thesis statement with enough details, which includes the elements of a short story;

• Use transitional devices that signal time order.

WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT?

- It's the controlling idea of your essay

- It's the most important sentence of your entire essay
-It should be one to two sentences long and is usually the last sentence of your introductory paragraph

THE THESIS FORMULA: X+Y=Z

Claim (your position)
Plus reason (your support)
Equals (your thesis statement)

STEP 1: CHOOSE YOUR TOPIC

Your teacher might give you a prompt.

Example: Is it important to study foreign languages? Your topic is whether people should study foreign
languages.

STEP 2: CHOOSE YOUR POSITION

Our claim:
People should study foreign languages
STEP 3: ADD YOUR REASONS

Support your claim.

Why should people study foreign languages?
Studying a foreign language improves your vocabulary.

STEP 4: MAKE YOUR THESIS STRONGER

Have at least TWO reasons to support your claim.

FINAL THESIS STATEMENT: PEOPLE SHOULD STUDY FOREIGN LANGUAGES BECAUSE IT INCREASES
VOCABULARY AND BUILDS AN APPRECIATION FOR OTHER CULTURES.

PERSONAL NARRATIVE

• Is a story about YOU and it is a story with events told in order. It has a beginning, middle, and end.
-You zoom in on a small moment and stretch it out with details.
Example: "The day I was born"

WHAT IS IN A PERSONAL NARRATIVE?

• A SMALL MOMENT: Is an IMPORTANT and INTERESTING piece of writing that the author S-T-R-E-T-C-H-
E-S across pages.

HOW DO I COME UP WITH A SMALL MOMENT?

1. Think about an important moment that has happened to you.

2. Picture that moment like a photograph in your mind.
3. Write about that moment using our five senses.

WHAT ELSE IN A PERSONAL NARRATIVE?

• SEQUENTIAL ORDER OF EVENTS: Is written in the order that the events happened.
• VIVID EXACT DETAILS: Make sure that you zoom in on important events and really stretch them out.

✓ What did I feel?

✓ What did I see?
✓ What did I hear?

✓ What did I smell?

✓ What did I taste?

• STRONG EMOTIONS
• DIALOGUE
• REFLECTIVE ENDING
LESSON 4 : UNDERSTANDING DESCRIPTION TEXTS (2/23/22)

DESCRIPTION/DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

DEFINITION:
It gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like.

• It appeals to the reader's senses; It makes the readers see, hear, touch, taste, and smell or feel the
subject.
• Here are some examples of sensory words, these are words that appeal to the senses of sight, sound,
touch, taste, and smell.

IS THE AUDIENCE/ READER LOOKING FOR......

Facts only?
OBJECTIVE

Your impression?
SUBJECTIVE

OBJECTIVE VS SUBJECTIVE
Description can be objective or subjective.

OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
• Is merely describing a person, thing, place, or anything using sensory words.

For example: The girl is wearing plastic headband with big pink ribbon.
- Focuses on facts/observable details

Types of objective description:

• Textbooks
• Encyclopedia
• Training manuals
• Business reports
• Government publications
• Avoids emotion, sensationalism, or subjective interpretation

EXAMPLE OF OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION

'UN aid officials report that the drought has exacerbated the famine. Farms and cattle ranches have
failed. Food production has virtually ceased. The death rate in camps has increased 20% to 150 per day.
Orphans have left the camps to beg for food from convoy drivers bringing supplies from the coast."
WHEN IS OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION USED?
• Best suited for academic, business, and professional writing
• Although writer may have opinion, it is reflected by selecting factual details rather than using figurative
language.

SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
-Is describing a person, thing, place or anything using sensory words plus personal interpretation of the
writer; impression; description reflecting opinion or feelings.
For example:
The girl looks innocent while wearing plastic headband with big pink ribbon.

EXAMPLE OF SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION

"The once fertile valley is now a dusty moonscape of dry riverbeds, broken earth, and skeletons.
Hundreds of men and women die of thirst, hunger, and disease in the heart and dust of the hopeless
refugee camps. Emaciated orphans wander along the highway, lifting bony, empty hands to passing
drivers. Scarred by hunger and loss, their young faces are old with death."

WHEN IS SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION USED?

• Best suited for personal essays, reviews, persuasive speeches, and commentaries. Often used in
advertising to motivate consumers

SAME INFORMATION, 2 DESCRIPTIONS

OBJECTIVE VS SUBJECTIVE
WHEN TO USE OBJECTIVES & SUBJECTIVES DESCRIPTION

BLENDING OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION

• Writers often blend objective and subjective description to balance factual detail with power of
emotional impressions.
• Popular bios, news magazines, marketing materials often present a mix of fact and image
• By blending objective and subjective , readers get both logical and emotional appeal

EXAMPLE OF BLENDING OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION

"Every six minutes someone dies of hunger and disease in the refugee camp. Drought has destroyed the
people's ability to grow food. With only one cup of rice a day to sustain them, orphans have left the
camp to beg along the highways. Unless you help, many of them will not survive more than a month."

• Seek to enliven factual detail

• Generally avoid long blocks of dry facts or highly sensational images
UNDERSTANDING DEFINITION TEXT Lesson 5 (3/9/22)
DEFINITION TEXT

• Explains not just only what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is
used for, what something looks like, etc.
• It is when the author is defining a difficult term or idea. The definition is stated and expanded on with
examples and restatements.
One of the most significant part of definition text is a FORMAL DEFINITION.

A FORMAL DEFINITION HAS THREE PARTS:

1. The TERM to be defined

2. GENUS - the GENERAL CLASS to which it belongs
3. DIFFERENTIA - The CHARACTERISTIC/s of the word that makes it different from the class where it
belongs.

So, the arrangement would be:

TERM - GENUS - DIFFERENTIA

For example, you want to define the word "CELL PHONE"

Term
Cellphone

Differentia
That is used to send and receive text messages and calls.

Genus
In a gadget

Cellphone is a gadget that is used to send and receive text messages and calls. Alternatively referred to
as a cell, cellular, and cellular phone, a cellphone (sometimes abbreviated as cp) is a mobile or portable
phone. It enables a user to communicate almost anywhere in the world. Today, many cell phones are
called smartphone and are capable of doing almost anything a computer is capable of doing beyond
sending and receiving texts and calls. I can now be used to access social medic platforms, games, and
other mobile applications with the help of the internet.

No ordinary tomb would do the pharaoh of Egypt. Instead, the Egyptians built pyramids, which were
made entirely of stone. Pyramids are gigantic structures, the size of several city blocks. Their purpose
was to protect the bodies of dead pharaohs from flood, wild animals, and grave robbers. The pyramids
also held supplies that the pharaoh might need in the spirit world, including clothing, furniture, jewelry,
and food.
SIGNAL WORDS THAT SHOW DEFINITION TEXT STRUCTURE

is/was
meaning
are/were
for example
define
using boldface words

Example: Hieroglyphic writing is a system for written communication in ancient Egyptian. This type of
writing uses more than 2000 hieroglyphic characters. Hieroglyphs could represent the sound of an
object or they could represent an idea associated with the object.

I. WRITING THE MAIN IDEA FOR A DEFINITION TEXT

A. CHOOSING A TOPIC FOR A DEFINITION ESSAY

Think of a difficult or unfamiliar word you can define. You may try to think a popular term in different
fields of study. Any term could be a good topic for a definition. It is how you present it through your
thesis that makes the difference.

B. FORMULATING YOUR OPINION

Write your opinion depending on your purpose in writing. If you want to entertain, you may define the
form in a humorous way. But if you want to persuade, you may define the term in a more serious
manner.

In addition, if you want to inform, you may just use the regular formula for writing a definition.

FORMULA FOR WRITING A DEFINITION: X is Y that is Z.

X = Term (What is the term and what is the literal definition?)

Y = Classification (What are its qualities and characteristics?)

Z = Distinguishing characteristics (What characteristic separates it from the rest?)

II. SUPPORTING THE MAIN IDEA

• In supporting the main idea, you have to think of the words associated to the term being defined. You
may include synonyms, antonyms, examples, and non-examples.

• Connect your ideas with transition words that signal definition and examples such as defined as,
connotes, is/are, indicates, means, suggest, is not, for example, like, such as another trait, specifically,
etc.
You can also use a graphic organizer.
UNDERSTANDING CLASSIFICATION- EXEMPLIFICATION TEXTS LESSON 6 3/9/22)
CLASSIFICATION

➤ Group things or ideas into specific categories.

➤ Divides things into groups, classes, or categories.

Organize ideas into different division based on the criteria or standard.

THE FOLLOWING WORDS CAN HELP YOU IDENTIFY A CLASSIFICATION PARAGRAPH

1."Can be divided into"

2."is a type of"
3."falls under"
4. "belongs to"

Other helper words;

5. "is part of"

6. "fits into"
7. "is group with"
8. "is related to"
9. "is associated with"

SIGNAL WORDS USED IN CLASSIFICATION

another
-another kind

classified as
-final type

one kind
-the first category

the last group

-the next part

STRUCTURE OF CLASSIFICATION

Structure, Principle

Topic, Organizing Principle, Category

EXAMPLE

Students at this university

TOPIC

represent a wide range of races, including

ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE

Asian American, White American, and African

American

CATEGORIES

A first date can end up being categorized as successful, a clingy, a boastful or awkward. Successful first
dates include both parties expressing information about what they like, who they are, and so forth,
Usually, these dates will end in tentative plans for a second one. Clingy dates end up with one of the
parties practically begging for Information about the other. I however, the non-clinger is not Interested.
On boastful dates, one member of the duo talks about all of his or her skills, talents, and abilities. The
listening end of the pair is never asked about his or her life. Awkward first dates generally involve lots of
silence or one or both of the partners not knowing how to act appropriately. While many dates occur
every day. they can generally fall into one of these categories.

➤ Exemplification means "giving examples"

➤ Is simply proving or supporting your point, or thesis with examples In this type of essay, examples
act as supporting material to explain or clarify the generalization
➤ In this type of essay, examples act as supporting material to explain or clarify the generalization

SIGNAL WORDS USED IN EXEMPLIFICATION

after all, for instance, namely, that is

as an example, in other words, put another way, to be specific
consider the following, in particular, specifically, to clarify
for example, in short, stated differently, to illustrate

COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS

• f.e. / e.g – for example

• i.e. - that is (to say); in other words

• viz. - namely; it is/ they are

Television

Television presents a vivid world in front of us. For example, TV can keep us informed of what is
happening throughout the world. For another example, with a TV set at home, we can visit a great many
tourist attractions in different countries. Besides, TV brings various forms of entertainments to our
homes such as sports competitions, concerts. The pictures on TV look so real that we feel as if the
events were taking place right before our eyes.

I. WRITING THE MAIN IDEA FOR A CLASSIFICATION - EXEMPLIFICATION TEXT

A. CHOOSING A TOPIC FOR A CLASSIFICATION

B. FORMULATING OPINION

II. SUPPORTING THE MAIN IDEA

A. GENERATE SUPPORTING DETAILS BY MAKING A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

B. ORGANIZE YOUR IDEAS

III. WRITING THE ACTUAL TEXT

A. WRITE YOUR CLASSIFICATION - EXEMPLIFICATION TEXT

B. ADD MORE OR ELIMINATE DETAILS IF NECESSARY
C. PROOFREAD YOUR DRAFT

ESSENTIAL LEARNING

1. Writing a classification - exemplification text is a useful skill. This skill can be used in understanding
complex topics in your academic courses.

2. Remember to pay attention to the categories which are used to divide the general idea into
subgroups,

3. Furthermore, you must also look for and take note of the specific characteristics of each subgroup,
including examples.
UNDERSTANDING CAUSE AND EFFECT TEXTS LESSON 7

Everything in the world is INTERCONNECTED

CAUSE AND EFFECT explores the reasons or causes of a phenomenon, then examines its results or
effects. Think of it as being detective in a crime scene, you find clues and evidences.

STEP 1: CHOOSE A TOPIC

> This step is crucial, choose a topic that is:

CURRENT
USEFUL
RELEVANT

YOU MAY BROWSE THE INTERNET FOR TRENDING TOPICS OR WATCH THE NEWS, READ NEWS ARTICLES
or GO OUT AND OBSERVE YOUR COMMUNITY

For example: ACADEMIC BURNOUT - something that affects you as a student and also affects me as a
teacher.

STEP 2: DECIDE YOUR FOCUS

Now that you have picked a topic, decide on which aspect of the topic you wish to

focus on

You may use a graphic organizer called a SEQUENCE DIAGRAM - to visualize cause and effect.

Example #1

CAUSE EFFECT

Online games health, grade

On the other hand:

STEP 3: STRUCTURE YOUR PARAGRAPHS

The Irish philosopher, EDMUND BURKE stated “GOOD ORDER IS THE FOUNDATION OF ALL THINGS."

Your cause and effect essay will follow what we call the FIVE-PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE.

The FIRST PARAGRAPH DUCTION includes:

A. HOOK - is where you'll pull your readers into reading your essay

It should be interesting enough that once they start reading, they will get hooked into reading the
entire essay,

Hook them with: Intriguing question, statistic, or maybe a shocking statement, or even a story or
description.

B. CONTEXT OR BACKGROUND about the topic: define your topic, facts, statistics, or reasons why this
topic is relevant.

BODY
PARAGRAPH
BODY
PARAGRAPH 2
BODY
PARAGRAPH 3

The SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH PARAGRAPHS are your body paragraphs. If you focus on causes, your
body paragraphs will follow the CAUSE-CAUSE-EFFECT FORMAT meaning you'll have your second and
third paragraphs discussing causes, and your fourth paragraph discussing effects.

If you focus on effects, you'll follow the CAUSE-EFFECT-EFFECT FORMAT – Where you'll discuss causes in
the second paragraph and effects in the third and fourth paragraphs.

II

III

IV

First: The topic sentence which would contain your main argument for that paragraph.

Followed by supporting sentences like definitions, facts, statistics, and examples.

The third paragraph is a cause paragraph that focuses on assignment overload as its main cause. My
topic sentence would look something like this;

(PICTURE)

Another cause of academic burnout is assignment overload. Follow this with a definition, then a quote
from an online source. Then a few explanations and examples.

Our FIFTH AND FINAL PARAGRAPH is the conclusion. - as visionary man, GARY RYAN BLAIR states
"MANY WILL START FAST, FEW WILL FINISH STRONG" Your conclusion should seal your argument in a
convincing and persuasive manner. Your conclusion should start with a restatement of your thesis
statement, followed by a brief summary of the points you dig (PICTURE) and finish with a clincher
or an impactful or (PICTURE) think about.

(PICTURE)

STEP 4: USE TRANSITION DEVICES

Transition devices or simply transitions - are words or phrases that signal relationship and continuity
within your paragraphs and throughout your essay.

Think of them as bridges between ideas or paragraphs.

For cause paragraphs, the most common transitions are: as a consequence of, as a result of, because of,
now that, since.

For effects: accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, and resulted to.
UNDERSTANDING PROBLEM-SOLUTION TEXTS LESSON 8

Considers a problem or issue then present a solution to solve the problem or improve the situation.

Remember this: "JUST COMPLAINING IS NEVER PRODUCTIVE"

The problem and solution essay, encourages action meaning by the time your reader finishes your essay,
they be pumped and inspired to take action and apply the solutions you presented.

STEP 1: CHOOSE A PROBLEM

Choose a problem that is:

CURRENT
USEFUL
RELEVANT

The advantage is that you would already have a fair understanding of the causes and effects of the issue.
Doing so will allow you to effectively explain the problem to your audience.

For example: The problem is the negative effects of academic burnouts among students.

STEP 2: IDENTIFY SOLUTIONS

In identifying solutions, look for solutions that are:

EASILY IMPLEMENTED
PRACTICAL
FEASIBLE
COST-EFFECTIVE

Easily Implemented – means that the solutions you will propose can be applied immediately and easily.

Practical - means that the solution you will pro applied to real life situations.

Feasible - means possible to do conveniently - meaning your solutions should be realistic.

Cost-effective - solutions should be affordable with little to no cost.

For example: If your problem is having frequent headaches, drinking a glass of water or sleeping earlier
tonight or maybe taking a break from online games.

STEP 3: STRUCTURE YOUR PARAGRAPH

Follows the same FIVE PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE we used in cause and effect essay.
The FIRST PARAGRAPH as usual is your introduction then your thesis statement.

Your BODY PARAGRAPHS, which are your SECOND, THIRD AND FOURTH PARAGRAPHS will follow what
we call the PROBLEM-SOLUTION-SOLUTION FORMAT.

Then, finish strong with a convincing fifth paragraph.

In writing your SECOND PARAGRAPH, remember that your goal is to establish your problem as a valid
and relevant issue that needs attention.

First: know your audience. Ask yourself, who are my readers? How does the problem I chose affect
them? The more your readers are affected by the problem, the more likely they would care. the more
they would be a part of the solution.

Second: Simplify your language. Define and explain technical terms.

Explain the problem in a language that is clear and simple.

Third: Introduce cause and effect. You may describe briefly the causes and the negative effects of the
problem.

Fourth: Use credible sources to support your claims. Use facts, statistics, and other information from
trusted websites or journals.

On your THIRD AND FOURTH PARAGRAPHS, you will be presenting your solutions. Here are two of the
many ways to present solutions.

First: Introduce preventive measures - present ways to prevent a problem from occurring. Having
garbage problems, perhaps more trash cans or garbage disposal system may prevent it.

Second: Give a series of solutions - suggest the easiest and most obvious solution for the problem. Then
suggest a plan B or plan c.

Academic burnout

The quickest way to ease academic burnout are:

go outside
take a walk
have a snack
take a nap

Another solution is to set reasonable goals

divide your work throughout the week in manageable bites

set a daily schedule
stick to your schedule to avoid procrastination
Don't forget to finish your essay with an equally strong FIFTH PARAGRAPH which is your conclusion.

Your conclusion would include statement of your thesis – a summary of the points discussed in your
paragraphs and lastly, end with a call for action - is like a war cry, to rally warriors of the same cause to
act for our readers, it is an invitation to act on the solutions you presented.

Remember: FINISH STRONG!

UNDERSTANDING PERSUATION TEXTS LESSON 9

WHAT IS PERSUASIVE ESSAY?

To convince someone to take your side of an argument.

You as the writer, are taking a stance or position on a topic or issue you may AGREE or DISAGREE.

You can either be FOR or AGAINST a topic. Whatever your stance is, you need to establish the strongest
possible argument to win over a judge who is your reader.

5 STEPS IN WRITING A STRONG PERSUASIVE ESSAY:

STEP 1: CHOOSE A TOPIC

According to the American Author, Robert Collier "THE FIRST PRINCIPLE OF SUCCESS IS DESIRE -
KNOWING WHAT YOU WANT"

You need to know what you want to write about. Our goal is to write a persuasive essay that - engages
and persuades your readers to agree with your stance or position about a topic.

By the time your readers, finish reading essay, They will be converted to your side of the argument.

CRITERIA TO HELP YOU CHOOSE AN ENGAGING TOPIC FOR YOUR PERSUASIVE ESSAY

CRITERIA #1 CHOOSE A TOPIC THAT IS CURRENT

What are the current trends that affect you? The community you live in? or the country? There are a lot
of relevant topics and issues you can write about by just browsing the internet or observing the world
around you.

COVID19
EDUCATION IN THE NEW NORMAL
DEPRESSION
SOCIAL MEDIA
CRITERIA #2 CHOOSE A TOPIC THAT YOU ARE PASSIONATE ABOUT

Just like what Oprah Winfrey said "PASSION IS ENERGY. FEEL THE POWER THAT COMES FROM
FOCUSING ON WHAT EXCITES YOU"

Passion is quite powerful in writing a strong persuasive essay. Passion about your topic of choice - allows
you to be more INVESTED and REALLY CARE ABOUT what you are writing

Doing so will make the writing process more enjoyable and less of a chore.

CRITERIA #3 CHOOSE A TOPIC THAT CAN EASILY RESEARCHED

You need concrete evidence and facts to back up your claims and solidify your argument. Otherwise,
you will end up with a weak essay.

Once you have picked a topic, try to find out if there are enough sources online, or in print that would
support your claim.

CRITERIA #4 CHOOSE A TOPIC THAT IS MANAGEABLE

We always say GO BIG or GO HOME right? However, this may not be the case for persuasive essays.
Choosing a general and complicated topic will just make your scope too wide and overwhelming. You
will almost likely struggle while processing and organizing the overload of information you will find from
your sources.

STEP 2: CHOOSE A STANCE

Once you have chosen a topic, decide on which side of the topic you wish to DEFEND we call this
CHOOSING A STANCE. A séance? is the position you take as a writer on a topic or an Issue you chase.

Remember: You will spend the entirety of your essay convincing your readers that the stamps you chose
is the MOST LEGITIMATE AND LOGICAL among others.

"In help you get started here are some PROMPTS you can we in choosing that prefect persuasive essay
topic.

THESE PROMPTS ARE IN QUESTION FORM SO THAT YOU MAY CHOOSE YOUR OWN STANCE OR
POSITION TO ARGUE ABOUT OR DEFEND

Should face-to-face classes be considered for next school year?

Should parents have control of their children's media activity?
Is modular learning an effective learning alternative in this pandemic?
Should internet trolls be punished or fined?
Should marijuana be made legal?
STEP 3: FORMULATE A THESIS STATEMENT

The thesis statement is at the core of your essay. It states your topic and your stance or position about
your topic. Your entire essay will be dedicated to proving your thesis statement at the end of your
persuasive essay your readers should have been convinced that your thesis statement is legitimate.

Two qualities of a strong thesis statement:

1. DEBATABLE
2. NARROW

A STRONG THESIS STATEMENT SHOULD BE DEBATABLE

This means that the claim in your thesis may be AGREED or DISAGREED upon your readers. Different
opinions about your topic and stance are actually welcomed and even encouraged. Don't confuse your
thesis statement for a widely accepted fact or an obvious position.

For example:

1. Smoking is bad for your health.

Smoking has always been generally considered as a health hazard, students agree as well that smoking
has negative effects on a person's health.

2. Local barangay units should enforce stricter punishment against underage smokers.

Some may agree on this change of policy, some will disagree, and may argue that stricter punishment
may be too much. Either way welcomes debate and different opinions which are suitable for persuasive
essay.

REMEMBER: YOUR THESIS STATEMENT SHOULD BE DEBATABLE.

A STRONG THESIS STATEMENT SHOULD BE NARROW

NARROW means SPECIFIC. A broad theory statement is often overwhelming to grasp and tackle. The
narrower the thesis statement, the more effective and manageable your argument

1. SOCIAL MEDIA IS DETRIMENTAL TO TEENAGERS.

This thesis statement is ton general and most likely quite difficult to prove or defend. Also, there are
some points in this statement that are vague or unclear.

2. WHICH ASPECT OF A TEENAGER'S LIFE IS AFFECTED BY SOCIAL MEDIA?

Is it studies his interactions?

his self-confidence?
his means of expression?

EXCESSIVE FACEBOOK IMMERSION CAN HARM A TEENAGER'S SELF-ESTEEM. In this example, social
media has been narrowed into specific excessive face book immersion.
STEP 4: CREATE A WORKING STRUCTURE OR OUTLINE

A persuasive essay follows the FIVE-PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE.

The FIRST PARAGRAPH is your introduction. This is where you hook your readers give back from
information or context to your topic then end with your thesis statement. Your body paragraphs which
are the SECOND, THIRD AND FOURTH PARAGRAPHS will present your major CLAIMS and EVIDENCE to
prove your thesis statement.

Your FIFTH AND LAST PARAGRAPH is your concluding paragraph. Which restates their statement and
summarize the points you discussed in your essay.

STEP 5: USE THE THREE MODES OF PERSUASION

In writing your paragraphs it is important to establish the three components of an engaging and
convincing argument.

ETHOS
LOGOS
PATHOS

Are Greek terms coined by ARISTOTLE he called these terms the three MODES OF PERSUASION,
establishing a balance of these three modes will make your argument convincing and strong.

ETHOS - Is a Greek word meaning CHARACTER; it is all about establishing your character or credibility to
speak or write about a topic. The goal of ethos is to get your readers to know that!

1. CREDIBLE OR TRUST WORTHY

2. GOOD FAITH,

Here are ways to establish ethos or credibility in your paragraphs:

First: If you have specific experiences or knowledge about the topic mention it in some way.

Second: If you don't have specific experiences about the topic. find sources from credible authors.

For example: According to a study by the University of the Philippines or according to a claimed Filipino
author, Jose Garcia-Villa establish ethos or credibility in your paragraphs

Third: Use a tone appropriate to your audience.

Fourth: proofread your essay well.

REMEMBER THESE FOUR WAYS TO ESTABLISH ETHOS

LOGOS - Is a Greek word meaning WORD, REASON OR PLAN.

Is what drives your argument forward. Logos - is the way to convince your audience using logic or
reason.

WAYS TO ESTABLISH LOGOS:

1. Use concrete evidence.

Remember: A solid argument relies on this evidence for validity.

2. Present your argument in a clear and logical manner.

PATHOS - Is a Greek word for experience or emotion. If you can make your readers feel something while
they are reading your essay then you are more likely to persuade them.

First: Know your audience.

Second: Use emotions suitable to your context.

Third: Use stories.

UNDERSTANDING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST TEXTS LESSON 7

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

COMPARE - means to show how two or more things are alike.

COM - is a Latin prefix meaning "with" or "together"

and PAR - is a Latin root meaning "equal"

CONTRAST - means to show how two or more things are different.

CONTRA - is a Latin prefix meaning "against" or "opposite".

SIGNAL WORDS

COMPARE - some common signal words to compare are: likewise, alike/ like, in common, as well as,
similarly, both, also/too, and same

CONTRAST - some common signal words to contrast are: on the ither hand, even though/although, as
opposed to, different/difference, in contrast, unlike/unalike, instead of, but, and however.

SIGNAL WORDS - are simply tools you can use to help you identify when things are being compared or
contrast.

Compare and Contrast

Text Structure:

The Mayans and the Aztecs had a lot in common. Although the Mayan civilization died out as the Aztec
empire came into power, both tribes still have full-blooded members living today. At their peaks, both
tribes were skilled in warfare. In religion, they both believed in the same gods, and built temples
pyramids for their gods. Both the Mayans and the Aztecs were very fond of trading with other tribes or
nations. Both tribes also kept slaves. As you can see, these tribes had a lot in common.
LESSON 11 READING TEXTS CRITICALLY

CRITICAL READING... (1/2)

IT IS A MORE ACTIVE WAY OF READING

YOU CAN BE AN ACTIVE READER BY:

1. READING WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS

2. BREAKING THE TEXT UP INTO PORTIONS

3. QUESTIONING THE TEXT AS YOU READ

4. TAKING NOTES AS YOU READ

IS A TYPE OF READING WHEREBY THE READER ANALYZES AND INTERPRET THE READING MATERIAL TO
KNOW IF IT PRESENTS LOGICAL IDEAS AND CONNECTION OF IDEAS.

COHESION - HOLDS THE PARAGRAPH TOGETHER.

COHERENCE - WE ARE TALKING ABOUT HOW CLEAR AND HOW LOGICAL THE IDEAS ARE.

IS DONE WHEN A READER WOULD LIKE TO UNDERSTAND THE TEXT'S DEEPER MEANING.

CRITICAL READING...(2/2)

IS A WAY OF KNOWING HOW A WRITER THINKS. IN DOING SO,

1. THE READER FIRST IDENTIFIES THE PURPOSE OF THE WRITER IN WRITING THE TEXT.

2. NEXT, THE READER WILL ASSESS WHETHER THE PURPOSE OF THE WRITER IS ACHIEVED

BY EVALUATING THE VALIDITY OF FACTS, OPINIONS, AND INFERENCES PRESENTED.

. YOU WILL KNOW IF A STATEMENT IS A FACT

OPINIONS ARE STATEMENT WHICH EXPRESS THE WRITER'S PREFERENCES, JUDGMENTS, PREDICTIONS,
OR VALUES.

INFERENCES ARE CONCLUDING STATEMENTS WHICH ARE MADE AFTER CONSIDERING ALL THE OTHER
IDEAS PRESENTED IN THE TEXT.

DETERMINING CLAIMS MADE IN A TEXT...(1/9)

CENTRAL IDEA
WHAT THE WRITER TRIES TO PROVE IN THE TEXT BY PROVIDING DETAILS, EXPLANATIONS, AND OTHER
TYPES OF EVIDENCE.

A SENTENCE THAT SUMMARIZES THE MOST IMPORTANT THING THAT THE WRITER WANTS TO SAY AS A
RESULT OF HIS/HER THINKING, READING, OR WRITING.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD CLAIMS...(2/9)

1. , A CLAIM SHOULD BE ARGUMENTATIVE AND DEBATABLE.

EXAMPLE: MEN ARE BETTER IN MATH THAN WOMEN.

2. A CLAIM SHOULD BE SPECIFIC AND FOCUSED.

EXAMPLE: MEN ARE ONLY BETTER IN MATH.

A CLAIM SHOULD BE INTERESTING AND ENGAGING.

EXAMPLE: MEN ARE BETTER IN MATH THAN WOMEN.

. A CLAIM SHOULD BE LOGICAL. IT SHOULD RESULT FROM REASONABLE WEIGHING OF SUPPORT

PROVIDED.

EXAMPLE: COMMON STATEMENTS LIKE WE SAY MEN ARE LOGICAL AND WOMEN ARE EMOTIONAL

TYPES OF CLAIMS... (3/9)

1. FACTS
2. VALUE
3. POLICIES

TYPES OF CLAIMS... (4/9)

FACTS

WHEN AN AUTHOR IS CLAIMING THAT A PARTICULAR STATEMENT IS TRUE.

REFER TO A CONDITION HAS EXISTED(PAST), EXISTS(PRESENT), OR WILL. EXIST(FUTURE).

INFERENCES MADE ARE BASED ON DATA, DOCUMENTS AND SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION, AND RESEARCH.

GUIDE QUESTIONS (CLAIMS OF FACT)

DID IT HAPPEN?
DOES IT EXIST?
IS IT TRUE?
HOW CAN ITS TRUTHFULNESS BE VERIFIED?

IS IT A FACT?

EXAMPLES:

THE OLDEST KNOWN DISEASE IN THE WORLD IS LEPROSY.

CANCER IS NOT CONTAGIOUS,

THE CLIMATE WILL GET WARMER IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS BECAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING.

HOW TO DEFEND YOUR CLAIMS OF FACT...(5/9)

. STATE THE CLAIM CLEARLY

. DEFINE TERMS THAT MAY BE CONTROVERSIAL OR

AMBIGUOUS SO THAT READERS KNOW EXACTLY WHAT YOU MEAN

. MAKE SURE THAT YOUR EVIDENCE FULFILLS THE APPROPRIATE CRITERIA. ARRANGE YOUR EVIDENCE IN
ORDER TO EMPHASIZE WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT.

TYPES OF CLAIMS...(6/9)

VALUE

WHEN THE AUTHOR IS CLAIMING IN THE ARGUMENT THAT SOMETHING IS IMPORTANT.

ARE VALUE JUDGMENT MADE BASED ON MORALS, STANDARDS, AND NORMS.

THEY REQUIRE THE USE OF EVALUATION, PRESENTATION OF ADVANTAGES OR MORAL STANDARDS

USED, USED OF EXAMPLE TO CONCRETIZE ABSTRACTIONS, AND USE OF CREDIBLE EXPERTS.

BASED ON LIKES OR DISLIKES GOOD OR BAD.

EXAMPLE: DEATH PENALTY ISN'T JUST.

GUIDE QUESTIONS (CLAIMS OF VALUE)

WHICH CLAIMS ENDORSE WHAT IS GOOD OR BAD?

WHAT QUALITIES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED GOOD? WHY?

WHICH OF THESE VALUES CONTENT WITH OTHERS?

WHICH ONES ARE MORE IMPORTANT, AND WHY?

WHOSE STANDARDS ARE USED?

HOW TO DEFEND YOUR CLAIMS OF VALUE...(7/9)

TRY TO MAKE CLEAR THAT THE VALUES OR PRINCIPLES YOU ARE DEFENDING

SHOULD HAVE PRIORITY ON ANY SCALE OF VALUES

KEEP IN MIND THAT YOU AND YOUR READERS MAY DIFFER ABOUT THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE

SUGGEST THAT ADHERENCE TO THE VALUES YOU ARE DEFENDING WILL BRING ABOUT SOME GOOD
RESULTS IN SOME SPECIFIC SITUATION OR BAD RESULTS IF

RESPECT FOR THE VALUES IS IGNORED.

SINCE VALUE TERMS ARE ABSTRACT, USE EXAMPLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS TO CLARIFY MEANINGS AND
MAKE DISTINCTIONS

COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS ARE ESPECIALLY HELPFUL

USE TESTIMONY OF OTHERS TO PROVE THAT KNOWLEDGEABLE OR HIGHLY REGARDED PEOPLE SHARE
YOUR VALUES

TYPES OF CLAIMS...(8/9)

POLICY

WHEN AN AUTHOR IS CLAIMING IN THE ARGUMENT THAT SOMETHING SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED.

ARE SPECIFIC AND MEASURABLE ACTIONS THAT NEED TO BE DONE IN ORDER TO ADDRESS ISSUES OR
CONCERNS PRESENTED IN AN ARGUMENT OR PROPOSITION.

ARGUE THAT CERTAIN CONDITIONS SHOULD EXIST AND IT ADVOCATE ADOPTION OF POLICIES OR
COURSES OF ACTION.

EXAMPLE:

A DRESS CODE SHOULD BE INTRODUCED FOR ALL STUDENTS.

PRESIDENT DUTERTE RECENTLY APPROVED AN ORDER ALLOWING KIDS TO GO OUTSIDE.

HOW TO DEFEND YOUR CLAIMS OF POLICY...(9/9)

CONVINCE YOUR AUDIENCE THAT A PROBLEM EXISTS

MAKE YOUR PROPOSAL CLEAR.

ESTABLISH THAT THERE IS A NEED FOR A CHANGE.

CONSIDER OPPOSING ARGUMENTS

. DEVOTE THE MAJOR PART OF YOUR ESSAY TO PROVIDING THAT YOUR PROPOSAL. IS AN ANSWER TO
THE OPPOSING ARGUMENTS AND THERE ARE DISTINCT BENEFITS FOR YOUR READERS IN ADOPTING
YOUR PROPOSAL

. SUPPORT YOUR PROPOSAL WITH SOLID DATA. BUT DON'T NEGLECT THE MORAL CONSIDERATIONS
AND THE COMMON-SENSE REASONS, WHICH MAY BE EVEN MORE PERSUASIVE.

CONTEXT OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT

A TEXT is neither written or read

is meaning and interpretation are affected by a given set of circumstances. So, we have to study what is
the meaning of CONTEXT - it is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related
circumstances that surround the text and from the terms from which it can be better understood or
evaluated.

TECHNIQUES IN DEVELOPING THE CO OFA TEXT

HYPERTEXT

INTERTEXT

HYPERTEXT

It is a nonlinear way of showing information.

"HYPER" over , beyond, something more than usual.

Example: hyperactive, hyperacidity, hypertensive. "TEXT" a letter or combination of letters to carry or

transfer a meaning

NELSON (1987) - described hypertext as a series of chunks connected by links that offer readers different
pathways.

It is non-linear, multi-linear, non-sequential, nodal, and allows for the reader's navigation control.

TED NELSON coined the words "HYPERTEXT" and "HYPERMEDIA" in 1965 and worked with
ANDIRES VAN DAM to develop the editing in 1968.

HYPERTEXT are very common in online writings. They are a device in linking a text to another. it helps
you get informed about a particular word, name, or concept in the text that may not be familiar to you.

When you type a word and attach a link to that word so that upon clicking on that word, the reader is
sent to the site attached.

I link therefore I am. - hyperlink is when you type the link of the website you would like to quickly send
to the reader. - clicking one of the words would lead you to a different page which develops and explains
the context of the hypertext.

LINEAR texts - refers to traditional texts that needs to be read from beginning to the end.

This type of text has an order or sequence - it's typically the author of the text who decides the order of
the text or its reading path.

Examples:

Novels

Poems

Short stories

Letters

Educational texts

HOW OUR WRITING SYSTEM STARTED

Papyrus scrolls

then codex,

then manuscripts,

then print,

the liner text,

the book

the index,

the encyclopedia,

the digital
and hyperlink - this is virtual writing links help users to easily research topics of interest or sometimes
come across topics that they might not have been searching for, but that once seen, can be a great help
to understand what they were searching for in the first place.

INTERTEXT/INTERTEXUALITY

Such devices are called intertext. From the prefix INTER- means the writer has put together ideas from
different sources, and to understand the text, the reader must have read or is familiar with the other
texts that the writer is alluding to.

Remember: READING AN ACADEMIC BOOK IS DIFFERENT FROM READING A FICTION NOVEL.

Our ideas, our perceptions are most of the time based from the sources we have read

So, what is:

INTERTEXUALITY

"INTER" means used to form words meaning between or among groups of people, things, or places.

"TEXT" the written words in a book or magazine.

INTERTEXUALITY is the shaping of a text meaning by another text.

Derived from the latin - "INTERTEXTO", meaning to intermingle while reading.

A term first introduced by French semiotician JULIA KRISTEVA in the late 60's. in essays such as word
dialogue and novel. CHRISTOPHER BROOKE with traditional notions of the authors influences and the
texts sources positing that, all signifying systems from table settings to poems are constituted by the
manner in which they transform earlier signifying systems. to simplify:

A literary work is not simply the product of a single author, but of its relationship to other texts and to
the structures of language itself.

Any texts is constructed of a mosaic of quotations and any text is the absorption and transformation of
another.

An example of INTERTEXUALITY is an author's borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a

reader's referencing of one text in reading another.

TYPES OF INTERTEXUALITY

A. ALLUSION
It is an expression that calls attention to something without explicitly mentioning it. - It often called
"passing reference

Examples:

"Thankyou my Hercules"

"Thankyou Romeo"

"My Helen of troy"

4 TYPES OF ALLUSION

historical

. biblical

literar

cultural

Waterloo - Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated in waterloo.

"You are my Romeo"

Michael Angelo's well-known statue like David depicts the biblical hero, king David.

B. PARODY - when one piece of writing uses many of the same elements of another but does it in a new
and funny way. May copy the setting, plot, characters, or other parts of the original work.

C. PASTICHE - borrows element from one or more works and reconfigures them to create something
new. This is reworking of an original work but not humorous as parody. It is generally a respectful type
of borrowing that gives credit to the original and is not plagiarism

Example: Apollo and Cassandra - Greek mythology

THREE STRATEGIES TO APPLY INTERTEXTUALITY

. Association

. Integration

Evaluation
LESSON 12: WRITING A BOOK AND ARTICLE CRITIQUE 5/4/22

CRITIQUE -french word that means "a critical assessment"

• may have various structure but the simplest is a short summary followed by an evaluation and may
include the writer's opinions.

-evaluation is your assessment of what you have just read and part of
writing a critiques is it includes your own opinion. Writing a critique help
us to develop higher order thinking skills or what we call the “hots” by
blooms toxonomy. You have there pyramid, inverted pyramid. Top 3 are
the highest order thinking skills. In the highest is Create. Second is to
evaluate. 3rd is analyze. 4th is apply. 5th is understand and last is remember.

BOOK - it is a piece of reading material that is bound. Usually containing a lot of pages. Probably, more
than 50 pages that is bound together. You have cover, title page and they are put together to form one
reading material.

ARTICLE - is simply a type of reading material that is shorter than a book. The pages are often not bound
together.

BOOK CRITIQUE
-also called book review

• Is a form of literary criticism which a book is analyze based on content and style
Critical evaluations of the content and purpose of a book or journal. In here, you are going to analyze
the strength and weakness of the word you are reviewing. In which the content of the book itself and
the style that was use by the author are all evaluated and analyze.

• It can be a summary review or an opinion piece.

-your own opinion on what you’ve read on the book.

• It can be printed in magazines, periodicals, newspapers, websites, etc. For various purposes.

• It could also contain a single paragraph or may be as long as a substantial essay.

• May also be used to present an idea or display learning,

STEPS WRITING A BOOK CITIQUE

1. READ THE BOOK AND PONDER ON EACH CONTENT CAREFULLY.
-you have to read the book itself. You can’t write a book critique if you don’t read the book.
-after reading the book, think about what you have just read. You try to ponder on its content craefully

2. BEGIN YOUR REVIEW WITH AN APPEALING SENTENCE TO TONE AND HOOK THE READERS.
-you try to pull the attention of your readers

3. INCLUDE THE TITLE OF THE BOOK AND ITS AUTHOR.

-whenever you write a book cirtique, it’s important that you state right away what’s the title of the book
and the writer of the book that you have just read.

4. INCLUDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE BOOK'S AUTHOR THAT WOULD ESTABLISH THE
AUTHOR'S AUTHORITY AND CREDIBILITY
-it is not enough that you simply talk about the contents of the book. In writing a book critique, you also
talk about who wrote the book. So in that way, you are trying to establish the authority of the author
and trying to establish as well his or her credibility.

5. OBJECTIVELY EVALUATE THE BOOK BY GIVING YOUR HONEST REFLECTIONS AND THOUGHTS ABOUT
THE BOOKS MAIN MESSAGE, CONTENT, MERIT, AND STYLE.CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE
-when you like something about the book, you will explain why did you like it in the first place

BOOK CRITIQUE

1. MUST REPORT WHAT THE BOOK DOES.

-what is the purpose of the book. Was its is to entertain, persuade and inform, help its readers to
understand something. If you are effective book critique, you’ll be able to identify that purpose and then
you are going to write that purpose as well on your output.

2. MUST JUDGE HOW WELL THE AUTHOR HAS DONE HIS/HER JOB
-was the writer effective, was the author able to relay the information that he/she wants to release. If
you are an effective book critique is you are not bias.

When you are writing a book critique about your favorite author. It’s not enough that because she’s
your favorite author, is you’ll write favorable things towards your author. You have to be unbiased.

3. MUST PROVIDE ENOUGH EVIDENCE FROM THE BOOK ITSELF TO SUPPORT OR ILLUSTRATE JUDGMENT.
-To support whatever you are written, it is an evidence that is strong enough to back-up whatever you
were trying to say about or even your ideas about the book you’ve just read.

4. MUST BE FAIR IN HIS EVALUATION. PERSONAL PREJUDICES SHOULD NOT COME IN THE WAY OF THE
BOOK APPRAISAL.
-If you think it’s bad, it’s bad. If you think it’s good, it’s good. Make sure that they are all unbiased and
real.

GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. What is the title of the book that you have just read? Include details such as publishing year,
publishing house.

2. Who is the author/ you may include details about the author such as his/her career and life, previous
notable works, and other relevant achievements.
-This would able you to establish the author’s credibility.

3. What is the book all about? What is the story?

-Siguro you can provide a short summary so you don’t have to talk about all the events that happen in
the book.

4. What can you say about the author’s writing and his/ her techniques?
-Here you will try to evaluate how was the book written.

5. What messages do the book/story relay to its readers?

Does it have any messages to the reader? Does it was relay effectively?

6. What is your favorite part of the story book?

-As the reader of the story, what was your favorite part?

7. Are there other parts that are unique, interesting, and/or significant in the story/book ? What are
these?

8. What is good bad about the book?

-You should point out things that are not simply bad, but you can point out things that are ood about the
book.

9. Who do you think should read the book?

As the critique, you must always try to make recommendations. Who should read the book?

10. What are your other takeaways from this storybook?

-If there are other takeaways from the book or story you can write about them.

ARTICLE CRITIQUE

• Analysis and commentary of an article

If you are only trying to formulate an analysis or a commentary of a short piece of text or etc of the
book. You can refer to that one as an article critique.

• Basically presents a critical assessment of the articles content and may offer agreement or
disagreement about the ideas written in the article.
-More often that article critiques are used to evaluate or formulated to evaluate pieces of text or articles
that are controversial in nature or maybe text that are argumentative or persuasive in nature.

STEPS IN WRITING ARTICLE CRITIQUE

1. PROVIDE THE READERS WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF WHAT THE ARTICLE IS ALL ABOUT.
-the summary

2. STATE YOUR OPINION ABOUT THE WORK

-Do you agree? or disagree? like? or dislike it?

3. EXPRESS WHETHER IT IS EFFECTIVE, PERSUASIVE, OR NOTEWORTHY.

-you have to figure it out.

4. SUGGEST WHETHER THE READERS WOULD APPRECIATE IT AND FIND IT USEFUL.

-would you want the other people to read about it? Or do you think it’s not good enough to be read by
other people? Try to evaluate about that.

ESSENTIAL SKILLS IN ACADEMIC WRITING

SUMMARIZING - reducing a text to main points and its important ideas.

-yung long texts, we are trying to make it short or brief to our readers.

PARAPHRASING -putting the text in your own words.

-the idea is still there, we are changing the words in our own words to connect those ideas.

TIPS IN SUMMARIZING

1. Scan the text.

2. Locate the topic sentences and highlight the main points as you read.

3. Reread the text and make separate notes of the main points.

TIPS IN PARAPHRASING:

4. Review your summary notes

5. Rewrite them in your own words and in complete sentences.

6. Use reporting verbs and phrases.

7. Use quotation marks.

LESSON 13 WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW (5/4/22)

LITERATURE - it is a collection of all the scholarly writings on a topic.
-mga writings that can be in a form of scholarly articles or books and other sources like conferences.

WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW?

• It is a critical recap of what has already been researched on a topic, it could be anything from books,
journal articles or other sources.

• Evaluative report of previous studies related to the subject matter of an academic paper.

-It describes, summarizes, evaluates such studies in connection with the topic of the paper.
-it’s like you are participating in a conversation kasi as you read and evaluate articles, you begin to
understand how they are connected. You will start to formulate your own response or contribution.

RESEARCH PROBLEM: WHAT DOES SOCIAL MEDIA DO TO THE YOUNGER GENERATION'S MENTAL
HEALTH?

Why is literature review important?

1. To find out for yourself what’s already known about the topic.

Example, Through this you found out that social media plays a role in affecting the younger generations
body image.

2. To give your reader a critical overview of what you found.

Critical overview of the existing knowledge which shows how your research fits in. It's good to look at
the methodological approaches

Example, Are they comparing the same kind of social media or mental health issues?

3. To find out what's missing (gap)

What's missing from current knowledge so that you can contribute something original.

Example, We can narrow down to sa example na eating disorder or age group na 16 to 20.

4. It shows how much you have researched about the subject matter of your paper.

5. It is an essential part of a research paper because it provides the research credibility in that the reader
will know important ideas related to it.

-it should be well written and organized.

THE STRUCTURE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

-this is similar to other academic texts, you have your introduction, body and conclusion.

Introduction- should clearly state the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Body - you can divide it into subsections and use a subheading for each theme, time period, or
methodological approach.

TIPS:

• Summarize and synthesize

-the information. Giving an overview but it is important to synthesize because you will combine several
sources to make an overall point. Here, you are going to show the similarities and differences between
them.

• Analyze and interpret

-what? the research. It’s important to add your own interpretation and discuss the significance of
findings in relation to the literature as a whole.

• Critically evaluated
-your source. To identify and discuss the strength and weaknesses.

• use well-structured
-to make sure your sentences and paragraphs are cohesive. You are going to make use of transitions and
topics sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrast.

Conclusion - sum up the main takeaway of your literature review.

For the final tip: make sure to proofread and revise it.

PAY ATTENTION TO:

Typos, overusing passive voice, repetitive phrasing, informal language and much more.
LESSON 14: WRITING A RESUME (5/11/22)

Two-page resume may be appropriate

RESUME

• Sometimes called a CV or curriculum vitae - is a document that lists your work experiences, education,
skills, and achievements.

-You will need a resume for almost any job applications.

• Presents a concise picture of your skills and qualifications for a specific position, so length tends to be
shorter and dictated by years of experience. (generally 1-2 pages)

• Is different from any other text in the sense that while it is personal, it must still appear professional.

FUN FACT: Did you know? The average employer spends about 20 seconds scanning each resume? Most
employers don’t spend very much time looking over your resume at most they will spend 20-30 seconds,
but it is not uncommon for them to spend less than 10 seconds reading over your resume.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE?

• Is to introduce yourself to employers, present your qualifications, and secure an interview. A resume is
a brief summary of your skills, your achievements, and your experience, and how those relate to the
specific job or company that you are applying to. And the job of that resume is to get your posterior into
the chair across the desk from a hiring manager.

Therefore, You can explain in further detail why you are the best person to hire.

• When applying to a company, a well-written and tailored - resume will land you an interview. There is
no perfect resume template, all you can do is seek to make yours great.

Tailored – to target your resume

IN WRITING A RESUME, YOU MUST CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING AREAS AS ITS DISTINGUISHING
FEATURES:

• Format - There is a standard format that you can use, but you may deviate from it depending on how
you design your resume.

-this happens when we wish to highlight in a particular area in qualification wherein you are strong and
you would place it near the beginning. The order of the headings would have to be changed.

• Components - The important components of a resume are: your name, contact details, information
about your work and experience, education, and achievements.

OTHER SIGNIFICANT CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING A RESUME ARE:

• Accuracy

• Organization - be concerned about how you organize the information in your resume.

You have to make decisions as to whether you’ll place your education in the beginning or not. This can
affect your clearance of being hired for the position you desire.

• Conciseness - Do not write in long sentences. Instead, try to use typographical devices such as bullet
and grammatical devices such as parallelism to highlight key information.

Ang resume is dapat hindi nakaparagraph form. Relevant details lang andito.

• Relevance

• Recency - Since dates are important details in your resume, the prospective employer will be able to
track the outdated information or notice if there is any information you did not include.

• In addition, information on your resumes must be carefully checked for errors in spelling, grammar,
and mechanics. Because such errors will compromise your reputation and credibility, or worse, they may
be grounds for charging you with falsifying information.

TIPS IN WRITING A RESUME

NAME AND CONTACT INFORM

- This section should include your name, and if you are submitting this resume directly to a company, it
should also include your phone number in case they want to call you directly for an interview.

-Include websites

WORK EXPERIENCE - Put your most relevant experience first given the job you're applying for.

-you should favoring your resume to every single position you applied. This is most relevant to students
and new graduates
WHAT IF YOU DON'T HAVE AN EXPERIENCE? Many jobs needs you to have experience before they will
hire you, but to get experience you need to have a job, right? A company builds an internship program,
they are often looking for promising candidates that show a lot of potential. Show some other qualities
and you may get hired in those kinds of positions.

-You may include for example volunteer for organizations ganun

EDUCATION SECTION - GRADE POINT AVERAGE. - Do you include it on your resume or do you leave it
off? If your GPA is above average, put that on your resume right alongside your degree in your school. If
not, leave it off.

-If you just got out of college, it may make sense to put your education section before your work
experience. Especially if you are trying to get into more establish field with eager and older companies
who may still put a lot of value of their school event and their academic achievements but as a general
rule, solid , impressive and experience is what matter the most to companies more than the school that
you’re student.

-GPA (Grade Point Average)

-You can include pero wag if maba na if your average is below average is wag na iinclude

SKILL SECTION - First and foremost, do you even need to have a skills section on your resume? Well, the
answer is, it depends on who you are. So typically it's useful to have a skills section. If you have specific
certifications or skills that the job is going to be looking for. So if you are applying to a company that you
know is looking for a specific skill, you want to make sure that skill is listed on your resume, provided
you are actually proficient in it.

EXTRACURRICULARS AND AWARDS - showing the clubs and organizations that you are part of. By listing
any leadership positions you have taken in those clubs. By listing any awards, honors, scholarships,
anything like that you have won as well.

=_
LESSON 15: FORMS OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE (5/16/22)

BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE

Simply refers to business letters, which are written forms of communication that deal with day-to-day
transactions in the workplace.

Business correspondence involves composing letters sent to customers or clients of a company or an

organization as well as to its employees, managers, and subordinates.

TYPES OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE...(1/11)

1. INQUIRY LETTER...(2/11)

We make this kind of letter when we want to know about the product we want to buy. We can include
in our inquiry the quality, quantity, price, mode of delivery, and payment.

1. INQUIRY LETTER...(3/11)

Example:

We saw one of your displays at the mall's trade fair, and we would like to know more about your CCTV
products. Could you please send me a copy of your latest catalog?

2. QUOTATION LETTER...(4/11)

We make this kind of letter as a response to an inquiry letter. This means that we should provide the
information that was asked from the inquiry letter.

2. QUOTATION LETTER...(5/11)

Example:

The CCTV you saw at the mall's trade fair is actually one of our latest products. It's priced at 20,000
pesos. Attached to this letter is our latest catalog. We are confident that you will find our prices
competitive and our terms and conditions reasonable.

3. ORDER LETTER...(6/11)
We write this kind of letter when we are ready to make a purchase. We should make sure that we list
the specific names of the products to avoid problems. The shipping address and the mode of payment
should also be clear.

3. ORDER LETTER...(7/11)

Example:

Thank you for your prompt response. We'd like to order 30 pieces of the CCTV

Ass model, which is listed as 10,000 pesos each.

I have included a certified check for 300,000 pesos.

Please note the following details for shipping:

Armando B. Ramos jr.

314, 5t. Paul St., Bagumbayan, Taguig City

4. COMPLAINT LETTER...(8/11)

We make this kind of letter when:

we receive the wrong products;

the quantity is incorrect, and/or

the product is damaged.

4. COMPLAINT LETTER...(9/11)

Example:

Thank you for delivering the products on the exact date; however, I'd like to tell you that 10 of the
CCTVs are broken. We will appreciate it if the products are replaced as soon as possible. Attached
herewith are the pictures of the broken CCTVs.

5. RECOVERY LETTER...(10/11)

We make this kind of letter to tell the buyer about the payment or the remaining balance if the products
were not paid in full.

5. RECOVERY LETTER...(11/11)

Example:
We would like to remind you regarding your remaining balance of 10,000 pesos, which will be due on
November 1, 2022. We would appreciate it if you could send us your check on or before the due date.

IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE...(1/4)

1. IT MAINTAINS A GOOD RELATIONSHIP...(2/4

Good relationship between the seller and the buyer is integral for a business to prosper.

2. IT CREATES AND MAINTAINS GOODWILL...(3/4)

After establishing a good relationship with the buyer, the seller needs to maintain it by taking note of
suggestions, providing enough information to customers, and addressing complaints or resolving issues.
This does not only help the seller grow the business but also lets the buyers know that they are
important to the seller.

IT CAN BE USED AS EVIDENCE...(4/4

In the event that a dispute arises between the seller and the buyer, a letter can be used to serve as
proof or evidence.

BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE: FEATURES AND FORMAT

Reading Corner

314 Saint Paul Street, Taguig City

1632

readingcorner.com.ph / (02) 7974568

November 1, 2022

Miss Glaiza del Pilar

Marketing Manager

Del Pilar Textile

Quezon City
We heard that your company sells fabrics of good quality for reasonable price. We are in need of a
reliable supplier of fabrics for the uniforms of our students, and we think that you can provide exactly
what we need.

We would like to also ask for a recommendation as to what's the best fabric to use for the upper and
lower garments. In addition, please send us a price list of those fabrics.

We are hoping for your reply as soon as possible. We are looking forward to doing business with you.
Thank you!

Sincerely,

(Signature in the sender's handwriting)

Armando Ramos Jr.

PARTS OF A BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE...(1/10)

1. HEADING...(2/10)

This contains the sender's address, which includes the street, city, and zip code.

Example:

Reading Corner

314 Saint Paul Street, Taguig City

1632

readingcorner.com.ph / (02) 7974568

1. HEADING...(3/10)

Reading Corner

314 Saint Paul Street, Taguig City

1632

readingcorner.com.pty (02) 7974568

2. DATE...(4/10)
This indicates the date the letter was written. The month is usually spelled out, followed by the day and
the year.

Example:

November 1, 2022

3. INSIDE ADDRESS...(5/10)

This includes the name of the recipient and his or her address. The name is usually written with the
person’s appropriate title.

Example:

Miss Glaiza del Pilar

Marketing Manager

Del Pilar Textile

Malabon City

4. SALUTATION...(6/10)

This phrase usually begins with Dear, followed by the recipient's title and last name.

Example:

Dear Miss del Pilar:

5. BODY...(7/10)

This is where the message of the letter is found. The first line usually opens with a friendly greeting, and
the paragraph that follows state the main purpose of the letter. The next paragraph gives more
information about why the letter is written. Then the last paragraph requests some action from the
recipient.

5.BODY…(8/10)

Example:

We heard that your company sells fabrics of good quality for a reasonable price. We are in need of a
reliable supplier of fabrics for the uniforms of our students, and we think that you can provide exactly
what we need.
We would like to also ask for a recommendation as to what's the best fabric to use for the upper and
lower garments. In addition, please send us a price list of those fabrics. We are hoping for your reply as
soon as possible. We are looking forward to doing business with you. Thank you!

6. Complimentary close... (9/10)

Examples

sincerely,

7. Signature... (9/10)

The printed name of the sender is set four lines below the complimentary close. The sender signs his or
her name on top of the printed text

Example:

Armando Ramos Jr.

CHARACTERISTICS:

1. It is professional and courteous.

2. It is concise.

3. It has a clear purpose.

4. It has conversational language.

FORMATS:
FULL BLOCK FORMAT

MODIFIED
BLOCK
FORMAT
SEMI-BLOCK FORMAT