The Khaniale Tekke Tombs

Author(s): R. W. Hutchinson and John Boardman

Source: The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 49 (1954), pp. 215-228
Published by: British School at Athens
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 THE KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS
(PLATES 19-30)

THE material from the Khaniale Tekke tombs was excavated by me in 1940, but most
of it had not been photographed, and some vases had been left still unrepaired when the
Germans invaded Crete, and they were inaccessible to me when I returned to Crete in 1945.1
The presence of' Geometric ' tombs on this site was first reported to me by the foreman
at Knossos, the late Emmanuel Akoumianos, whose eagle eye for ancient remains was noted
by Sir Arthur Evans. Immediate excavation was necessary, since the owner, Dr. Hatzakis,
who has generously foregone his claims for compensation, was proposing to erect a house there.
The first trial trench which I opened on 2oth January 1940 disclosed a chamber tomb with

TOMBS at KHANIALETEKKE
o 5M

FIG. I.-PLAN OF TOMBS.

a square chamber and a long, narrow dromoscut in the native kouskouras, that white, cretaceous
marl which is so prominent a feature of the landscape in Central Crete.
The rectangular chamber was about one and a half metres long, with a sloping dromos
five metres in length. The walls were rectangular and appeared just below the surface, so
that we must either suppose there had been a wooden roof covered with earth of which we
found no trace, or else, more probably, that the site, which is on a gentle slope, has been
denuded since ancient times (FIG. I, right).
The chamber contained an iron sword (Naue's Type 2), two straight pins and the spring
1 The drawings in FIGS. 3 and 4 are by Miss E. A. B. Petty, and that in FIG. 2 by Mr. Piet de Jong. Of the photographs,
those for PLATES 20-22, 25-26 (some), 30 (76), and FIG.5 were taken by Mr. Androulakes with the kind co-operation of
Dr. N. Platon and of Mr. M. S. F. Hood, for PLATES 24-26 (some) by Mr. J. M. Cook, for FIG. 6 by Mr. G. M. Young, for
PLATES 23-24 (some), 27-30o by Mr. J. Boardman. Mr. J. Boardman identified and measured objects in Heraklion
Museum and compiled the Pottery and Small Finds Catalogue from that made at the time of the excavation. To all of these,
especially to Mr. Boardman, I tender my hearty thanks.

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216 R. W. HUTCHINSON
of a fibula in bronze, and a quantity of broken pottery of the orientalising period, probably
representing a pedestalled krater and an amphora. There were also one or two conical
lids and two small flasksimitating Cypriote types, and two monochrome ovoid pithoi.
In the chamber we also found a curved stone which I identified as coming from one of the
upper coursesof a tholos vault, and was thereby induced to prophesy, rather rashly, to my work-
men the near presenceof a tholos tomb or its remains. I did not, however, expect my prophecy
to be verified so rapidly. On 28th January 1940 I started to excavate a round tomb which
proved to be the remains of a tholos tomb, though it was not until Ist February that I found any
blocks in position. A small indecipherable bronze coin and some sherds with thin black glaze
suggested that the tomb might have been quarried for building stone in the fourth or third
century B.C.2 (PLATE 19).
A small gold pendant shaped like a mulberry (PLATE 29, 45) was the first indication that
our tomb might have contained a rich burial, but the tomb had been thoroughly looted, and I
doubt if a single object above the floor level of the chamber remained in situ.
On the north side of the chamber some Io0-15cm. from the wall and at a depth of
2.70 m.
from the surface we found an iron sword resembling the broad-bladed group from the Halos
tumuli excavated by Wace, apparently enclosed in a scabbard plated with bronze, though all
that remained of the latter was a long, badly corroded plate about three-quartersof the length
of the sword, and a number of small fragments (no. 59)-
Associated with the sword were two small globular flasksof Cypriote form, a small oenochoe
with trefoil spout, half an amber bead, some fragments of a green faience bottle with a scale
pattern outlined in brown glaze (no. 79),3 and the handle of a small bronze vase. At the same
depth but situated I150 m. from the north jamb and Io m. from the south jamb of the door-
I.
way into the dromoswe found a fine electrum fragment consisting of a wing and a feminine arm
grasping a lion by the throat (PLATE 27, 46), obviously part of a potnia therongroup badly
damaged on the funeral pyre. All these probably represent the remains of the latest burial of
all (later than the two vases with the gold treasuredescribed below).
At the same level (2-7o m. below the present ground level) we found a dainty little gold pin
(PLATE 29, 49) and some other scraps of the same metal, some pieces of ostrich egg (no. 80)
and fragments of Egyptian faience (or an imitation of it).
Above and around these were massesof broken pottery which was later sorted and mended
to form whole or nearly whole vases; but there was no sign of stratification. Sherds of the
same vases were found at all levels. The tomb appeared to have been systematically looted,
but the gardener of the Villa Ariadne, loannis Akoumianos, who was one of the pickmen,
informed me he had dreamed the previous night that he would find a treasure (what the Cretans
term a AoyapQ). I bade him scrape the floor diligently as in duty bound, and was pleasantly
surprised to see two small holes in the virgin soil, covered only by an inch or two of sand, one
on each side of the door. In each hole was a small unpainted vase insignificant in appearance
but surprisingin its contents (except to the gardener). The vase on the north side of the door,
a small ovoid jar with everted rim (PLATE26, 57), contained the jewellery, Catalogue nos.
1-16, PLATES27 and 28.
The most striking object was a gold pendant with inlays of crystal and amber suspended
from a chain of plaited gold with snake's head terminals (PLATE 27, I). I do not recall an
exact parallel to this ornament, but some details recall a seventh-century Etruscan necklace
2 For the remnant of still preserved in situ see PLATE19 b, illustrating the typical Minoan tooling of the stones.
3 The outlines of the vaulting
scales are deeper than the rest of the surface, and so have preserved the glaze, which may have
originally covered the whole vase.

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 THE KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS 217
in the Metropolitan Museum. A plaited necklace with snake's head terminals in the Benaki
Museum is attributed by Miss Segall to the Roman period,5 but no convincing reasons are
assigned for the dating, and such a date is, of course, out of question for anything in this hoard,
which was untouched and sealed by the thin deposit of sand.
Less beautiful but more intriguing is the penannular gold pendant (PLATE 27, 2) with
terminals in the form of male heads framing a cross, between the arms of which perch four little
birds. The heads are flattened on top in the manner typical of Cretan heads of the eighth and
seventh centuries B.C., such as those of the Dreros bronzes,6 of various Daedalic figurines, or
those of the so-called Helen and Menelaus group on the jug from Arkades.7 The obviously
Cretan character of this ornament is important, because it enables us to suggest that the large
lunate crystal pendant and the small pendant with amber inlay were also Cretan work, since
both display the same technique of enclosing amber beads in gold cloisons. The amber, where

FIG. 2.-GOLD BAND No. 3.

preserved, was dark in colour, but now that true succinite has been found on Italian soil we can
no longer claim the colour as evidence for a Baltic origin.
From the same little vase came an ivory crescent (JHS LXIV, pl. VIII top), a gold-
mounted amber pendant (PLATE 28, 5), a round crystal pendant mounted in gold (PLATE 28, 7),
a gold fillet (PLATE 28, 3), two silver pins, with gold heads in the form of' ducks ', united by
a plaited gold chain (PLATE 28, 4), three gold dumps and three rectangular bars of the same
metal (PLATE 28, 8-13), two globular beads of crystal and one of glass (nos. 14-16). The
fillet in gold leaf bears a stamped design almost but not quite identical with that of the gold
fillet in the Nelidow Collection.8 The design is hard to see, but has been well deciphered and
reproduced by the expert eye of Mr. Piet de Jong. The panel is repeated and surroundedby
a running spiral band. The panel design shows two helmeted warriorsback to back about to
4 No note 4. 1
MuseumBenaki, Katalog derGoldschmiede-Arbeiten, pl. 28, no. I 3.
6 S. 7 D. Levi,
Marinatos, BCH LX, pl. XIII. Hesp XIV, pl. XVI.
Nelidow, pl. 4, no. i o; Reichel, [Link],pl. 8, no. 23; Kunze, GnomonXXI 6;
* L. Pollak, Goldschmiedearb~iten
de Jong considers they were not from the same mould.

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218 R. W. HUTCHINSON
administer the coupdegrdceto two lions. It is the familiar oriental motive of the old Sumerian
hero Gilgamish. He is more often represented alone with two lions, but the appearance
beside him of his companion Enkidu is quite proper and orthodox. The fillet could possibly
be local Cretan work imitating some Syro-Phoenician model. It is so like the Nelidow band,
however, that at first glance one might assume that they came from the same mould. Cer-
tainly they could be designed by the same man, and the question is are they both Cretan, or
both Attic, or both from Rhodes or some other source? The helmets are late Hittite in type
and easy to parallel on reliefs from Carchemish, Malatia, and so on, and we know that the
Gilgamish epic was translated into the Hittite languages. Both fillets might therefore have
been imported from Syria or Phoenicia, or be Cretan work under Syrian influence.
On the south side of the door another little hole had been cut in the native soil and was
found to contain a small feeding cup in a rather coarse red ware (no. 104) (PLATE 26), also
filled with jewellery. A quatrefoil gold pendant and another of lunate form (PLATES 27,
I8; 28, 19) were both furnished with cloisons obviously intended for inlaying. The inlay has

FIG. 3.-SCARAB No. 22. FIG. 4.-SCARAB No. 23.

vanished, but we may assume it to have been probably of amber like that of the large lunate
pendant in crystal.
The quatrefoil pendant may be compared and contrasted with the much later and more
sophisticated quatrefoil pendant in the Melos Treasure in the National Museum in Athens
(assigned by Mrs. Papaspyridhi-Karouzouto the fifth century B.C.).
In the same vase was a bracelet of plaited gold and silver links with snake-head terminals
(PLATE 28, 20); also another pair of silver pins with gold heads in the form of ducks and
united by a gold chain, but with the shaft of one pin missing (PLATE 28, 21). The close corre-
spondence with the other pair in the first vase emphasises the fact that the jewellery in the two
vases all probably belonged to one person and that, I think, a woman.
Of the two scarabs found here the smaller one, mounted in gold, has only a decorative
design, consisting of a stylised but quite recognisable scarab beetle in full flight (PLATE 29, 23,
FIG. 4). The larger scarab, in light brownish-pink,has a would-be-Egyptian device composed
of the ankhflanked by two eyes of Osiris in the top register, a lotus flanked by seated figures of
Maat each holding an ankhin the centre register, and an ankhflanked by two almost unrecog-
nisable vultures on the bottom register (PLATE 29, 22, FIG. 3).
I gathered from enquiries from Mr. G. Edwards of the British Museum that the scarabs
might date to anywhere between I Ioo and 600 B.C.,but that they were certainly not Egyptian

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 THE KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS 219
work. I take them to be possibly local Cretan work, or possibly Cypriote of the seventh
century B.C., though obviously they might be earlier. I hardly imagine that ' ankhen maat'
had any more significance for the artist than the swastikahad for the European maker of lucky
charms (before the advent of Hitler). It is likely, however, that the Cretan lucky scarabswere
not appreciably later than the Egyptian ones they copy, and we may thereforesuppose these to
be not later than the seventh century, nor indeed much earlier, as they were in good condition.
From the same small vase came a tiny gold ring, possibly for a child (PLATE 29, 24), a drop
pendant (no. 29), and thirteen beads of crystal (PLATE 28, 30-42), glass beads, a dump and two
rectangular nuggets of gold, a dump of silver (PLATE 28, 25-28), and a lunate piece of gold leaf
(JHS LXIV, pl. IX). Nine of the crystal beads had their perforationslined with gold, which
suggests the possibility that originally they were all coated with gold: crystal beads last a long
time, and this spherical shape with very thin perforationsis a Minoan type. It is more than
possible that these beads were looted from a Minoan burial and re-used. The nuggets and
dumps which were the medium of currencybefore the introduction of coinage agree well enough
with the date suggested for this period, since although no Cretan coins proper seem to have
been struck before 500, Aeginetan staters were imported in large numbers into the island early
in the sixth century, and perhaps imitated in Kydonia by the middle of that period. The
three gold dumps weigh [Link], 18.95, and 19 grammes respectively, and are thus a little heavier
than the Euboic stater, but agree well with the Egyptian double kedetand reinforce Sir Arthur
Evans' suggestion that the Euboic was derived from the latter, rather than from the Babylonian
standard. The two rectangularnuggets, on the other hand, weighing 16-65and 1690ogrammes
respectively, agree better with the Euboic stater and with the gold Babylonian shekel standard.
The silver dump of 7-25 grammes may be half a silver Phoenician shekel.
One feature of this hoard which may or may not be significant was the predilection for
lunate forms, such as the large crystal pendant with its lunate accessories, the ivory lune and
the lunate gold leaf, the small gold lunate pendant, and even the penannular pendant with
inset cross and birds might be reckoned a lunate form. If the electrum potniatheronfragment
is to be connected with Artemis we have another connection with the moon. Was the owner of
this jewellery perchance a priestessof Artemis?
These two little ' crocksof gold ' were our most spectacular find, but the dromos or entrance
passage had not yet been cleared properly, and was to
beginning display a stratificationwhich
in the chamber had been completely destroyed by the tomb robbers of the Hellenistic period.
The dromoswas 1-3 m. wide and was cut almost level for a length of 15'3o m. At the threshold
the highest surviving part of the wall was I146 m. from the floor, and the original ground level
was exactly 3 m. above the floor of the chamber of the tholos.
The floor of the dromoswas covered with a thin deposit of sand, above which was a car-
bonised deposit of about 7 cm. obviously derived from the earlier cremation or cremations.
Between this tholos tomb and the chamber tomb there were traces of two funeral pyres, but it
was impossible to say which belonged to which tomb, as practically no pottery was associated
with them. Above the lower burnt stratum of the dromoswas a sterile deposit about 2-3 cm.
thick at the threshold to the chamber. Above this was a second carbonised deposit Io cm.
thick, obviously the remains of one or more cremations. Little was found in it except some
flattened biconical burnt beads of crystal (PLATE 29, 77), but it may be assumed that the gold
treasure and the bulk of the pottery from the tholos belong to this later cremation.
The lower burnt stratum continued the full length of the dromos,but the upper was inter-
rupted by a layer of cut stones in the centre of the dromosat 3'50 cm. west of the doorway,
presumably thrown there by the robbers.

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220 R. W. HUTCHINSON
The chief small finds from the dromosoccurredin the pebble stratum immediately overlaying
the lower burnt deposit. These included a gold kriophoros(PLATE 27, 47), and the upper
part of a female kriophorosin double gold leaf with good modelling, probably originally plastered
on a figure executed in some perishable material such as wood (PLATE 27, 48). Traces were
found of a third and larger figure (part of the skirt of a chiton, a belt, and two or three long
tresses?), suggesting that there may originally have been a trinity like that of Apollo and his
attendant maidens at Dreros. These also are in a similar technique except, perhaps, that a
hammer is not required for miniature work in gold; the gold leaf might have been applied
by pressure, but the principle is the same. The man looks a trifle oriental, and I would not
deny Syro-Phoenician influence, but I am inclined to regard them as Cretan work of the mid-
seventh century or a little earlier. The Kriophoros pose with the feet set squarely level with
each other goes back to Late Minoan times.9
Associated with these gold figures were three miniature vases (two oenochoae and a bowl,
nos. 102, 103, 112), and also a very interesting fragment of a stone relief (PLATE 30, 76). The
material is a soft white stone, apparently the local kouskouras,
which is like chalk on the surface
but hardens to the consistency of limestone when exposed to the sun. One side shows the head
of a bearded man wearing a high hat and a sardonic smile, the other bears what I imagined at
first to be the leg of a running man and what might be intended for a shield above, but probably
the design representsa griffin. (Mr. Boardman suggests a griffin with a man in its mouth as a
possible interpretation.) The fragment is unique, I think, but the workmanship is not good,
and it might have been a trial piece or a preliminary sketch for something. It was found in the
centre of the dromosat a depth of 1-70 m. and 3'30 m. west of the door of the chamber.
The dromosalso produced one gold diamond-shaped bead and the gold iris of an eye, of
which the pupil had probably been of crystal or some other material (PLATE 29, 52, 54), and a
few crystal beads, biconical and flattened biconical.
Between 8 and 9-20 m. west of the doorway of the tholos a trench grave had been cut
southwards from the south side of the dromos.

The pottery objects included a hundred and twenty restorable vases or lids, but the most
interesting clay object was the model house (PLATE 20, !, FIG. 5). Much is missing, but the
restoration carried out by Mr. Zacharias Kanakis is quite certain.10 The fragments were
found at varying heights in the chamber, and it is only on stylistic grounds that I attribute it to
the Geometric period.
The ninth to seventh centuries B.c. have produced other examples of clay model buildings
usually from temple sites, such as those from the Argive Heraeum, Perachora, Sparta, Samos,
and Lemnos. Our example is the first of this period, I think, to come from a tomb in Greece,
though hut urns were well known in Italy and even in Crete (at a much earlier period). The
Spartan and Lemnian examples reproduced shrines, the Samian one a house; others are more
doubtful; though it is presumed that the Perachora ones represent temples. Our Knossian
example, with its chimney, must surely be a house, and indeed the form with its small, high-set
windows, tiny ventilation holes, and flat roof with a course of stones near the edge to keep the
fierce south and north winds from blowing away the mud and reed covering, is closely paralleled
by many a country cottage in Crete to-day. The projecting ledge inside at the back is too
narrow to be interpreted as any form of bench, much less any suggestion of a second storey.
I take it to be simply the horizontal timber often used to strengthen these mud-brick houses
9 Cf. the fine bronze Moschophoros
in the collection of Dr. Giamalakis.
10 With the
possible exception of the fanlight over the door.

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 THE KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS 221

from Minoan times onwards. The painted decoration of the door, however, is a fashion that
seems to have died out.
The cinerary urns were represented by the typical ovoid jars, some with purely Geometric
ornament, others with orientalising motives and culminating in the strange polychrome group
peculiar to Knossos, with looped feet, a trick apparently invented in Palestine in the Middle
Bronze Age and appearing in the Late Bronze Age in Syria and on sub-Mycenaean pottery

FIG. 5.-HOUSE MODEL No. I.

from Cyprus. The decoration recalls Assyrian motives and even the colour scheme of Assyrian
painted bricks of Ashurnazirpal II, but it was applied after firing and is apt to flake away.
Vase no. 7 (PLATE21) came from the chamber between 25 and 6o cm. above the floor,
vase no. Io (PLATE 21) from the first metre of the chamber. One sherd of vase no. 15 (PLATE
22) came from the lower burnt stratum in the dromosand apparently from the earlier cremation
stratum. The hopeless disturbance in the chamber made it impossible to record stratification,
though there was a tendency for the polychrome vases to occur at high levels (and never in the
dromos). Thus pithoi nos. 3 and 4 (PLATES 20, 21I) occurred in the lowest metre; pithos no. 5
(PLATE 20) between 30 and 40 cm. from the floor.
Most of the ovoid pithoi had their own lids, and probably all of them were originally

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222 R. W. HUTCHINSON
lidded. Many lids look like an upturned conical bowl, but some are in the form I would call
shield lids. Payne suggestedthat a pot of this type representeda votive shield, and I regard this
as certain; for the polychrome lid of the pithos no. 3 (PLATE 20) has a handle in the form of a
doe's head recalling the similar plastic bosses on one or two of the Cretan bronze shields.
Other 'shield lids ' were found in this tomb without any vase being associated with them, and
the fact that they have either one handle or two suspension holes suggests they were normally
hung up on the wall either as votive shields or merely as decorations. Usually they have
concentric bands of decoration somewhat analogous to the concentric bands that occur in the
repoussetechnique on bronze shields, though the individual geometric or floral motives are
different.
The most interesting of these shield lids (FIG.6, 52) has for its central ornament an octopus
of very Minoan appearance.11 We may recall the practice of adorning shields with heraldic
blazons and speculate whether this was simply a reproduction of some antique, such as an
engraved gem, or whether there was still at Knossos in the seventh century B.C. an old family
that bore a Minoan blazon on its shields. On the mainland, at least, there were plenty of
families that boasted of a Bronze Age pedigree, and in Crete itself St. Paul's disciple St. Titus
was claimed by church tradition to be descended from the old royal family. I have heard the
same claim made for St. Myron, but have not seen documentary evidence for it.
Many vases in this tomb, including a number of oenochoae and aryballoi, were copies of or
strongly influenced by contemporary vases in Cyprus. A curious askos coated with a red slip
and adorned with incised and punctured circles is probably to be interpreted in this way rather
than as an attempt to reproduce a Cretan neolithic vase (PLATE 25, 111).
There were no certain importations from Cyprus or Corinth, though there was an imita-
tion Protocorinthian skyphos (PLATE 26, 77). The pyxis (PLATE 25, 55) looks rather foreign,
but might be a good local imitation; Mr. Brock suggests it might be a Cycladic import.
Fragments of the polychrome amphora (PLATE20, 5) were found in this deposit on the south
side of the chamber, and this may have been the cremation urn of this burial.
Since there was no stratificationinside the chamber, of which the contents had been turned
upside down by the Hellenistic robbers so that fragments of the same vases were found at all
levels, it has been necessary to date the vases by style only. I have had the great advantage of
discussing the photographs with my friend Mr. J. K. Brock, and I follow his classification of
pottery here, though he is, of course, not responsiblefor any individual statement of mine.
The dromosshowed two clear floor levels with a quantity of sterile earth between them, but
the number of ovoid pithoi used for cremations indicates that there must have been at least
nineteen cremations here during the period 850-630 (Brock's Protogeometric B to late
Orientalising), and an unspecified number of inhumations here during the Bronze Age.
Two or three Middle Minoan sherds were found and three rim fragments from a L.M. III
sarcophaguswith typical fabric and paint but no clue to the decoration. After that the earliest
fragment, possibly a stray, was the neck and handles of a Protogeometricamphora.
Several small cups and aryballoi belong to the Protogeometric B phase (850-820 B.C.),
and one burial at least must be assigned to this period.
There is no evidence for a cremation in the early Geometric period (though one vase might
be dated to that age), but the tomb was certainly opened for another cremation in the Mature
Geometric period (800-770 B.C.), to which we may assign cremation pithoi nos. 6 and II
(PLATES 21-22) and the two pedestalled kraters no. 19 and 20 (PLATES 21I, 25), both probably
imported from the Cyclades.
11 Cf. Alexiou, KretikaKhronikaIV, pl. 14.

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 THE KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS 223
To the Late Geometric period (770-735 B.C.) we may probably assign ovoid pithoi nos.
2 and 16 (PLATE 22), the basket-handled jars (PLATE 24, 34-38), and perhaps some of the
Cypriote types of aryballoi with concentric circles on the body (PLATE26, 58-64).
Several cremations took place during the Early Orientalising period (735-680 B.c.),
to which belong the monochrome ovoid pithoi nos. 7, Io, 16, and 17 and polychrome pithoi
nos. 3, 4, and 5 (PLATES 20, 21). Other Early Orientalising vases include some cups (PLATE
26, 83, 91) and some shield lids (PLATE 23).
I am inclined to attribute to the same period the clay house and the gold finds from the
dromos,including the kriophoroi. Certain other finds from the earlier cremation stratum in the
dromosmay also be contemporary, such as some flattened biconical crystal beads (of a kind not
found elsewhere in this tomb) and some fragments of bronze, perhaps from tripods, including
the heads of one doe and two horses (PLATE30, 56-58), a couple of fibulae Blinkenberg Type
III 10 (PLATE 29, 62), two or three cornet-shaped objects of the same metal (PLATE 29, 64),

42 52 44
FIG.6.-LIDs Nos. 42, 44, 52.

the ivory head of a bronze pin (PLATE 29, 71), a diamond-shaped gold mounting for a gem (PLATE
29, 54), and at least one iron spearhead, all from the lower burnt deposit on the floor of the
dromos.
About 7-5o-8 m. west of the doorway we found some biconical beads of crystal (one of
the commonest shapes in Mesopotamia, but comparatively rare in Crete), and a similar bead
in the upper [Link], together with a pomegranate pendant and the head of a horse in
bronze (PLATE 29, 61 and PLATE30, 57). Between io and 17 m. west of the doorway the lower
burnt stratum, here some 7 cm. thick, produced some segmented faience beads of Egyptian
type and some tiny globular faience beads (no. 78).
Between 13 and 14 m. west of the door the dromoswas intersected on the south side by a
later burial containing an amphora with the rim and base missing (no. 23), a lekythos of
Cypriote form and a pedestalled cothon with lid attached (no. 94). These were heavily en-
crusted with a limelike deposit, and it was impossible to guess at their original decoration when
I saw them.
A third chamber tomb with a trapezoidal chamber was discovered a few metres north-
west of the tholos. The material from this has not been examined in detail, and will not be
published here. It contained one gold bead, a pair of bronze tweezers, and the following

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224 JOHN BOARDMAN
objects in iron: a sword with a bronze pin for attaching the hilt, two spears, a double adze,
a knife (?), a chopper, and a razor. There was a quantity of Geometric pottery, including
parts of two large pedestalled kraters and a few L.M. III larnaxfragments from the dromos.
There was also part of an amber bead and a small clay ox.
R. W. HUTCHINSON

CATALOGUE OF FINDS
The following catalogue is based on that which was compiled at the time of digging, and is
supplemented by notes made since the war. The illustration of the pieces is, however, not
complete, as not all of them have yet been identified in Heraklion Museum. Thanks to the
co-operation of Dr. Platon, there is not a serious omission, and no important find is not figured
here. The catalogue is in two parts, Pottery and Small Finds, including jewellery, numbered
independently, not consecutively. Detailed descriptions of the decoration are omitted where
the piece is adequately illustrated and preserved, or has been more fully discussed in the text.

POTTERY
HouseModel.
I. PLATE 20, FIG. 5. A clay house model with chimney and a separate door. Height (at front) 29-7, (at back) 3I1o;
breadth (at bottom) 28-8, (at top) 33'5; front to back (at bottom) 26-5, (at top) 32'3.

Pithoi. The colours are red and grey on a chalky-white or cream slip.
Polychrome
2. H. 71'o0. Conical lid with small open vase as knob, and wheel decoration. Decoration on the body mostly gone
but for bands of vertical bars. The foot has square, triangular, and diamond-shaped fenestrations.
3. PLATE20. H. 43-0. Shield lid with plastic doe's head. Looped foot. A vase from the Fortetsa cemetery is by
the same hand.
4. PLATE21. H. 59-0. Conical lid with knob handle. Conical foot.
5. PLATE20o. H. 59-O. Conical lid with tongue decoration. Tongue band on the shoulder. Looped foot.

Pithoi. All bear traces of a light creamy slip.

Monochrome
6. PLATE21. H. 6I'o. Two double-moulded handles. Conical lid and flat base.
7. PLATE2 . H. 58-o. Conical lid with knob handle; white outline tongues as decoration. Looped foot.
8. PLATE21. H. 58-o. Plain conical lid. Looped foot.
9. PLATE21. H. 43-0. White concentric circles on the lip and central body bands. The arch handles are double-
moulded. Flat base.
o10.PLATE2 I. H. 53-0. Conical lid with knob. White concentric circles on body band. Flat base.
ix. PLATE22. H. 53-0. Conical lid with knob. The lines are in white. Flat base.
x2. Pithos with panel enclosing bands of lozenges, zigzags, chevrons, and a hatched maeander.
13. Pithos with banded ornament of tongues and a hatched maeander.
14. Pithos with a metope design, including lozenges and a hatched maeander band.
15. PLATE22. H. 37o0, without the lid. Flat-topped lid and flat base.
x6. PLATE22. H. 6I-o. Conical lid with moulded knob. Flat base. On the side not illustrated a hatched maeander
in the shoulder panels.
17. PLATE22. H. 63-o. Conical lid with moulded knob. Looped foot.
i8. PLATE22. H. 27-o. Flat base. A fragmentary lid with white horizontal stripes on it is preserved.

Kraters.
X9. PLATE25. H. 55-o. Ribbed pedestal. Single handles with a bridge to the rim. Knob protrusions on the rim
at either side of the handles. A light cream slip: perhaps Cycladic work.
20. PLATE2 I. H. 23o0. Pedestal with simple moulding at the top. Unslipped.

Amphorae.
21. Preserved H. Slim amphora (shape as 22) without foot. White zigzag bands on the shoulder.
22. PLATE 21. H.23.0. Zigzags on lip, neck, and body.
35"o. with concentric circles in bands without
23. Fragmentary amphora dividing lines. From the grave beside the dromos.

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 THE KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS 225
Hydriae,Jugs, and Oenochoae.
24. PLATE21. H. Hydria. The lip is restored.
25. 29"o. The decoration in a reserved panel.
PLATE21. H. 33-o.
26. PLATE20. Preserved H. 21xo. The neck is missing.
27. PLATE21. H. 29o0. Slim one-handled jug with white painted zigzags and triple-line bands.
28. PLATE25. H. 24-0. Slim one-handled jug.
29. PLATE21. H. 32o0. Slim-necked oenochoe with trefoil lip.
30. Preserved H. 8-5. Jug with its base missing. On the neck a wavy line band within double straight lines.
31. PLATE 25. H. I1-5. Squat oenochoe with trefoil lip.
32. Fragmentary jug with base missing. Decoration of concentric circles and horizontal lines.
33. Preserved H. 12o. Jug with bellying profile. Neck and handle missing. Two groups of horizontal lines on the
body.

SphericalJugs with BasketHandles. A light creamy slip is still apparent on some.

PLATE H. 34-o.
34. PLATE24.
35. 24. H. 32-0.
36. PLATE24. H. 32'9.
PLATE H. 32'5-
37. PLATE 24.
38. 24. H. 32'0.

ShieldLids with a SingleLoopHandle.

39. PLATE 23. D. 23-0.
4o. PLATE23. D. 24-0.
41. PLATE23. D. 23-0.
42. FIG.6. D. 26-o.
43. PLATE23. D.
250o.
PLATE26, FIG.6. D. 25'5.
44.
45. D. 26-o. Decoration as 42 but octofoil on base.
46. D. 23-o. Decoration as 42.
47. D. 25-o. Decoration as 42.
48. D. 25-o. Tongue pattern and a band of opposed double semicircles (as on body of 37) in white at the rim.

Dishes Piercedat the Rim with Two Holes. Probably used as lids. All but no. 54 bear
light on dark decoration.
49. D. I9-o. Concentric circles in white paint in a band.
50. PLATE23. D. 20-0.
51. PLATE 23. D. 20-0.
52. FIG.6. D. I9-o. KretikaKhronikaIV, pl. 14, bottom right.
53. PLATE 23. D. 20-0.
54. PLATE 23. D. 22-0.

Pyxides.
55. PLATE25. H. A light creamy slip. Possibly Cycladic work.
15"[Link] with horizontal ribbon handles.
56. H. 15-o. Spherical
with everted rim. Contained jewellery (nos. 1-16).
57. PLATE26. Spherical pyxis

SphericalFlasksof CypriotShape.
58. PLATE 26. H. 13-5-
59. PLATE26. H.
3'0o.
H. 9'5.
60. PLATE26.
61x. PLATE 26. H. Io.0.
62. PLATE 26. H.
63. PLATE26. Preserved
8-5. Lip restored.
H. 9'5.
64. H. Zigzag on the neck and bands on the body.
I6.o.
65. PLATE24. H. 31xo. Twisted handle and pedestal foot.

Aryballoior SquatJugs.
66. H. 8'4. Neck missing. Dotted lozenges on the shoulder; step pattern in a band below.
67. H. Plain circling bands.
6"5.26. H.
68. PLATE Leaf pattern on the shoulder.
3"o.
69. Miniature jug bearing a row of dots and horizontal bands.
70o. Miniature jug. Net pattern on the shoulder.
Q

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226 JOHN BOARDMAN
SkyphoiandKantharoi.
71. PLATE26. H. 7'0.
72. H. 8-o. Panel of chevrons.
73. H. 5To. Decoration as 72.
74. H. 7-o. Decoration as 72.
75. PLATE26. H. Melon-ribbed. White zigzag decoration in bands.
76. PLATE26. H. 9'5.
9"0. Protocorinthian shape.
77. PLATE26. H. I2-o. Imitation of Protocorinthian.
78. H. Flat-based kantharos. A maeander flanked by lozenges and triangles.
Io-o.

Cups. 79-91 are one-handled.

79. PLATE26. H. I I.O. Mastoi on the body.
8o. PLATE26. H. I2-5. Pedestalled.
8x. PLATE26. H.
82. H. 9-5. Mastoi85.-
on the body. A single zigzag in the reserved panel.
83. PLATE26. H. Io-o. Light cream slip.
84. PLATE 26. H.
I1-5.
Lattice
85. H. pattern in white.
86. H. Io'o.
xIo5. Decoration as 85.
87. H. I .o. Cable pattern bands in white.
88. Fragmentary. The cup had a high rim. Zigzags and maeander in metopes, and scales below.
89. Fragmentary. Metope pattern of lattice, wheels, and St. Andrew's cross.
go, H. 3'5. Handle and base gone. Tooth decoration in a panel. Two mastoi.
91. PLATE 26. H. 14-O.
92. H. I2-o. Fragmentary two-handled cup with a pedestal base. A band of running spirals.
93. H. 5-o. Two-handled cup with a wavy line between girding bands.

OtherShapes.
94. Pedestalled cothon with lid.
95. PLATE25. Two-handled jar. H. I2-o. Found on floor of chamber.
96. Miniature kalathos. H. 5-0. Reserved cross on the base. On the body a cable between girding lines; below, a
frieze of teeth.
97. Miniature kalathos. H. A zigzag band.
98. Amphoriskos. 4"o.
99. Miniature bowl. H. 3-o. Plain painted.

CoarseandIncisedPottery. The fabric is dark red.

zoo. Oenochoe. H. 13-o. Trefoil lip; the neck is as high as the body, which is spherical. Incised lozenges on the
shoulder and a wavy line below.
xio. Squat jug. H. I2-o.
zo2. Miniature oenochoe. H. 4'5. Similar to o103,but a light moulding at the top and the base of the neck.
103. PLATE26. Miniature oenochoe. H. 5'5. Trefoil lip.
104. PLATE26. Feeder. H. 17-0. Contained jewellery (nos. x7-44).
10o5. PLATE26. Stand or brazier. H. i6-o.
xo6. PLATE26. Stand or brazier. H. I6-o.
107. PLATE26. Stand or brazier. H. 5.0o.
zo8. Fragment of stand or brazier. Preserved H. 14-0.
zog. PLATE26. Kernos. H. 14-o. Quadruple, of one-handled mugs, and on four pillar legs.
xzo. Kernos. H. I3'5. Fragmentary; as IO9.
I I. PLATE25. Askos. H. I9-o. A polished surface.
x12. Miniature bowl. D. 6-5. Brown fabric.

SMALL FINDS

Contentsof Vaseno. 57. See JHS LXIV, pl. 8 (omitting central scarab).
I. PLATE 27. Crescent-shaped crystal pendant set in gold, and subsidiary pendants with crystal and amber inlays.
Gold chains with snake's head terminals.
2. PLATE27. Penannular gold pendant with male head terminals. Within, a cable cross with four birds between
the arms.
3. PLATE28, FIG.2. Stamped gold fillet with design of two warriors and lions recurring.
4. PLATE28. Two silver pins with gold heads in the form of birds. Linked with a gold chain. Cf. no. 2 1.
5. PLATE28. Rectangular amber spacer-bead set in gold as a pendant.
6. JHS LXIV, pl. 8 top. Ivory crescent.

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 THE KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS 227
7. PLATE 28. Round crystal bead set in gold.
8-13* PLATE 28. Three rectangular nuggets and three dumps of gold.
x4-x5. JHS LXIV, pl. 8 below gold fillet. Two globular crystal beads.
i6. Globular glass bead.

Contentsof Vaseno. 104. See JHS LXIV, pl. 9.

17. JHS LXIV, pl. 9 below centre. Semicircular plate of gold leaf.
x8. PLATE27. Quatrefoil gold pendant with cloisons for inlay.
19. PLATE28. Semicircular gold pendant with cloisons for inlay.
20o. PLATE28. Chain (? bracelet) of interwoven gold and silver links with snake's head terminal.
21. PLATE28. Two silver pins with gold heads in the form of birds. Linked with a gold chain. Cf. no. 4.
22. PLATE29, FIG. 3. Brown paste scarab with hieroglyphic design.
23. PLATE29, FIG 4. White paste scarab with stylised beetle design.
24. PLATE29. Gold ring.
25--8. PLATE28. Two rectangular nuggets and one dump of gold; one dump of silver.
29. JHS LXIV, pl. 9, top left, below end of necklace. Drop pendant of crystal.
nine of them with gold-lined perforations.
3o-42. PLATE28. Thirteen crystal beads,
43-44. Two globular glass beads.

GoldandElectrum. See JHS LXIV, pl. io.

45. PLATE29. Gold pendant in the form of a berry.
46. PLATE27. Fragment of a potnia therongroup in electrum.
47- PLATE27. Male kriophorosin gold.
48. PLATE27. Upper part of a female kriophorosin gold.
49. PLATE29. Gold pin with moulded head.
5o. JHS LXIV, pl. io, bottom right. Gold band decorated with impressed dots.
51. JHS LXIV, pl. Io, bottom left. Gold ribbon split into three strands.
52. PLATE29. Two gold beads (one illustrated).
53. Possibly part of the back hair of a figure resembling the kriophoroinos. 47, 48 but larger.
54* PLATE29. Gold eye.
55. Gold bezel of a ring.

Bronze.
56. PLATE30o. Doe's head turned to the left. Protruding eye and broken ears.
to the right.
57. PLATE30. Horse's head turned
58. PLATE3o. Fragments of animal figurines, including the rumps and hind legs of horses. They stood on bronze
rods, circular in section, fragments of which preserve the animals' and possibly human feet. They may have been attached
to a bronze vessel.
59. Fragments of thin bronze plate, width c. 6-o. Decorated with vertical grooves, some with cable pattern, some with
rows of circular bosses. They may be from a scabbard; others from tripod legs, or, in view of their thinness, covering
plates to wooden furniture or boxes. With them is the handle of a small bronze vase.
6o. Two horses' heads.
6x. PLATE29. H. 4-8. Pomegranate-shaped pendant.
62. PLATE29. W. 4o0. Knob fibula (Blinkenberg Type III io), and another (not illustrated).
63. PLATE29. Length 5'3. Rod with bead-like mouldings: possibly part of a straight pin.
64. PLATE29. Length c. 2-5. Conical objects with two side flanges; cut from bronze sheet and bent into their present
form (two illustrated).
65. PLATE29. Bronze pin heads.
66. PLATE29. W. 6-o. Part of a mirror support. The feet of a standing draped woman standing on an Ionic capital
(one volute broken). A sixth-century type, perhaps not from this tomb but preserved with other material from the tomb
in Heraklion Museum.
67. PLATE29. Pin head with moulded knob and rings below.
68. Fragments of ring handles. Section rectangular; the largest has a section 30 X 0-3, the smaller are dumpy, 1.7
square, with a total diameter of c. 5-o.
69. Small fragments of the rim and legs of small tripod lebetes.

Boneor Ivory.
70. PLATE29. Two fragments of handles(?) with carved rings and studs.
71. PLATE29. Head of a bronze pin, with incised circles.
72. PLATE29. Studs (one illustrated) with grooved edges; one is pierced across its top.
73. PLATE29. Two lentoid objects with circular perforations.

Iron.
74. Fragments of swords and spear blades.

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228 JOHN BOARDMAN
Stone.
75. Minoan horns of consecration in soft limestone bearing the marks of both the carbonised layers, showing that it had
been turned out into the dromosbefore the first cremation (PLATE19 a)..
76. PLATE3o. Fragment of hard kouskourasplaque with relief on either side.

Beads.
77. PLATE29. Paste, glass, and steatite beads. The one top right in the illustration is flat with grooved edges.
78. Miniature faience beads.

OtherMaterials.
79. Fragments of a green faience bottle with a scale pattern outlined in brown.
8o. Fragments of ostrich egg, perhaps from a rhyton.

JOHN BOARDMAN

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 19.

(a)

(b)
KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS.
(a) Dromos. OFCHAMBER
(b) REMAINS ANDVAULT.

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 20.

I I

3 26 5
KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS. HOUSE MODEL AND POTTERY.

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 21.

7 IO0

8 6 9

27 29 25 22 20 24
KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS. POTTERY.

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 22.

15 II 18

'7 16
KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS. POTTERY.

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 23.

40 43

41
53 54

50 51 39

KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS. POTTERY.

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE24.

65
35

37 34 36 38
KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS. POTTERY.

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 25.

31
III

55

95 28

POTTERY.

TOMBS.

TEKKE

KHANIALE

'9

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 26.

57
60 62 59
58 61 63 68

75 76 84 83

77 71 81 79

80 44 9'

104 105 io6 I07 103 I09

KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS. POTTERY.

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 27.

JEWELLERY.

TOMBS.

TEKKE

KHANIALE

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 28.

4 21

V-.:.

R0O 19 5

! 1i:

INA...
m

!12?
11

10 25

it] s 30.7a
Ion
KHANIALE TEKKE TOMBS. JEWELLERY AND DUMPS AND BARS OF PRECIOUS METALS.

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 29.

72
iiii~ii;
;~iii1
;
67

71

a0 iiiiiiii

OBJECTS.

65
SMALL

TOMBS.

TEKKE

KHANIALE

14iiiiii 52

ii

~1 i54i
iiiii1iiii
.
49l1

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B.S.A. XLIX. PLATE 30.

76).
',

FINDS

76 SMALL
('

PLAQUE

RELIEF

Kouskouras
TOMBS.
').

FINDS
TEKKE

'SMALL

OF

58
KHANIALE
57,

(56,

FIGURINES
58
BRONZE
57 OF

FRAGMENTS

:
561:

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