9

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2
Formation of an Ionic Bond
And Covalent Bond

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module 2
Science- Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2- Module 2: Formation of an Ionic and Covalent Bond
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author/s: Mr. Sotico Pamisa Micabalo, Jr. And Mr. Roberto P.
Bernat
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Illustrator and Layout Artist:
Management Team
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PDO II
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 9

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2
Formation of an Ionic Bond
And Covalent Bond
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to
ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Know (Pre - Test)

I. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1) Which of the following pair of elements would form an ionic bond?

a) N and F c) Mg and Cl
b) Ca and Li d) O and O

2) Which of the following orbital notation illustrates sodium atom ( 11Na)? a)

↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ c) ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 3s
b) ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓ ↑↓ d) ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑ ↓↑
1s 2s 2p 3s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

3) Ionic bonds are formed between:

a) Two metals c) Two nonreactive elements
b) Two nonmetals d) Metals and nonmetals

4) In forming ionic bonds:

a) Electrons are shared by two metals
b) Electrons are transferred from non-metals to metals
c) Electrons are accepted by metals from non-metals
d) Electrons are released by metals and accepted by non-metals

5) Reactive metals are mostly found at the:

a) The right part of the periodic table c) Middle part of the periodic table
b) Left part of the periodic table d) Lower part of the periodic table

6) Reactive non-metals are mostly found at the:

a) The right part of the periodic table c) Middle part of the periodic table
b) The left side of the periodic table d) Lower part of the periodic table

7) In order to have a complete transfer of electron/s, the electronegativity

difference of the two combining elements must be:
a) Less than 1.9 c) Equal to 4
b) Greater than 1.9 d) Equal to zero

8) Elements in Family 2 or IIA are c apable of:

a) Accepting 5 electrons i c) Donating 2 electrons
b) Donating 3 electrons d) Receiving 1 electron

9) To gain stability, sodium atom must lose 1 electron to attain the electronic
configuration of which noble gas?
a) Ne c) F
b) Kr d) He

10) To gain stability, Cl atom must gain an electron to attain the electronic
configuration of which noble gas?
a) Ne c) Ar
b) Kr d) He

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11) Which of the properties of atoms is the most suitable reference for the
kind of bond that will take place among them?
a) ionization energy c) electronegativity
b) atomic size d) electron affinity

12) A chemical bonding between the two atoms which shares a single pair of
an electron is:
a) single bond c) triple bond
b) double bond d) all of these

13) What kind of particle is produced after covalent bonding?

a) atom c) ion
b) molecule d) electron

14) What kind of chemical bond will form between two hydrogen atoms?
a) metallic bond c) polar covalent bond
b) B. ionic bond d) non polar covalent bond

15) When does covalent bonding take place?

a) It takes place when atoms attain stability.
b) It takes place when atoms collide with one another
c) It takes when the attraction is weak.
d) It takes place when atoms share electron.

16) Oxygen (O) belongs to group 6A and it is diatomic. How many

nonpolar covalent bonds will be there in O2 molecule?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

II. Identify the following compounds as polar or non-polar. Indicate your answers
in your answer sheet.

17. Cl2
18. H2O
19.
HCl
20.
N2

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 Lesson

1 Ionic Bond

What I Need to Know

At the end of the module, you will be able to learn how an ionic bond is
formed. Specifically, after going through this module, you will be able to Illustrate
how ionic bond is formed using the following approaches:
a) The electronic configuration,
b) The Orbital notation, and
c) The Lewis electron dot structure

You will also learn how to determine whether a transfer of electron will
occur by calculating the electronegativity difference of the two combining atoms.

What’s New
We usually encounter thousands of compounds in our day - to - day
activities. Many of these substances look different while others look the same.
But do not be fooled by their physical appearance. Using chemical and other
physical characteristics, you will find out they are actually different substances.
Consider sugar and salt as our example. If you throw or accidentally dropped
few grains of sugar into a flame or hot surfaces, it melts with a distinct odor,
turns brown and eventually becomes a black substance.

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 On the other hand, if this happened to a few grains of salt, the salt
produced somewhat a cracking sound and you could even see it jumping on the
hot surface or above the flame and give a distinct odor and color.

[Link]
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rea/molecule_gallery/element078_plati
compounds/[Link]
num/flame_sodium_02.jpg

This could be best explained by looking at how the particles of these

substances are linked together. The nature of how the component elements are
bonded together will give support to the observations mentioned previously. These
characteristics will be discussed separately.

What Is It

Let us consider again a very familiar substance, salt. Salt is made up of elements sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). Look at th

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 Sodium is a reactive metal found at the left part of the periodic table and
chlorine, a reactive non-metal found at the right part of the periodic table. Do you
know to what family do the most reactive metals and the most reactive nonmetals
belong? Yes, sodium falls under family 1 or IA in the old classification and chlorine
in family 17 or VIIA in the old classification. When these two reactive atoms
combined, salt will be formed, and it is an example of an ionic compound. But how
this ionic substance was formed?

Metals contain loosely held electrons that can be easily dislodged, which
means these electrons are easily removed from metals, like sodium atom.

So how do these loosely hold electrons function in the bonding formation?

Where will these electrons go after being kicked off from a metal?
Chlorine atom on the other hand is capable of accepting electrons and
accommodate it on its shell.

So, what is the purpose of gaining and losing of an electron? How is this
process of gaining and losing electron affect the chemical property of an atom?
Some elements are not chemically active under ordinary conditions; these
are the noble gases.
Those elements that will lose electrons require a certain amount of energy to
do it. This is known as ionization energy.

On the other hand, those elements capable of accepting electrons also require
certain amount of energy for them to accommodate the said electrons in their shell,
this is known as electron affinity.

Before we will discuss the formation of the ionic bond, let’s consider first the
information given on the table below. This will give us some precautionary measure
in illustrating the formation of an ionic bond.

Covalency number refers to how many bonds an atom can have when it
forms a compound, while oxidation number refers to the charge of an atom when
it loss or gain electrons and become an ion.

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 Now, look at your periodic table. What are the elements in family 1 or IA?
These are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr. What are their covalency number and
charge? From the table given, each element has a covalency number of 1 which
means, they can only have 1 bond, and an oxidation number of 1+. How can we
account for the charge, 1+? This indicates that each element can give up only one
electron, and that explains why sodium has a 1+ charge.

How about the elements in family 4? They have a covalency number of 4,

that means, they can form 4 bonds only, a good example is C atom, which will be
discussed separately, but, what is that 4- to 4+? What is the meaning of this value
range? These values will tell us that C can have a charge of 4 - up to 4+, depending
on the type of compounds or ions it will form.

Elements in family 17 or VIIA can carry a charge of 1- . What does it mean?

This means that the elements of this family can accept one (1) electron. This
explains why chlorine carries a charge of 1 -.

Another important table is the electronegativity table. The values in this table
will give us an idea of how to determine the type of bond will be formed by the
combining atoms, would it be ionic or covalent. Covalent bonding will be discussed
in the next lesson.

Electronegativity Table

[Link]
content/uploads/sites/887/2015/04/23211347/CNX_Chem_07_02_ENTable1.jpg

The last table is the Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) of the
different elements. The table gives us the elements’ symbols surrounded by dots
representing the valence electrons or the outermost electrons, which are responsible
for the combining capacity of the elements. The dots also tell us to what family each
element belong. So, it is expected that the family number is equal to the valence
electrons of the element. When the atom gained or lost electron/s, they tend to have
the configuration of the elements in the noble gas that has eight (8) electrons,
known as
OCTET (except for the element He, which has 2 electrons or DUET).

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 [Link]
[Link]

So, ready for the ionic bonding formation? Let’s start! Consider again salt.
The combination of sodium (Na) atom, from Family 1 and chlorine atom (Cl) from
family 17.

The electronic configuration of sodium is 1s2 2s2 2p63s1, while that of chlorine
atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p5. Na is a metal, a very reactive metal in family
one, and it is capable of losing an electron. How many electrons? 1 electron. It will
become an ion with a charge of 1+. Chlorine on the other hand is a very reactive
nonmetallic element, a gaseous element, and is capable of accepting or gaining one
(1) electron. How many? 1 electron, making an ion with a 1- charge. From the
definition of an ionic bond, these two charge particles will be attracting each
other (called electrostatic attraction) to form a compound sodium chloride. The
best way to understand this is to have an illustration.

First, using the electronic configuration; second, using the orbital notation,
and third, using the Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)

A) Electronic configuration:

Combining the two:

or crisscrossing the charges:

Note that the charges become subscript and eventually removed because
these numbers are the same.

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 B) Orbital Notation

Note that the single

3s electron of Na is
transferred to
chlorine’s 3p
configuration,
making the 3s of Na
to disappear and
the 3p of Cl to be
filled.
Sodium now carries
a positive charge,
and chlorine, a

C) Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)

Notice that the configuration of Na + 1s22s2 2p6 is similar to that of Ne.

And for Cl - 1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3p6 is similar to that of Ar.
Both sodium ion and chlorine ion took the noble gas configuration. Sodium
ion has the same electronic configuration with Ne (Na + is isoelectronic with Ne) and
chlorine ion or chloride has the same electronic configuration with Ar (Cl - is
isoelectronic with Ar).

Here is another example, consider the combination: Magnesium ( 12Mg) and

Oxygen (16O).

a) Electronic configuration:

Combining the two:

Or crisscrossing the charges:

Again, the charges become subscripts and removed because they are the
same.

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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b) Orbital Notation

Note that the two

electrons of
Magnesium (3s
configuration)
disappeared and are
transferred to the 2p
configuration of
Oxygen. The 2p
configuration of O is
now filled, while the
3s configuration of
Mg is gone.

c) Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)

In this example, both Mg ion and Oxygen ion took the configuration of the
noble gas Neon. Mg2+, O2-, and the Noble gas Neon are isoelectronic.

Now let us consider the degree of how the electron is transferred by getting
the electronegativity difference. We will use the electronegativity table given. If the
difference is greater than 1.9, there is a complete transfer of electron (or electrons)
and the bond that will be formed is ionic. If the difference is less than 1.9, there will
be no transfer of electrons, only shared by the combining elements.

Consider NaCl:
Na 0.9 difference (greater value - lower value)
Cl 3.0 = 3.00 - 0.9 = 2.1

Since the difference is greater than 1.9, therefore there’s a complete transfer
of electrons; hence there will be a formation of an ionic bond.

Consider the electronegativity difference between Al and O

Al 1.5 difference
Br 2.8 = 2.8 - 1.5 = 1.3

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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 Since the electronegativity difference is less than 1.9, then the bond formed
could not be classified as ionic. The value tells us that the energy is not enough to
achieve the complete transfer of electrons from Al to Bromine. (This is justifiable
the fact that Al is not as reactive as Li or sodium. It is under family 13 or IIIA
family). So, the bond formed between them is definitely covalent, and this will be
discussed in the next lesson.

What’s More
Exercises 1:
A) Using the periodic table of elements, complete the table below by filling in
the blanks with the correct answers. The first item is already done to guide
you.

Covalency Oxidation
Elements Group Number
Number number
1) Li 17 or VIIA 1 1-
2) Ca
3) Br
4) N
5) Fr

B) Tell how many electrons are involved when each given atom
forms a bond, then specify whether the electron/s is/are gained or
lost. Write your answer on the space provided. The first number is
already answered to guide you.

1) K 1 electron Lost
2) P
3) F
4) Al
5) Ba

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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 What I Have Learned
Activity1
Illustrate the bonding formation of the following combination of elements, use
the three ways of illustrating the ionic bonding formation: a) electronic
configuration b) Orbital notation, and c) Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS). Use a
separate paper for your answer.

1) Li and F
a) Electronic configuration:
b) Orbital Notation
c) LEDS

2) Be and O
a) Electronic configuration:
b) Orbital Notation
c) LEDS

Q1: What kind of elements usually form ionic bonds?

Q2: How do ionic bonds form between atoms?

What I Can Do
Answer as directed.

1) Why it is necessary for an atom to loss or gain an electron?

2) Why do we have to consider the covalency number and the oxidation number
of the atom in the construction of the ionic bond?

3) How does a noble gas configuration help in the concept of bonding formation?

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 Lesson

2 Covalent Bonding

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to define and explain the formation
of a Covalent bond.
Specifically, after going through this module, you will be able to:
1. Explain how covalent bonding takes place;
2. Illustrate the sharing of electrons
3. Classify the covalent compounds as polar and non- polar
covalent bond

What’s New
At room temperature, sodium chloride (NaCl) is a crystalline solid. It has a
very high melting point while water (H 2O) is a liquid that has a low melting and
boiling points. They differ in the way they form bonds. Sodium chloride is an ionic
compound while water is a covalent compound. Covalent compounds are
combinations of two non-metals. A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of
electrons between two atoms with identical or relatively close electronegativity
values.

Table l. Covalent Bond Type

Bond Type Electronegativity value

Polar Covalent Bond 0.5 to 1.9

Non-polar Covalent Bond 0 to 0.4

There are two types of covalent bonds. Polar covalent bond if the
electronegativity difference is 0.5 to 1.9. If the electronegativity difference is 0 to
0.4 that is a non-polar covalent bond.
Atoms could also form

1. Single Covalent Bond

2. Double Covalent Bond
3. Triple Covalent Bond

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1. A single bond is formed when only one pair of the electron is shared
between the two participating atoms. It is represented by one dash (-). Although
this form of covalent bond has a smaller density and is weaker than a double
and triple bond, it is the most stable.

For Example, HCl molecule has one Hydrogen atom with one valence
electron and one Chlorine atom with seven valence electrons. In this case, a
single bond is formed between hydrogen and chlorine by sharing one
electron.

2. A double bond is formed when two pairs of electrons are shared between the
two participating atoms. It is represented by two dashes. Double covalent bonds
are much stronger than a single bond, but they are less stable.
For Example, Carbon dioxide CO2 molecule has one carbon atom with
four valence electrons and two oxygen atoms with six valence electrons.

Each oxygen atom shares its two electrons with carbon and therefore
there are two double bonds in CO2.

CO2 Molecule with Double bond

3. A triple bond is formed when three pairs of electrons are shared between the
two participating atoms. Triple covalent bonds are represented by three dashes
(≡) and are the least stable types of covalent bonds.

For Example, in the formation of a nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen

atoms having five valence electrons provides three electrons to form three
electron pairs for sharing. Thus, a triple bond is formed between the two nitrogen
atoms.

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 What Is It
As we know that the group number of the representative elements in the
periodic table represents the valence electron in the outer shell, likewise it is also
the same with the number of dots. The covalency number represents the number
of bonds formed by the atoms. Refer to the previous table.

Example: show the covalent bond of oxygen gas (O 2)

The above illustration shows that the oxygen belongs to group VIA and
has 6 valence electron and 6 electron dots around, the covalency number is 2,
thus oxygen can form double bonds between two oxygen atoms.

Exercise
Using Lewis Dots Structure, illustrate the bonding formation of
the following covalent compounds:

1. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

2. Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
3.
Ammonia (NH3)
4. Methane (CH4)
5.
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)

What’s More
ACTIVITY NO.1
A. Show the acceptable Lewis structure to form covalent bond in
the following compounds:
a. NH3
b.
H2O
c.
HCl
d. PH3
e. H2

B. Classify the compounds given in part A as Polar covalent bond or Non-

polar covalent bond by getting their electronegativity difference based on
the electronegativity table given in the previous module.
a.

b.

c.

d.
e.

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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 What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY NO.2
Complete the table below: Show the sharing of electrons given
the chemical formula then identify the type of bond as polar or non-
polar covalent bond.

Chemical Lewis structure/sharing of Type of bond

Formula electrons Polar or non-polar

H2O

BF3

Cl2

NH3

CH4

QUESTIONS:
1. What kind of elements usually forms covalent bond?

2. How do the covalent bonds form between atoms?

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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 What I Can Do

You have learned that covalent bonds result from sharing of

electrons in order to attain stable configuration like noble gases and
covalent compound is formed.

Activity no.3
1. Why do atoms combine? Justify your answer.

2. Why is it that diatomic molecule such as N 2, Cl2, and O2 always

form nonpolar covalent bonding?

3. How would you differentiate polar and nonpolar based on its

electronegativity difference?

4. Apply to the real situation: why is stability important? How do

people become stable?

Summary
 Atoms combine to have stability. This could be achieved by
either losing or gaining an electron.
 By losing or gaining electron or electrons, the atom takes the
electronic configuration of a noble gas, in which the outermost
configurations or the outermost s and p configurations are
being filled up, having a total of 8 electrons.
 In forming an ionic bond, there is a total or net transfer of
electron or electrons from a very reactive metal to a very
reactive nonmetal.
 Lewis symbol is composed of the symbol of the element
and dots which represent the number of valence electrons of
an atom that can easily be determined through the group/
family number in the Periodic Table of Elements.
 Covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons that results
in the formation of a covalent compound.
 Covalent bonds may be polar and nonpolar.
 Diatomic molecules always form nonpolar covalent
compounds such as O2, N2, H2, F2, and Cl2.

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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Glossary:

 Chemical bonding is the process of linking or joining together

of atoms to gain stability and to form a compound or molecule.
 A chemical bond is a force of attraction that holds atoms
together in a compound or a molecule.
 Anion is an atom that gains an electron or electrons and carries a
negative charge that corresponds to the number of electron or
electrons it gained.
 Cation is an atom that loses an electron or electrons and carries a
positive charge that corresponds to the number of electron or
electrons it lost.
 Covalency number refers to the number of bonds that an atom
can form.
 Oxidation number refers to the charge that an atom carries
when it becomes an ion. It could have a positive value or a negative
value.
 Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) is a convention illustrating
an atom’s symbol surrounded by dots which represent the outermost
electron/s or valence electron/s. It was developed by Gilbert Newton
Lewis
 Isoelectric or isoelectronic species are atoms or ions that have
the same electronic configurations.

Assessment: (Post-Test)
I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer. Write the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.

1) How many bonds can Sr atom form?

a) 5 c) 3
b) 4 d) 2

2) How many electrons must an N atom accept to gain stability?

a) 2 c) 4
b) 3 d) 5

3) Which of the following statements best describes the formation of KF?

a) potassium must accept 1 electron from chlorine.
b) Fluorine must gain 3 electrons from Potassium.
c) Fluorine must accept 1 electron from Potassium.
d) Potassium must gain 2 electrons from chlorine.

4) Aluminum ion has a formula of, Al3+, it indicates that Aluminum can:
a) Lost 2 electrons c) Lost 3 electrons
b) Gain 2 electrons d) Gain 5 electrons

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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5) Sulfide has the formula S2-, this means that sulfur can gain
two electrons from
a) Lithium c) Magnesium
b) Chlorine d) Helium

6) How is covalent bond form?

a) transfer of electrons c) losing of electrons
b) sharing of electrons d) gaining of electrons

7) How many types of bonds can oxygen atom form?

a) 1 c) 3
b) 2 d) 4

8) What kind of bond will result when two non-metallic atoms

combine?
a) Ionic bond c) Covalent bond
b) Metallic bond d) Nonpolar covalent bond

9) H reacts with S to form

a) HS2 c) HS
b) H2S d) H2S2

10) In H2O molecule, the atoms are held by

a) Ionic bond c) Polar covalent bond
b) Metallic bond d) Nonpolar covalent bond

11) A covalent bond

a) Involves shared electrons
b) Is formed by sharing protons
c) Results from the transfer of electrons
d) Is also called electrovalent

Questions 12 -15, Classify the following compounds as polar

or nonpolar.

12) SO2
13) N2
14) Cl2
15) NH3

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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Answer Key

CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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References
Mendoza, Estrella; and Religioso, Teresita Chemistry. Phoenix Pub. 1990
Alvarez, Liza and Dane G. Angeles et al., Science Learner’s Material 9
(Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat
2014), 118 -119
Chemistry Laboratory Manual, DepedIligan 2017
Department of Education Learner’s Module First Edition, 2007
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CO_Q2_Science 9_ Module
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