Globalization 2.
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RON GORBY T. RESUELLO
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“Globalization”
Its origin
o 1897, Charles Russell made an early description of
Globalization. He refers it to the largely national trusts and
large enterprises during the time.
o 1930, the word “globalize” appeared in a publication “Towards
New Education” where it denoted a holistic view of human
experience in education.
o 1970, the world “globalization” was first used.
o 1981, the term “globalization” had been used in its economic
perspective. Theodore Levitt introduced the word in his business
discourses and its popularity increased.
o 2000, The IMF categorized “globalization” into four basic aspects:
o 1. Trade and transaction
o 2. Capital and investment movements
o 3. Migration of Knowledge
o 4. Dissemination.
Parameters of Globalization
Dimensions of Globalization
Manfred Steger, professor of Global Studies at
the University of Hawaii at Manoa argues that
globalization has four main dimensions:
Economic
Political
Cultural
Ecological
with ideological aspects of each
category.
E Economic globalization is the
C intensification and stretching of
O economic interrelations around the globe.
N It encompasses such things as the
emergence of a new global economic
O order, the internationalization of trade
M and finance, the changing power of
I transnational corporations, and the
C enhanced role of international economic
institutions.
P
O Political globalization is the intensification
L and expansion of political interrelations
around the globe. Aspects of political
I
globalization include the modern-nation
T state system and its changing place in
I today’s world, the role of global
C governance, and the direction of our global
A political systems.
L
M Military globalization, as subdomain of
I political globalization, is defined as the
L intensification and stretching of military
I power across the globe through various
means of military power. This form of
T
globalization occurs across offensive and
A defensive uses of power and survival in
R international field.
Y
C
Cultural globalization is the
U intensification and expansion of cultural
L flows across the globe. Culture is a very
T broad concept and has many facets, but in
u the discussion on globalization, Steger
means it to refer to “the symbolic
R construction, articulation, and
A dissemination of meaning.”
L
E
C
O Ecological globalization include
L
population growth, access to food,
worldwide reduction in biodiversity, the
O
gap between rich and poor as well as
G
between the global North and global
I
South, human-induced climate change,
C
and global environmental degradation.
A
L
Globalization Theories
The perception of globalisation largely depends on the personal stance
and greatly determines how the phenomenon is defined. Waks (2003)
develops the argument that commentators can be grouped according to
their position for and against globalization. However, the division is far
more complicated as even among the proponents of globalization there
is a variety of opinions in terms of evaluation. Still three main stances
can be distinguished theorising globalisation (Held et al., 1999).
The Hyperglobalist Approach
• Presents the stance in the globalization
theory which claims that the world has
entered a 'truly global age' legalising the
dominance of 'global capitalism' (Tikly,
2001).
• The logic of hyperglobalist stance is
underpinned by 'neo-liberal agenda' (Held,
2004) which views globalization 'in terms of
open market' (Waks, 2003).
The Sceptical Approach
• Questions the effectiveness of trading blocs
and views the issue through historic
perspective (Tikly, 2001).
• Sceptics do not perceive globalization as a
novelty and do not observe any global
changes. The world is just the same.
The Transformational Approach
• Represents intermediary, more balanced stance
towards globalization. They do agree with the
hyperglobalists about an intensification of
'global interconnectedness' and recognize the all-
pervasive nature of globalisation process (Tikly,
2001). However, they doubt the novelty of the
phenomenon and view it as 'an historically
contingent process replete with contradictions'
(Tikly, 2001).
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