EXPERIMENT 1
AIM : To determine the magnetic susceptibility of a solid. (Gouy's method).
APPARATUS : An electromagnet with power supply, a sensitive balance
(preferably a digital weighing machine), solid object in the shape of a long
cylinder. a gauss-meter (or a flux-meter) and fractional weights.
THEORY : This method depends on the force exerted on a body placed in
a not homogenous magnetic field. The variable magnetic field is provided by an
electromagnet with wedge shaped pole pieces. Fig. 23.1 illustrates the
experimental set-up. The field of the magnet varies rapidly along the vertical
direction, due to the wedging of the pole pieces. Thus, the force on the
specimen is vertical. In this experiment the influence of the earth's field is
neglected. The specimen whose magnetic susceptibility is to be determined is
connected to one arm of a sensitive balance or a digital weighing machine. The
balance is enclosed in a box so that the air does not affect the weighing.
There is a hole in the box through which the specimen hangs out. It is hung in
the field between the pole pieces of the magnet in such a way that its lower
end is ins homogeneous magnetic field B and the upper end is in a much
weaker field. The force resulting from the field is counter-balanced by altering
the weights in the other pan of the balance. If the difference is denoted by mg,
this is equal to the force arising from the magnetic field.
2
1 χA H
mg=
2 µ0
or the magnetic susceptibility,
2mg
χ= µ0
AH
2
where A is the area of cross section of the substance in metre², g is the
acceleration due to gravity (= 9.8 m/s²) and μ0 =1(In cgs system)
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the electromagnet with power supply.
2. The specimen in the shape of a rod is connected to one arm of a sensitive
balance and hung vertically such that its lower end is in between the two pole
pieces and the upper end is outside the pole pieces.
3. Put the weight in the other arm of the balance so as to bring its needle in
the
centre. In case of a digital weighing machine a knob is provided for the
purpose and the mass is directly given by the machine. Note down the mass M
of the rod.
4. Switch on the field B and add weights in the pan to bring the balance needle
at the centre. Note down the mass M of the rod in the presence of the
magnetic field. Then (M-M) gives the mass m required to counter balance the
effect of the magnetic field. Measure the field using a gauss-meter. Convert it
to tesla by multiplying with 10.
5. Change the field by varying the current in the power-supply of the electro
magnet. Note down the magnetic field B and the corresponding mass M' of the
rod. Take 5-6 such readings.
6. Measure the area of cross-section of the sample with a suitable instrument
7. Plot a graph between B along x-axis and m (= M-M) along y-axis.
OBSERVATION :
Mass of the rod, M=45.4643gm
Cross-section Area of the specimen, 1.14cm²
µ0=1(IN CGS SYSTEM)
g=980 cm/s²
Observation table
CALCULATION :
Slope of the graph ∆m vs H2:
∆m/H2= (0.0776-0.0146) gm/ (27.04-0.9604) ×10 3 G
= (0.063)/ (26.079) ×106=2.41×10-9
Χ=2µ0g/A ×(∆m/H2 )
= 2µ0g/A× slope
= (2×1×980/1.14) ×2.41×10-9
χ =4.13×10-6 gm/KG2.s2
GRAPH
∆ M VSH2
H VS I
Result
The magnetic susceptibility of the specimen.
χ =4.13×10-6 gm/KG2.s2
Precautions and Sources of Error
1. The pole pieces of the electromagnetic should be wedge shaped with
enough spacing so that the field may be uniform.
2. The current in the electromagnet should not be passed for long time.
3. The balance should be very sensitive preferably a digital balance and should
be enclosed in a box so that the weighing is not affected by the air.
4. The specimen should be freely suspended with no mechanical restraint
from the balance.
Weak Points
Gouy's method is a simple but not a sufficiently accurate one. This is because
the force is weak even in strong fields because of the low values of
susceptibilities of dia and paramagnetic substances. To produce a force
equivalent to 1 gwt. the field required will be of the order of 10 gauss.
