The Integumentary System  Protects against mechanical damage, chemical damage,

Skin and Body Membranes bacterial damage, thermal damage, ultraviolet

 Function of body membranes radiation, desiccation
 Line or cover body surfaces  Aids in heat regulation
 Protect body surfaces  Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
 Lubricate body surfaces  Synthesizes vitamin D

Classification of Body Membranes Skin Structure

 Epithelial membranes  Epidermis – outer layer
 Cutaneous membrane  Stratified squamous epithelium
 Mucous membrane – mucosa; wet membrane  Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)
 Serous membrane – serosa  Dermis
 Connective tissue membranes  Dense connective tissue
 Collagen and elastin
Cutaneous Membrane  Deep to dermis is the hypodermis
 Cutaneous membrane = skin  Subcutaneous
 A dry membrane  Not part of the skin
 Outermost protective boundary  Anchors skin to underlying organs
 Superficial epidermis  Composed mostly of adipose tissue
 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Underlying dermis Epidermis Layers
 Mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue  Stratum basale/germinativum (basal)
 Single layer of basophilic tall columnar cells with
Mucous Membranes mitotic figures
 Surface epithelium  Most cells undergo mitosis or germination
 Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)  Youngest skin cells or melanocytes
 Lines body cavities that open to the exterior surface  Stratum spinosum (spiny)
 Digestive  Urinary  Polyhedral cells with intercellular ridges
 Respiratory  Reproductive connecting cells
 Often adapted for absorption or secretion  Spiny and has desmosomes
 Wet membranes bathed in secretions  Stratum granulosum (granular)
 With keratohyaline granules/glycolipids
Serous Membranes  Stratum lucidum (clear)
 Surface simple squamous epithelium  Non-nucleated cells that occurs only in thick skin
 Underlying areolar connective tissue likes soles and palms
 Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior  Stratum corneum (corny)
of the body  Superficial layer of dead cornified cells
 Occur in pairs – parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)  Scrubs off whenever you bathe
 Serous layers separated by serous fluid  Thickest epidermis layer
 Specific serous membranes
 Peritoneum – abdominal cavity Various Cells of the Epidermis
 Pleura – around the lungs  Keratinocytes – produce keratin
 Pericardium – around the heart  Melanocytes – produce melanin
 Langerhans cells – with immunological function
Connective Tissue Membrane  Merkel cells – as mechanoreceptors
 Synovial membrane
 Areolar connective tissue only Melanin
 Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints  Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
 Color is yellow to brown to black
Skin as Cutaneous Membrane  Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale
 A dry membrane  Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics
 Outermost protective boundary and exposure to sunlight
 Superficial epidermis
 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Dermis
 Underlying dermis  Papillary layer – upper dermal layer
 Mostly dense connective tissue  Projections called dermal papillae
 Pain receptors and touch receptors
Skin (cutaneous membrane) derivatives  Capillary loops for nutrients
 Sweat glands  Hairs  Result in fingerprints
 Sebaceous glands  Nails  Reticular layer – deepest skin layer
Skin Functions  Blood vessels
 Glands
 Nerve receptors
Normal Skin Color Determinants 4. Nails
 Melanin – yellow, brown or black pigments  Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
 Carotene – orange-yellow pigment from vegetables  Heavily keratinized
 Hemoglobin – red coloring from blood cells in dermal  Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
capillaries – oxygen  The thickened proximal area called the nail matrix is
 Redness or erythema – blushing responsible for nail growth
 Jaundice or yellow cast – liver disorder where excess  Lack of pigment makes them colorless
bile pigments are absorbed in the blood  Appear pink due to blood vessels underneath
 Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of skin  White crescent – lunula – thickened nail matrix

Appendages of the Skin Nail Structures

1. Sebaceous glands or oil glands  Each nail has three parts
 Produce oil  Free edge
 Lubricant for skin  Body
 Kills bacteria  Root of nail
 Result in blackheads and acne when clogged  Eponychium – proximal nail fold that projects onto the
 Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles nail body – often called cuticle
 Glands are activated at puberty  Nail matrix – contains nerves, lymph, blood vessels
 Nail bed – skin below the nail plate
2. Sweat glands or sudoriferous/perspiration glands  Nail sinus – where the nail root is inserted
 Widely distributed in skin  Free edge – anterior margin of the nail plate
 Two types  Hyponychium – between free edge and fingertip skin
 Eccrine  Nail wall – cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and
 Open via duct to pore on skin surface proximal end
 Apocrine or odoriferous glands  Paronychium – border tissue around the nail
 Ducts empty into hair follicles
 In axilla (armpits), mammary areola Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
(breasts), labia majora (genital) and Infections
circumanal region (anus)  Athletes foot – tinea pedis
 Responsible for body odor  Caused by fungal infection on feet
 Boils and carbuncles
Sweat and Its Function  Caused by bacterial infection – Staphylococcus
 Composition aureus – in hair follicles and sebaceous glands
 Mostly water and some metabolic waste  Cold sores – fever blisters
 Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)  Caused by herpes simplex viral infection usually
 Function on lips and in oral mucosa of the mouth
 Helps dissipate excess heat
 Excretes waste products Infections and allergies
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth  Contact dermatitis
 Odor is from associated bacteria  Exposures to certain chemicals cause allergic
 Lysozyme – enzyme found in sweat and tears reaction
 Impetigo
3. Hair  Pink, water-filled, raised lesions around the mouth
 Produced by hair bulb caused by staphylococcus bacterial infection
 Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells  Psoriasis
 Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color  Cause is unknown but chronic
 Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
Hair Anatomy
 Central core called the medulla Burns
 Cortex surrounds medulla  Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat,
 Cuticle on outside of cortex formed from a single layer electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
of cells that overlap like shingles on a roof to keep  Nearly every body system is affected when skin is
hairs separated severely damages
 Most heavily keratinized to provide strength  Associated dangers
 Worn more at tips to cause split ends  Dehydration  Circulatory shock
Associated Hair Structures  Electrolyte imbalance  Infection
 Hair follicle – dermal (provides blood vessels) and
epidermal sheath surround hair root Rules of Nines
 Arrector pilli – smooth muscle cause the hair to stand  Way to determine the extent of burns
up – goose bumps  Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
 Sebaceous (oil) gland  Each area represents about 9%
 Sweat gland  Classified according to their severity (depth)
Severity of Burns
 First-degree burns
 Only epidermis is damaged
 Skin is red and swollen
 Partial-thickness burn that heals quickly
 Second degree burns
 Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
 Skin is red with blisters
 Partial-thickness burn that heals w/o scar
 Third-degree burns
 Destroys entire skin layer
 Burn is gray-white or black
 Nerve endings destroyed so not painful
 Full-thickness burn that does not heal and grafting
is necessary
 Fourth-degree burns
 Extend through the skin to injure muscle,
ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and
bones
 These burns always require medical treatment

Critical Burns
 Burns are considered critical if:
 Over 25% of body has second degree burns
 Over 10% of the body has third degree burns
 Third degree burns on the face, hands, feet

Skin Cancer
 Cancer – abnormal cell mass
 Benign
o Does not spread (encapsulated)
 Malignant
o Metastasized (moves) to other parts of body
 Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer

Skin Cancer Types

 Basal cell carcinoma
 Least malignant
 Most common type
 Arises from stratum basale that no longer makes
keratin and stays in place
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Arises from stratum spinosum
 Metastasizes to lymph nodes
 Early removal allows a good chance of cure
 Malignant melanoma
 Most deadly of skin cancers
 Cancer of melanocytes
 Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
 Detection uses ABCD rule
ABCD Rule
 A = Asymmetry
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
 B = Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth
 C = Color
Different colors in pigmented area
 D = Diameter
Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter