Implementation of Sustainable Land

Management (SLM) Practices

to Address Land Degradation and
Mitigate the Effects of Drought

MUYONG AGRO-FORESTRY
RIDGE STABILIZATION SYSTEM
The MALAYBALAY CASE
Land Degradation Challenge:
Addressing Soil Erosion
Implementation of Sustainable Land
Management (SLM) Practices
to Address Land Degradation and
Mitigate the Effects of Drought

MUYONG AGRO-FORESTRY
RIDGE STABILIZATION SYSTEM
The MALAYBALAY CASE
Land Degradation Challenge:
Addressing Soil Erosion
Muyong Agro-forestry Ridge Stabilization System
The Malaybalay City Case: Addressing Soil Erosion
© 2020 Sustainable Land Management Project
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
ISBN: 978-971-0583-34-8

Implementation of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) Practices to Address Land

Degradation and Mitigate Effects of Drought (SLM Project)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or

transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or
other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of
the Publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews
and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission
requests, write to the Publisher at the address below.

The Project “Implementation of SLM Practices to Address Land Degradation and

Mitigate Effects of Drought” is a 4-year project implemented by the Department of
Agriculture- Bureau of Soils and Water Management. The Project aims to
strengthen the SLM frameworks in addressing land degradation challenges and
mitigate the effect of drought to contribute in enhancing integrated natural
resource management in the country. The SLM Project is supported by United
Nations Development Programme in the Philippines and the Global Environment
Facility.

Published by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management

For inquiries, please contact:

Bureau of Soils and Water Management

SRDC Building, Bureau of Soils and Water Management, Visayas Avenue corner
Elliptical Road, Vasra, Quezon City
Telephone Numbers: (+632) 8332-9534
Email: [email protected]

Photos: SLM Project Management Office

Cover Photo: Juvy L. Esperanza
 THE PILOT THE LANDSCAPE-BASED MUYONG
AGRO-FORESTRY RIDGE
• A designated Forest and Water Resources
Protection Zone in Barangay Silae, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon where subsistence corn cultivation has • A tree-based system where the micro-watershed
taken over sloping forest lands, resulting into varying occupied by corn farmers are subdivided into three
forms and degrees of soil erosion and its impact on soil district landscape-based agro-forest farming systems:
fertility depletion
• The Ridge Slope – devoted to a mixture of forest
CORE ISSUES trees or Woodlot (Environmental Function)

• Misuse of Classified Public or Protected Forest Land. • The Midslope – for mixed fruit trees identified
The idle, denuded forest land utilized for the intensive and selected by the farmer (Economic
cultivation of yellow corn which is the primary Function)
ingredient for livestock feed formulation. However the
approved CLUP for Malaybalay City, these lands are • The Foot Slope – for corn-intercropped with
classified under Cluster 3, Forest and Water Resources various fruit trees (transitional function)
Protection Zone in the CLUP of Malaybalay City and
therefore are in “violation” of both the LGU and the
DENR policies on Forest Hydrology and Watershed TWO-PHASED TRANSITIONAL CORN
Management and Conservation FARMING SYSTEM
• Farmers occupying the Protection Zone are Phase 1: (ALM to initiate Nurture Nature’s Health)
burning their farm wastes is in direct violation of the Transitional Adaptation of Landscape-based corn
City Ordinance which prohibits burning of solid wastes production technologies and practices for soil health
restoration/improvement to sustain transitional corn
THE MUYONG AGRO-FORESTRY production until the land is finally used for sustainable
long term Muyong Agro-forestry establishment and
RIDGE STABILIZATION renewed ecosystem services
• A landscape-based Adaptive Land Management Phase 2: (Nature to Nurture efforts for sustainable
showcasing the use of low intensity controlled burning health ecosystems improvement)
along contour lines which is the key component of Policy-based reversion of corn cultivation to
the transitional process of soil health restoration of landscape-based Agro-forestry system in support of
degraded land and a key step to the preparation for the implementation of the CLUP zoning plan for Water
reversion corn farming to Tree-based Agro-forestry and Forest Resources Protection Watershed likewise
system without interruptions in crop production, inclusion in the CBFM as a technology package for the
income generation and livelihood activities. restoration of degraded agro-forestry lands.

6 7
 Banaue Rice Terraces showing the
muyong and payoh

muyong
(woodlot)

muyong
(woodlot)
Mid-slope rice terraces

payoh
(wetland)

payoh
(wetland)

8 9
 MUYONG AGRO-FORESTRY RIDGELINE
MUYONG AGRO-FORESTRY RIDGELINE STABILIZATION SYSTEM (ALM1)
STABILIZATION SYSTEM (ALM1)

1 Ridge, (“Muyong,” Agro-Forestry Ridgeline Stabilization)

Mid-Slope, Mixed Fruit trees 2

Soil Carbon Trashline Mgt.

Foot slope, Alley Cropping 3

1 Ridge, Muyong, Woodlot

SLM Project’s Techno Demo Farm in Barangay Silae

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

10 11
 Rice Terraces

2 Mid-slope Rice Terrace

Foot-slope Rice Terrace 3

Ifugao Rice Terraces

12 13
 In addition to the observed carbon trashline
technology implemented, a nutrient migration
corridor was also observed. This corridor represents the
accumulated nutrients in the green area breaking the
trashline.

Photo showing nutrient migration

corridor taken May 2017
Nutrient migration corridor (May 2017)

14 15
 January 2017, the representatives from the BSWM Soil The soil carbon trashline technology would:
Conservation and Management Division conducted
Topographic Mapping of the Project site as first technical 1. Represent the communities attempt on transforming
step in the establishment of the techno demo farm. In May environmental risks to opportunities;
2017, the SLM Specialist Dr. Rogelio Concepcion visited the 2. Serve as potential interceptors and storage of nutrient
project site and took this photo. This photo represents the rich run-off; and
site before the interventions were made. Some notable 3. Be contributory to soil health restoration by increasing
observations of the consultants were documented as soil fertility.
follows.

The farmer-cooperator is implementing an SLM technology

without knowing that is an SLM practice – burning of corn
stubbles along the contour lines to minimize costs of corn
waste disposal and control pests and diseases by breaking
their reproduction cycle. Noting this, Dr. Concepcion
acknowledged this practice and stated the following
advantages in addition to the original identified reasons of
the farmer-cooperator.

Micro watershed (MWS)

Techno Demo Site in Brgy. Silae, Malaybalay City
Bukidnon (May 2017)
16 17
 This photo shows the characteristics that the corn plant will 2) corn plants in well drained area are greener and healthier
exhibit dependent on its location in a sloping land. The following compared to the corn plants with poor soil drainage; and
observations can be seen:
3) the well drained area is where soil is eroded and nutrients are
1) corn plants in well drained area are taller compared to the corn accumulated while the area with pool soil drainage exhibited soil
plants with poor soil drainage; with reduced fertility.
18 19
 Nanay Rosita identified the invasive weeds that appeared
in different periods of her 10 years of farming. She said that
each appearance of new invasive weeds was a signal for her
to change her fertilizer application.

Each episode is referred to increasing “soil acidity and

declining soil fertility.”

Rosita Adalim, SLM Project’s farmer cooperator

in Bukidnon and an expert on adaptive research
on soil carbon and soil health.

(Left to right)
Guma-guma – Meonorus marribiastrum, burm
Elepante –Heliotropium indicum
Gapas-gapas – Gossypium herbaceum
Kanding-kanding – Waitheria angustifolia

20 21
 First Harvest (corn cobs)
Dry season, September 2017

Deviant plants

Reference plants

Deviant plants

The location of the deviant plants can be observed from the footslope, mid
slope and ridge slope. The identified reference plant was found in the mid
slope area of the techno demo farm.
22 23
 First Harvest
Dry season, September 2017

Deviant plants Reference plants

Deviant Plant: incomplete development of kernels in the cob; Reference Plant: complete development of kernels in the
shorter corn cobs cob

24 25
 Micro watershed for the second cropping season
Wet Season (November 2017 - March 2018)

A distinct difference in the height of the corn plant can be

observed based on the first photo presented on page 10.
Along the lines of the soil carbon trashline are taller corn
crops. In addition, noticeable degree of greening of the
corn plants going down the track of the nutrient migration
corridor from ridge to footslope.

26 27
 Deviant plants

Deviant plants Deviant plants

Reference plants

Harvested corn cobs during the second harvest in March 2018 During the second harvest, an obvious improvement in the
kernels can be observed compared to the harvested corn
cobs during the previous cropping season.

(Enlarged photos on the proceeding pages.)

28 29
 Second Harvest
Wet season, November 2017- March 2018

MID-SLOPE RIDGE-
FOOTSLOPE SLOPE

Reference plants Deviant plants Deviant plants Deviant plants

During this harvesting period, the reference plant was obtained

from the footslope area of the techno demo farm. The corn
plants harvested have larger kernels compared to the previous
harvesting period, and minimal occurrence of incomplete
development of kernels from the root to the tip of the cob.

30 31
 Second Harvest
Wet season, November 2017 to March 2018

4 5

1
2
1
3 2

Corresponding roots of the harvested corn cobs during

the second harvest in March 2018. (Enlarged photos in the
proceeding pages.)

32 33
 Second Harvest
Wet season, November 2017 - March 2018

RIDGE-
FOOTSLOPE MID-SLOPE SLOPE
1 2 3 4 5 6

Sample roots from the footslope exhibit long primary Sample roots from the midslope and ridge slope
roots that adapt to the shape of the inclined land. developed more secondary root hairs fro better nutrient
absorption.

34 35
 Carbon, Phosphorous and Potassium Content
at different soil depth (Sample 1)

OM P K pH
(%) (mg/kg) (cmol+/kg) (@25℃)

0-20 cm 0-20 cm 0.74 1.54 0.07 5.97

21-40 cm 21-40 cm 1.69 .55 0.12 5.67

41-60 cm 41-60 cm 0.86 .23 0.09 5.87

Based on the soil analysis of the sample from the footslope area,
the Organic Matter (OM) content and Potassium (K) of the soil
is at its highest at 21-40 cm soil depth, the Phosphorous (P),
as well as the soil ph (pH) content, are highest at 0-20 cm soil
depth.

36 37
 Carbon, Phosphorous and Potassium Content
at different soil depth (Sample 2)

OM P K pH
(%) (mg/kg) (cmol+/kg) (@25℃)

0-20 cm 0-20 cm 2.63 1.44 0.20 5.55

21-40 cm 21-40 cm 1.01 0.11 0.09 6.12

41-60 cm 41-60 cm 1.03 0.47 1.01 6.08

Variabilities from the two samples can be attributed to the The soil analysis of the sample from the midslope area shows
occurrence of soil erosion from the midslope area and that the Organic Matter (OM) content and Phosphorous (P)
the deposit of nutrients at the footslope area. In addition, content is highest at 0-20 cm soil depth while the Potassium
the conduct of the controlled burning along contour lines (K) is highest at 41-60 cm soil depth and the soil ph (pH) was
contributed to the high OM content of the soil at the surface in highest at 21-40 cm soil depth.
the midslope area.

38 39
 Trashline Technology Shift
Micro watershed (March 2018)

Acknowledging the benefits of the soil carbon

trashline technology, the farmer-cooperator decided
to increase the area covered by the burned corn
stubbles.

40 41
 Micro watershed (June 2018)
Techno Demo Farm two months after replanting

Evident growth of banana plants at the mid slope to the ridge areas of the
techno demo farm.

42 43
 Third Cropping Season, June - September 2018

Micro watershed (August 2018)

Evident increase in the height of corn plants and improvement in the color of
the plants can be observed in this cropping season.

Third Harvesting with monitoring sites

Micro watershed (September 2018)

Photo shows the relative location of the ten (10) monitoring sites where
biological indicators are used and recorded to observe any sign of
degradation in the area.
44 45
 Micro watershed with sample corn cobs from the
third cropping season

Deviant plant
Deviant plant

Reference plant

Deviant plant

Deviant plant
Deviant plant
Deviant plant

Representative good and bad plants identified from the 10 monitoring sites. During the third harvest season, a mix of completely developed
and incomplete development of corn cobs were observed due
to the occurrence of the following:

1. White Fly Infestation during the reproductive stage; and

2. Increase in temperature.

46 47
 Micro watershed with root system samples from the
third cropping season

Deviant plant
Deviant plant

Reference plant
Deviant plant

Deviant plant

Deviant plant
Deviant plant

Corresponding root system of the corn cobs from the previous photo shown
obtained from the 10 monitoring sites.

Proceeding pages show the enlarged version of the corn cob

and root system paired with each other to explain the physical
attribute of the corn cob based on its root system.

48 49
 Third Harvest (Wet Season, 2018)

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Footslope Area 1 Footslope Area 3

Sample 10 - Good plant Sample 3 - Bad plant Sample 6 - Good plant Sample 8 - Bad plant

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Footslope Area 2 Footslope Area 4

Sample 6 - Good plant Sample 10 - Bad plant Sample 7 - Good plant Sample 6 - Bad plant
50 51
 Third Harvest (Wet Season, 2018) MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS
Midslope Area 6

REFERENCE PLANT
Midslope Area 5

Sample 1 - Good plant Sample 4 - Bad plant

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Midslope Area 7

Sample 3- Good plant

Sample 3 - Good plant Sample 8 - Bad plant

52 53
 Third Harvest (Wet Season, 2018)

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Ridge Slope Area 8 Ridge Slope Area 10

Sample 1 - Good plant Sample 2 - Bad plant Sample 1 - Good plant Sample 10 - Bad plant

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Ridge Slope Area 9

Sample 9 - Good plant Sample 2 - Bad plant

54 55
 Fourth Harvest (Dry Season, 2019)

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Footslope Area 1 Footslope Area 3

Sample good plant Sample bad plant Sample good plant Sample bad plant

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Footslope Area 2 Footslope Area 4

Sample good plant Sample bad plant Sample good plant Sample bad plant

56 57
 Fourth Harvest (Dry Season, 2019)

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Midslope Area 5 Midslope Area 7

Sample good plant Sample bad plant Sample good plant Sample bad plant

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Midslope Area 6 Ridge Slope Area 8

Sample good plant Sample bad plant Sample good plant Sample bad plant

58 59
 Fourth Harvest (Dry Season, 2019) FRUIT TREES IN THE TDF

Footslope

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Ridge Slope Area 9

Sample good plant Sample bad plant

Rambutan Banana

MICRO-VARIABILITY ON DEVIANT PLANTS

Ridge Slope Area 10

Sample good plant Sample bad plant Coconut

60 61
 Ridge Upper Ridge

Banana Narra Banana Mahogany

Midslope

Papaya Mahogany Durian

62 63
 Micro watershed Micro watershed
May 2017 February 2019

Micro watershed (2019)

Fourth Cropping Season Improvements on the techno demo farm

December 2018 - March 2019 May 2017 - February 2019

64 65
 CORN-BASED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT TILLAGE CORN-BASED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT TILLAGE
OM MINIMU OM MINIM
2017 (Year 1) N P K WITH 2018 (Year 2) N P K WITH
SIMPLIFIED MONITORING OF CROP PERFORMANCE (Grams) M (Grams) UM
MAIN CROP MAIN CROP
AT VARIOUS STAGES OF CROP GROWTH Controlled Controlled
burning of burning of
corn corn
Corn 180 60 90 stovers ✔ Corn 160 40 100 stovers ✔
CROP GROWTH STAGE FLOWERING STAGE along the along the
FARM AREA LOCATION FOOTSLOPE MIDSLOPE RIDGE SLOPE contour contour
lines lines
Reference Reference Reference
SAMPLE PLANTS Deviant Plant Deviant Plant Deviant Plant CONTOUR CROPS CONTOUR CROPS
Plant Plant Plant
Contour #s 2,4,6,9 Contour #s 2,4,6,9
AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Main Crop: Guyabano 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Main Crop: Guyabano 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
(Average) Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Height of the Plant 217 191 216 144 212 162 Contour #s 11,13 Contour #s 11,13
Number of Leaves 13 10 14 10 13 11 Main Crop: Lanzones 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Main Crop: Lanzones 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Length of Leaves (cm) 115 86 95 86 96 82 Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Width of Leaves (cm) 10 7 9 7 9 7 Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Corn Size (mm) Contour #s 15,17 Contour #s 15,17
Base Stalk Size (mm) 18 12 22 12 16 12 Main Crop: Rambutan 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Main Crop: Rambutan 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Weight of the Root (g) Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔

Weight of the Plant Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
above the ground (g) Contour #s 19,21.23 Contour #s 19,21.23
Main Crop: Mangosteen 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Main Crop: Mangosteen 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Weight of Corn Ear (g)
Intercrop 1: Papaya 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 1: Papaya 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Length of the Root (cm)
Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Contour #s 25,27,28 Contour #s 25,27,28
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS Main Crop: Durian 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Main Crop: Durian 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Presence of Weeds ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Intercrop 1: Papaya 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 1: Papaya 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Presence of Insects ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
PHYSICAL Ridge Area Ridge Area
CHARACTERISTICS Narra 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Narra 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Leaf color 4 3 4 3 4 3 Mahogany 0.074 0.01 0.01 1000 ✔ Mahogany 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
OM MINIMU OM MINIM
2019 (Year 3) N P K WITH 2020-onwards N P K WITH
(Grams) M (Grams) UM
CROP GROWTH STAGE HARVESTING STAGE MAIN CROP MAIN CROP
FARM AREA LOCATION FOOTSLOPE MIDSLOPE RIDGE SLOPE Controlled Controlled
burning of burning of
Reference Reference Reference corn corn
SAMPLE PLANTS Deviant Plant Deviant Plant Deviant Plant
Plant Plant Plant Corn 160 40 100 stovers ✔ Corn stovers ✔
along the along the
AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS contour contour
lines lines
(Average)
CONTOUR CROPS CONTOUR CROPS
Height of the Plant 208 158 186 148 199 173 Contour #s 2,4,6,9 Contour #s 2,4,6,9
Number of Leaves 12 12 13 12 12 11 Main Crop: Guyabano 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Main Crop: Guyabano 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔

Length of Leaves (cm) Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
72 67 82 52 84 75
Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Width of Leaves (cm) 20 6 7 6 8 5
Contour #s 11,13 Contour #s 11,13
Corn Size (mm) 40 33 0 0 46 39 Main Crop: Lanzones 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Main Crop: Lanzones 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Base Stalk Size (mm) 17 11 21 11 19 11 Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Weight of the Root (g) 153 29 62 19 128 46 Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Weight of the Plant Contour #s 15,17 Contour #s 15,17
160 60 261 135 144 31
above the ground (g) Main Crop: Rambutan 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Main Crop: Rambutan 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Weight of Corn Ear (g) 144 61 201 66 187 58 Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 1: Banana 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Length of the Root (cm) 26 22 25 24 23 18 Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Contour #s 19,21.23 Contour #s 19,21.23
Main Crop: Mangosteen 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Main Crop: Mangosteen 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS Intercrop 1: Papaya 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 1: Papaya 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Presence of Weeds ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Presence of Insects ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Contour #s 25,27,28 Contour #s 25,27,28
PHYSICAL Main Crop: Durian 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Main Crop: Durian 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
CHARACTERISTICS Intercrop 1: Papaya 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 1: Papaya 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Leaf color Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Intercrop 2: Citrus 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Ridge Area Ridge Area
Narra 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Narra 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
Mahogany 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔ Mahogany 0.074 0.01 0.01 500 ✔
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Bureau of Soils and Water scientists, researchers, and agriculture
Management (BSWM) would like to practitioners.
express their sincerest thanks and
gratitude for the funding support of This is also to acknowledge the support
Global Environment Facility (GEF), and and vision of Floradema Eleazar, Grace
the technical assistance of the United Tena, and Bayani Thaddeus Barcenas;
Nations Development Programme the assistance and active participation
(UNDP) in the overall implementation of the BSWM Dalwangan Research
of the SLM Project. Consultants for the Station, Mr. Jose D. Manguera of the
project, Dr Rogelio Concepcion, BSWM Soil Conservation Management
Dr Candido Cabrido Jr, and Dr Alexander Division; and the local government of
Flor. Malaybalay City and the dynamic
involvement of the City Planning and
BSWM would also like to extend their Development Office, City Agriculture
gratitude to the SLM PMO under the Office, Provincial Agriculture Office and
supervision and leadership Dr. Gina Nilo City Environment and Natural
as the project’s National Focal Person, Resources Office.
for successfully implementing the SLM
Project and paving the way in creating The diligent technical staff: Remedios
effective policy and systemic Sarzuelo, Maria Anita Fernandez, Engr.
mechanisms to address land Adrian Gamboa, Lucelle Carpentero,
degradation in agroforestry areas in the Roxanne Gamo.
country like in Malaybalay City. This
handbook is one of the tools to And last but not the least, Nanay Rosita
effectively popularize the technologies Adalim and the local corn farmers and
developed under farmer technicians of Malaybalay City
the project, influencing both national and for being active partners in the course of
local policy decision makers, local the study.

SLM Project Management Office

Gina Nilo, PhD
National Focal Person

Mariell Evasco Dulce Tweetie Jorda

Project Associate Field Coordinator, Leyte

Jastene Joy Simon Tracy Gail Salazar

Project Assistant Field Coordinator, Bukidnon

Marietta Oamil Vince Albert Ching

Administrative/Finance Officer Agriculturist II, BSWM-LSD

Arvie Loberiano Juvy Esperanza

Administrative Assistant Communications Officer
Implementation of Sustainable Land Management
Practices to Address Land Degradation and Mitigate
the Effects of Drought (SLM Project)