Network Synthesis
Hurwitz Polynomial | Positive Real Functions
Difference between network analysis and network
synthesis
Network function
There are three mains necessary conditions for the stability of these network functions and
they are written below:
1. The degree of the numerator of F(s) should not exceed the degree of
denominator by more than unity. In other words (m – n) should be less
than or equal to one.
2. F(s) should not have multiple poles on the jω-axis or the y-axis of the
pole-zero plot.
3. F(s) should not have poles on the right half of the s-plane
Hurwitz Polynomial
If previous all the stability criteria are fulfilled (i.e. we have stable network function) then the
denominator of the F(s) is called the Hurwitz polynomial.
Where, Q(s) is a Hurwitz polynomial.
Properties of Hurwitz Polynomials
1. For all real values of s value of the function P(s) should be real.
2. The real part of every root should be either zero or negative.
3. Let us consider the coefficients of denominator of F(s) is bn, b(n-1), b(n-2). . . . b0.
Here it should be noted that bn, b(n-1), b0 must be positive and bn and b(n-1)
should not be equal to zero simultaneously.
4. The continued fraction expansion of even to the odd part of the Hurwitz
polynomial should give all positive quotient terms, if even degree is higher or
the continued fraction expansion of odd to the even part of the Hurwitz
polynomial should give all positive quotient terms, if odd degree is higher.
5. In case of purely even or purely odd polynomial, we must do continued fraction
with the of derivative of the purely even or purely odd polynomial and rest of the
procedure is same as mentioned in the point number (4).
Example:- Check whether the following
polynomials are Hurwitz or not:
POSITIVE REAL FUNCTIONS
Any function which is in the form of F(s) will be called as a positive real function if fulfill
these four important conditions:
1. F(s) should give real values for all real values of s.
2. P(s) should be a Hurwitz polynomial.
3. If we substitute s = jω then on separating the real and imaginary parts, the real
part of the function should be greater than or equal to zero, means it should be
non negative. This most important condition and we will frequently use this
condition in order to find out the whether the function is positive real or not.
4. On substituting s = jω, F(s) should posses simple poles and the residues should
be real and positive.
Properties of Positive Real Function
There are four very important properties of positive real functions and they are written
below:
1. Both the numerator and denominator of F(s) should be Hurwitz polynomials.
2. The degree of the numerator of F(s) should not exceed the degree of denominator
by more than unity. In other words (m-n) should be less than or equal to one.
3. If F(s) is positive real function then reciprocal of F(s) should also be positive real
function.
4. Remember the summation of two or more positive real function is also a positive
real function but in case of the difference it may or may not be positive real
function.
Check the positive realness of the following
function:
SYNTHESIS OF DRIVING
POINT FUNCTIONS
BASIC SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE
The basic principle involved in the synthesis of driving point functions is to break up a positive real
function Z(s) [or Y(s)] into a sum of simpler positive real functions Z1(s), Z2(s), …, Zn(s) and then to
synthesize these individual Zi(s) as elements of the overall network whose driving point impedance is
Z(s).
Removal of a Pole at Infinity
If the order of N(s) of F(s) is one greater than that of D(s) of F(s), i.e., (n-m) =1
• An inductor if the function F(s) is an impedance function
• A capacitor if the function F(s) is an admittance function
Removal of a Pole at the Origin
Removal of a pole at the origin is possible if the denominator is such that we can take ‘s’ as common.
This is possible if b0= 0 and by rearranging, we get,
Removal of Conjugate Imaginary Poles
Let F(s) have a pair of imaginary poles at s = ±jw. Then, F(s) will have a factor in the
denominator as
Removal of a Constant
Example 13.5 Synthesize the network which has
an impedance or admittance function as given:
