Curriculum Development

🏆 The education levels in the Philippines:

⭐ Basic Education
✔️ Kindergarten
✔️ Grade 1 – Grade 6 (elementary)
✔️ Grade 7 – Grade 10 (Junior High School)
✔️ Grade 11- 12 (Senior High School)

⭐ Technical Vocational Education

✔️ Taken care of by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
✔️ For the TechVoc track in SHS, DepEd and TESDA work in close coordination (Technology
and Livelihood Education (TLE) and Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) Track
specializations may be taken between Grades 9 to 12. Exploratory Subjects at 40 hours per
quarter are taken during Grades 7 to 8.)
🔺 7 types of curriculum according to Allan Glatthorn:
1⃣ Recommended curriculum
The recommended curriculum is that which is recommended by scholars and professional
organizations
✔️ Basic Education - recommended by DepEd
✔️ Higher Education - recommended by CHED
✔️ Vocational Education - TESDA
2⃣ Written Curriculum
✔️ Documents based on recommended curriculum
📚 Example:
🦀 syllabi
🦀 course of study
🦀 module
🦀 books or instructional guides
🦀 lesson plan
3⃣ Taught curriculum
The taught curriculum is that which teachers actually deliver day by day.
4⃣ Supported curriculum
✔️ includes those resources that support the curriculum-textbooks, software, and other media
✔️ supporting materials that make learning and teaching meaningful
✔️ print materials like books, charts, posters, worksheets,
✔️ or non-print materials like Power Point presentations, movies, slides, models, mock ups,
realias
✔️ facilities – playground, laboratory, AV rooms, zoo, museum, market or plaza (places where
direct experiences occur)
5⃣ Learned curriculum
The learned curriculum is the bottom-line curriculum-the curriculum that students actually learn.
6⃣ Assessed curriculum
The assessed curriculum is that which appears in tests and performance measures: state tests,
standardized tests, district tests, and teacher-made tests.
7⃣ Hidden/implicit curriculum
✔️ This is the unintended curriculum. It defines what students learn from the physical
environment, the policies, and the procedures of the school.
✔️ Not planned but has a great impact on students
🔺 Ways of presenting the curriculum:
⭐ Topical approach
– content is based on knowledge and experiences
⭐ Concept approach
– fewer topics in clusters around major and sub concepts
⭐ Thematic
– combination of concepts
⭐ Modular
– leads to complete units of instruction

🔺 Criteria in the selection of the subject matter:

⭐ Self-sufficiency
– it is helping the learners to attain the utmost independency in learning yet in an inexpensive
way is the most important guiding principle in selecting the content according to Scheffler. This
means, more of the results and effective learning outcomes though a lesser amount of the
teacher’s effort and so with the learner’s effort.
⭐ Significance
– It is significant if fundamental ideas, concepts, principles and generalization are supplied in
the subject matter to achieve the overall aim of the curriculum.
⭐ Validity
– the genuineness of a content selected is by its legality. The subject matter to be selected has
to be legal to avoid selecting the obsolete ones; must be verified at regular interval
⭐ Interest
– the learner’s interest is a major factor in selecting the content; one of the driving forces of the
learner to learn better
⭐ Utility
- deciding on subject matter, its usefulness is considered to be essential.
⭐ Learnability
– if there is a quotation to “live within our means” then there is also the consideration of
“teaching within the means of the learners.”
⭐ Feasibility
– content selection takes into thought the possibility, the practicability and the achievability of
the subject matter in terms of the availability of the resources, proficiency of the teachers, and
the personality of learners especially within the framework of the society and the government.

🔺 Guide in addressing CONTENT in the curriculum as proposed by Palma:

1⃣ BASIC
✔️ Balance
– content should be fairly distributed in depth and breadth
✔️ Articulation
- as the content complexity progresses, vertically or horizontally, smooth connections or bridging
should be provided
-this ensures that there is no gaps or overlaps in the content
✔️ Sequence
– logical arrangement
✔️ Vertically
– for deepening the content
✔️ Horizontally
– for broadening the content
✔️ Integration
– relatedness or connectedness to other contents. Provides a holistic or unified view of
curriculum instead of segmentation
✔️ Continuity – should be perennial, endures time. Constant repetition, reinforcement and
enhancement are elements of contnuity
🔺 Four phases of curriculum development:
⭐ Curriculum Planning
– considers the school vision, mission, and goals; includes the philosophy or strong education
belief of the school
⭐ Curriculum Designing
– the way curriculum is conceptualized to include the selection and organization of content, the
selection and organization of learning experiences or activities and the selection of the
assessment procedure and tools to measure achieved learning outcomes.
-Also include the resources to be utilized and the statement of the intended learning outcomes
⭐ Curriculum Implementing
– putting into action the plan; it is where the action takes place; involves the activities transpire
in every teacher’s classroom where learning becomes an active process
⭐ Curriculum Evaluating
– determines the extent to which the desired outcomes have been achieved.
-this is an ongoing procedure as in finding out the progress of learning (formative) or the
mastery of learning (summative)
🔺 Curriculum development process models:

🏆 Ralph Tyler Model: Four Basic Principles

1⃣ Purposes of the school
2⃣ Educational experiences related to the purposes
3⃣ Organization of the purposes
4⃣ Evaluation of the experience

🏆 Hilda Taba Model: Grassroots Approach

✔️ Taba strongly believed teachers should take part in the design of curricula. Taba’s model
included seven steps:
1⃣ Educators must first identify the students’ needs for the development of the curriculum.
2⃣ Objectives should by specific.
3⃣ The content matches the objectives, as well as demonstrates validity.
4⃣ Curriculum content is designed based on students’ interest, development, and achievement.
5⃣ Instructional methods are selected by teachers.
6⃣ The organization of the learning activities is determined by the teacher.
7⃣ Evaluation procedures are determined by students and teachers.

🏆 Galen Sayler and Wiliam Alecander Curriculum Model

✔️ – viewed curriculum development as consisting of four steps:
1⃣ Goals, Objectives and Domain
2⃣ Curriculum Designing
3⃣ Curriculum Implementation
4⃣ Evaluation
🔺 Elements/components of a curriculum design:
✔️ Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) or the Desired Learning Outcomes DLO
✔️ Subject matter or content
✔️ Teaching and learning methods
✔️ Assessment /Evaluation
🔺 5 categories of curriculum change:
1⃣ Substitution
✔️ Current curriculum will be replaced or substituted by a new one
✔️ Complete overhaul
✔️ Not merely a revision
2⃣ Alteration
✔️ There is a minor change
✔️ Example: graphing paper – to graphing calculator
3⃣ Restructuring
✔️ Major change or modification in the school system, degree program or educational system
4⃣ Perturbations
✔️ Changes that are disruptive, but teachers have to adjust to them within a fairly short time
✔️ Ex. Changes in time schedule to catch up with something
5⃣ Value orientation
✔️ Ex. A teacher who gives emphasis on academic and forget the formation of faith and values
needs value orientation.

LET PRACTICE EXAM

1. Which is NOT a provision for the development of each learner in a good curriculum?
a. Extensive arrangements are made for the educational diagnosis of individual
learners.
b. Self-directed, independent study is encouraged wherever possible and advisable.
c. Self-motivation and self-evaluation are stimulated and emphasized throughout the
learning opportunities of the school.
d. The program provides a wide range of opportunities for individuals with same
abilities, needs and interests.
2. Teacher Lily would like to take part in developing a subject-centered curriculum
because she believes that all subjects in this type of curriculum are geared towards the
hollistic development of the learner. Is her belief about the subject-centered curriculum
true?
a. Yes, because the subject-centered curriculum focuses on the learners needs,
interests and abilities.
b. No, because it is the experience-centered curriculum that emphasizes the teaching of
facts and knowledge for future use.
c. Yes, because the subject-centered curriculum involves cooperative control.
d. No, because it is the experience centered and not the subject-centered curriculum
that emphasizes integration of habits and skills in learning the knowledge component of
subject areas.
3. In the elementary level, English literature and Social studies relate well. While history
is being studied, different literary pieces during the historical period is being studied as
well. What curriculum design is shown here?
a. Separate subject design
b. Correlation design
c. Discipline design
d. Broad field design
4. This phase of curriculum development involves decisions, among other things, on
grade placement and sequencing of content. Which phase is this?
a. Curriculum planning
b. Curriculum evaluation
c. Curriculum organization
d. Curriculum implementation
5. One example of this design of subject-centered curriculum is that which shows social
studies being combined with geography, civics, culture and history to comprises subject
area. Which design is this?
a. Correlated
b. Broadfields
c. Separate Subject
d. Core
6. Ms. Ortiz, as Science teacher tries to enrich the content of her lesson by identifying
related concepts in Math. What pattern of organizing subjects did Ms. Ortiz consider?
a. Broadfield
b. Correlated
c. Core
d. Separate Subject
7. Which design is easy to deliver because complementary books and materials are
commercially available?
a. Experience centered design
b. Problem design
c. Process design
d. Subject centered design
8. What refers to the matching between curriculum and test to be used to assess the
learners?
a. Alignment
b. Auditing
c. Articulation
d. Delivery
9. Ms. Mateo, a History teacher considers the element of time in arranging content of
her lessons in World History. What way of establishing sequence is given emphasis by
Ms. Mateo?
a. Simple to complex
b. Part to whole
c. Concrete to abstract
d. Chronological
10. Mr. Rivera, a new teacher believes that education is a process of development and
is life itself; therefore, experience related to the child's need and interest should be
given primary consideration. What educational philosophy is being exhibited by Mr.
Rivera?
a. Idealism
b. Reconstructionism
c. Progressivism
d. Realism
11. A stakeholder in curriculum development, Mr. Cruz, a district supervisor and a
member of the school board has one of the following primary roles.
a. Support and participate in parent-school organization activities.
b. Authorize school expenditures for curriculum development, implementation and
evaluation
c. Enact legislation to effect curriculum improvement.
d. Recommend changes in curriculum.

12. The schools in the first District plan to adopt the reading program used in the third
district. What level of curriculum improvement is used?
a. Variation
b. Value orientation
c. Substitution
d. Restructuring
13. Mr. Bernardo, a curriculum consultant on Economics insists that in selecting the
curriculum content, it is better that throughout the high school years, economic
geography concepts be used to recur and be repeated with depth for effective learning.
What criterion in content selection is shown here?
a. Validity
b. Continuity
c. Significance
d. Learnability
14. The Filipino learners envisioned by the Department of Education (DepEd) in the light
of K-12 Curriculum is
a. Technologically literate or logistically developed Filipino
b. Functionally literate or logistically developed Filipino
c. Scientifically Advanced and Values Oriented Filipino
d. National Oriented and Internationally Competitive Filipinos
15. Teacher Dominguito believes that a new respect for the child is fundamental in
curriculum. Thus, all activities in the classroom are geared towards the development of
the child - the center of the educative process. To which approach in curriculum does
Teacher Dominguito adhere?
a. Learner-centered
b. Subject-centered
c. Problem-centered
d. Pragmatic
16. Mrs. Manuel, the Principal of Bagong Barrio Elementary School invited the Brgy.
Captain in the school to solicit inputs for a new curriculum in Social Science which
highlights indigenous knowledge in the community. What is shown in this situation?
a. Community members as supporters of curriculum
b. Community members as curriculum resources
c. Community members as managers of curriculum
d. Community members as beneficiaries of curriculum

17. Teacher Bert puts emphasis on the immediate felt interests and needs of his
students and not on the anticipated needs and interests. What type of curriculum does
teacher Bert adheres?
a. Subject-centered
b. Learner-centered
c. Experience-centered
d. Culture-based
18. What type of curriculum divides the school day into different periods such as
language arts, social studies, science and health, arithmetic, etc.?
a. Correlated
b. Broad fields
c. Integrated
d. Separate Subject
19. Which curriculum design element is taking place when Eduardo, a 4th year student
can connect the lessons he learned in a subject area to a related content in another
subject area?
a. Articulation
b. Balance
c. Continuity
d. Integration
20. This concept includes the sub-processes of curriculum planning, organization,
implementation and evaluation. Which concept is this?
a. Curriculum development
b. Curriculum assessment
c. Curriculum management
d. Curriculum and instruction
21. If curriculum is the "means", what is the "end"?
a. Strategies
b. Instruction
c. Technique
d. Approaches
22. Which of the following statements about the concept of curriculum is NOT quite
acceptable?
a. It refers to all experiences that both the school and the teacher provide the students
with.
b. It is the set of acquired knowledge, habits and skills
c. It consists of everything that goes within the school.
d. It is a planned action for instruction
23. What process is being undertaken by curriculum developers when they enrich or
modify certain aspects of a particular program without changing its
fundamental conceptions?
a. Curriculum improvement
b. Curriculum change
c. Curriculum design
d. Curriculum implementation
24. What design element establishes the vertical linkage from level to level to avoid
glaring gaps and wasteful overlaps?
a. Articulation
b. Balance
c. Scope
d. Sequence
25. What refers to the authenticity of the content selected by the curriculum developer?
a. Feasibility
b. Learnability
c. Significance
d. Validity
26. What do we call the allocation of content to a definite grade capable of learning?
a. Time allotment
b. Grade placement
c. Grade level
d. Maturity level
27. Which pattern of experience-centered curriculum centers around the normal
activities of children and is based on each child's needs, interests and potentials?
a. Child-centered
b. Activity
c. Social function
d. Specific competencies
28. Which curriculum development phase focuses on the change which will take place
in certain aspects of the curriculum without changing the fundamental conceptions?
a. Curriculum planning
b. Curriculum design
c. Curriculum improvement
d. Curriculum evaluation
29. Which is not a component of curriculum designing?
a. Objective
b. learning content
c. learning experiences
d. Diagnosis of needs
30. Which type of curriculum design serves as a response to society's demand for
integration of knowledge and enables the learner to see relationship among various
aspects?
a. Broadfield
b. Correlated
c. Core
d. Separate subjects
31. Who controls the subject centered-curriculum?
a. Learner
b. Teacher
c. Parent
d. Teacher and parent
32. To provide individual differences in the classroom, how is curriculum designed?
a. Minimum learning competencies are included
b. Realistic and meaningful experiences are provided
c. Some degree of flexibility is provided
d. Social skills are emphasized
33. To ensure success in curriculum development, which of the following
specific actions should a curriculum leader avoid?
a. Work with people over them.
b. Use your status frequently to establish discipline
c. Keep channels of communication open
d. Show that you too desire to improve
34. Which of the following is a reason for the continuous appraisal of the existing
curriculum in all levels?
a. New national policies in government
b. Changing needs and condition of society
c. Economic status of the people
d. Political trust of the country
35. Which of the following best defines curriculum development?
a. The total mental phenomena directly received at any given time
b. The planning of learning opportunities intended to bring about certain desired
changes in pupils and the assessment of the extent to which these changes have taken
place.
c. A continuous cycle of activities in which all elements of curriculum are considered.
d. Education is aiding each child to be socially creative individuals.
36. To build a sense of pride among Filipino youth, which should be done in the
curriculum?
a. Re-study our history and stress on our achievements as a people.
b. Re-study our history from the perspective of our colonizer.
c. Replace the study of folklore and myths with technical subjects.
d. Set aside the study of local history.
37. What do you call the curriculum when the teacher puts into action all the different
planned activities in the classroom?
a. Recommended Curriculum
b. Written Curriculum
c. Taught Curriculum
d. Supported Curriculum
38. Which statement about the subject-centered curriculum is NOT true?
a. There is a high level of cooperative interaction
b. It covers much content in a short period of time
c. The teacher has full control of the classroom activities
d. The main task is mastery of learning
39. Schools divide the school hours to different subjects such as reading, grammar,
literature, math, science, history and geography. What curriculum design is referred
here?
a. Problem-centered
b. Learner-centered
c. Subject-centered
d. Culture-based
40. Which is NOT a description of the learner-centered curriculum?
a. Emphasis is on the total growth and development of the learners
b. Controlled and cooperatively directed by learners, teachers and parents
c. Education is a means to develop social creative individual
d. Emphasis upon facts and knowledge for future use

41. The K-12 curriculum is otherwise called as

a. 2002 Basic Education Curriculum
b. Revitalized Basic Education Curriculum
c. Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
d. Extended Basic Education Curriculum
42. What refers to an individual or group of individuals who have a direct and indirect
influence in curriculum development?
a. Stockholders
b. Stakeholders
c. Promoters
d. Incorporators
43. What refers to the appropriateness of the content in the light of the particular
students who are to experience the curriculum?
a. Significance
b. Validity
c. Interest
d. Learnability
44. Which of the following statements is NOT acceptable?
a. Instruction is the actual engagement of learners in the planned learning activities.
b. Curriculum determines what assessment should be done, and how to do it.
c. Instruction requires teachers to use a variety of action to accomplish a variety of
functions.
d. Assessment establishes what is to be accomplished in teaching and learning.
45. Which characteristic of a good curriculum highlights the psychological nature of the
learner?
a. Provisions are made for the smooth transition and continuing achievement of pupils.
b. Curriculum plans in areas which extend over several years are developed vertically.
c. Classroom practices give attention to the maturity and learning problems of each
pupil.
d. Cooperative planning and teaching provide for exchange of information about pupil's
learning experiences.
46. Objectives must be evaluated in the light of practical considerations, including
teacher competence, availability of instructional materials, time allotment, etc. What
characteristic of educational objective is defined by the aforementioned statement?
a. Comprehension
b. Attainability
c. Consistency
d. Feasibility
47. "Knowledge is true if it is workable". What philosophical foundation supports this
statement?
a. Idealism
b. Realism
c. Pragmatism
d. Essentialism
48. As a member of the curriculum committee, your chief concern is to give the child
freedom to choose what to learn and believe, as you allow them to set their own
identities and standards. What philosophy will you consider?
a. Existentialism
b. Realism
c. Idealism
d. Pragmatism
49. Who viewed curriculum as a permanent studies? 
a. Robert Hutchins
b. Joseph Schwab
c. Ralph Tyler
50. Which person stated that “ curriculum are all experiences in the classroom which are
planned and enacted by the teacher, and also learned by the students. 
a. J. Schwab
b. R. Hutchins
c. Marsh and Willis
51. What do we call curriculum that were proposed by scholars and professional organizations? 
a. Recommended curriculum
b. Taught Curriculum
c. written curriculum 
52. Which curriculum is visible in school, district, division or country documents? 
a. Written curriculum
b. hidden curriculum
c. taught curriculum
53. What type of curriculum is tested and evaluated? 
a. Supported curriculum
b. Assessed Curriculum
c. Taught Curriculum
54. What type of curriculum pertains to the learning outcomes achieved by the students? 
a. Taught Curriculum
b. Learned Curriculum
c. Assessed Curriculum
55. Who presented curriculum as a science that “ emphasizes on students’ need? 
a. Franklin Bobbit
b. Werret Charters
c. William Kilpatrick
56. Who stated that curriculum is a set of experiences? 
a. Hollis Caswell
b. Werret Charters
c. Franklin Bobbit
57. Which person stated that curricula are purposeful activities which are child centered? 
a. Harold Rugg
b. Ralph Tyler
c. William Kilpatrick
58. What level in the cognitive domain is concerned with recall or remembering prior learning? 
a. Knowledge
b. Synthesis
c. Analysis
59. What is referred to as the ability to grasp meaning of material? 
a. Application
b. Synthesis
c. Comprehension
60. What do we call the ability to pass judgment on something based on given criteria? 
a. Evaluation
b. Knowledge
c. Analysis
61. Which is being described by the students willingness to pay attention to particular event,
stimuli or classroom activities? 
a. Responding
b. receiving
c. organization
62. What do we call the ability to break down materials into component parts so that its
organizational structure may be understood?
a. Comprehension
b. Analysis
c. Synthesis
63. What do we call the ability to put parts together to form a new whole? 
a. Application
b. Comprehension
c. Synthesis
64. What is the focus of learner centered curriculum? 
a. Interests
b. Learnability
c. Significance
65. Which subject refers to the skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing as well as the
effective use of language in daily living? 
A. Math
b. Communication
c. Science
66. What subject is includes numeric and computational skills? 
a. Science
b. Mathematics
c. Social Studies
67. This subject includes psychomotor and manipulative skills. 
a. Physical Education
b. Social Studies
c. Vocational Education
68. What is the basis of authenticity of a subject?
a. Significance
b. Validity
c. Utility
69. What characteristics of curriculum pertains to the fair distribution of subjects depth and
breadth? 
a. Balance
b. sequence
c. integration
70. What is known as logical arrangement of subjects? 
a. Sequence
b. Continuity
c. Balance
71. Which is known as constant repetition, review and reinforcement of learning? 
a. Integration
b. Sequence
c. Continuity
72. What is known as the environment of the curriculum? 
a. Context
b. process
c. product
73. Which is referred to the ways and means of how the curriculum has been implemented? 
a. Process
b. product
c. Context
74. The accomplishment of curriculum is visible in terms of the achievement of________. 
a. Process
b. product
c. context
75. In the teaching process, which stage includes decision about the needs of the learners, the
achievable goals and objectives to meet the needs and the selection of the content to be taught,
motivation to carry out the goals and the strategies most fit to carry out the goals and the
evaluation process to measure the learning outcomes. 
a. Planning phase
b. implementation phase
c. evaluation phase
76. The stage in teaching process which requires the teacher to implement what has been
planned. 
a. Planning phase
b. implementation phase
c. evaluation phase
77. In the features of curriculum, who teaches? 
a. The Teacher
b. the learner
c. knowledge, skills and values
78. Which feature is concerned with how do teachers teach? 
a. Strategies and methods
b. knowledge, skills and values
c. teacher
79. How many tracks do we have in the K to 12 curriculum? 
a. Four
b. two
c three
80. For those students who would like to take science, technology, engineering and
mathematics, what tracks should be taken? 
a. Academics
b. sports
c. arts
81. What do we call the tracks that is concerned with the development of skills? 
a. Technical-vocational
b. academics
c. arts
82. What is the process of collecting information for use in evaluation? 
a. Curriculum Assessment
b. Curriculum Planning
c. Curriculum Guide
83. Which refers to the various ways of teaching, teaching styles, approaches, techniques and
steps in delivering the curriculum? 
a. Evaluation
b. Learners
c. Instruction
84. What do we call the content of instruction?
a. Subject matter b. measurement c. teacher
85. What is expressed in terms of competencies? 
a. Objectives
B. content
c. materials
86. What do we call the implementation of curriculum in small group? 
a. Piloting b. testing c. training
87. Which curriculum is concerned with materials that should support or help in the
implementation of written curriculum? 
a. Assessed Curriculum
b. Supported Curriculum
c. Hidden Curriculum
88. Which curriculum is concerned with the unintended curriculum? 
a. Written curriculum b. Assessed Curriculum c. Hidden Curriculum