CSIR NET Syllabus 2020

The ​CSIR NET​ syllabus will be divided into 3 parts in the question paper i.e. Part A, Part B, Part
C. The Part-A of the CSIR NET 2020 Syllabus consists of General Aptitude focusing mainly on
Logical Reasoning, Numerical Ability, Graphs, etc. This syllabus of Part-A is similar in all three
parts of the CSIR NET 2020 Exam. Candidates can find subject-wise CSIR NET 2020 Syllabus
with topics and sub-topics below.

Note:​ The Exam Scheme for Chemical Sciences has been revised from June 2017 CSIR NET
onwards.

CSIR NET 2020 Syllabus: Part-A

The topics in Part-A of the CSIR NET 2020 Syllabus are mentioned below.

Logical Reasoning

● Similarities and Differences

● Number Series
● Blood Relationships
● Arrangements
● Statements
● Data Sufficiency
● Non-verbal Reasoning
● Visual Ability
● Graphical Analysis
● Data Analysis
● Analytical Reasoning
● Syllogisms
● Analogies
● Directions
● Coding-Decoding
● Classification
● Alphabet Series
● Symbols and Notations

Numerical Ability

● Percentage
● Time & Work
● Simple & Compound Interest
● Time & Speed
● HCF, LCM Problems
 ● Simplifications
● Number System
● Average
● Algebra
● Area
● Profit & Loss
● Bar Graph, Pictorial Graph, Pie Chart
● Ratio & Proportion
● Permutation & Combination

Graphical Analysis

● Measures of Dispersion
● Mean
● Median
● Mode
● Bar Graph
● Line Graph
● Pie Chart
● Tabulation

CSIR NET Chemical Science Syllabus

The Chemical Science subject in the CSIR NET 2020 Syllabus contains three parts namely;
Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Organic Chemistry. The topics and sub-topics in
the CSIR NET chemical science Syllabus are given below.

Inorganic Chemistry

● Chemical periodicity
● Structure and bonding in homo- and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of
molecules (VSEPR Theory)
● Concepts of acids and bases, Hard-Soft acid-base concept, Non-aqueous solvents
● Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy, synthesis, structure and bonding,
the industrial importance of the compounds
● Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral
and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms
● Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical
applications
● Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity.
Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis
● Cages and metal clusters
● Analytical chemistry- separation, spectroscopic, electro- and thermoanalytical methods
● Bioinorganic chemistry: photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport,
electron- transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine
 ● Characterization of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-vis,
NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy, and microscopic techniques
● Nuclear chemistry: nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and
activation analysis

Physical Chemistry

● Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly- solvable

systems: particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, including shapes
of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin angular momenta; tunnelling
● Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Variational principle; perturbation theory
up to second order in energy; applications
● Atomic structure and spectroscopy; term symbols; many-electron systems and
antisymmetry principle
● Chemical bonding in diatomics; elementary concepts of MO and VB theories; Huckel
theory for conjugated π-electron systems
● Chemical applications of group theory; symmetry elements; point groups; character
tables; selection rules
● Molecular spectroscopy: Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules;
electronic spectra; IR and Raman activities – selection rules; basic principles of magnetic
resonance
● Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state and path functions and their applications;
thermodynamic description of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations;
spontaneity and equilibria; temperature and pressure dependence of thermodynamic
quantities; Le Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions; phase
equilibria and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions
● Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution; kinetic theory of gases; partition
functions and their relation to thermodynamic quantities – calculations for model systems
● Electrochemistry: Nernst equation, redox systems, electrochemical cells; Debye- Huckel
theory; electrolytic conductance – Kohlrausch’s law and its applications; ionic equilibria;
conductometric and potentiometric titrations
● Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex reactions;
steady-state approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and
transition state theories of rate constants; unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics; salt
effects; homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions
● Colloids and surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids; isotherms and surface area;
heterogeneous catalysis
● Solid-state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids
● Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization
● Data analysis: Mean and standard deviation; absolute and relative errors; linear
regression; covariance and correlation coefficient

Organic Chemistry

● IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio- and stereoisomers

 ● Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic
and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity,
diastereoselectivity, and asymmetric induction
● Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds – generation and reactions
● Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability, and reactivity of carbocations,
carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes, and nitrenes
● Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination, and substitution reactions
with electrophilic, nucleophilic, or radical species. Determination of reaction pathways
● Common named reactions and rearrangements – applications in organic synthesis
● Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group interconversion including
oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic,
organometallic, and enzymatic). Chemo, regio, and stereoselective transformations
● Concepts in organic synthesis: Retrosynthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear and
convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity, and protecting groups
● Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction – substrate,
reagent and catalyst controlled reactions; determination of enantiomeric and
diastereomeric excess; enantio-discrimination. Resolution – optical and kinetic
● Pericyclic reactions – electrocyclization, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements, and
other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions
in organic chemistry
● Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two
heteroatoms (O, N, S)
● Chemistry of natural products: Carbohydrates, proteins, and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic
acids, terpenes, steroids, and alkaloids. Biogenesis of terpenoids and alkaloids
● Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, 1H & 13C NMR, and Mass
spectroscopic techniques

Interdisciplinary Topics: Organic Chemistry

● Chemistry in nanoscience and technology

● Catalysis and green chemistry
● Medicinal chemistry
● Supramolecular chemistry
● Environmental chemistry

CSIR NET 2020 Syllabus for Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean, and Planetary
Sciences: Part-B

The Part-B syllabus for the CSIR NET exam consists of Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and
Planetary Sciences. The topic and subtopics in the same are given below.

The Earth and the Solar System

● Milky Way and the solar system

● Modern theories on the origin of the Earth and other planetary bodies
 ● Earth‟s orbital parameters, Kepler‟s laws of planetary motion, Geological Time Scale;
Space and time scales of processes in the solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans
● Radioactive isotopes and their applications
● Meteorites Chemical composition and the Primary differentiation of the earth
● Basic principles of stratigraphy
● Theories about the origin of life and the nature of fossil record
● Earth‟s gravity and magnetic fields and its thermal structure: Concept of Geoid and,
spheroid; Isostasy

Earth Materials, Surface Features, and Processes

● Gross composition and physical properties of important minerals and rocks; properties
and processes responsible for mineral concentrations; nature and distribution of rocks
and minerals in different units of the earth and different parts of India
● Physiography of the Earth; weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition of
Earth‟s material; formation of soil, sediments, and sedimentary rocks; energy balance of
the Earth‟s surface processes; physiographic features and river basins in India

Interior of the Earth, Deformation, and Tectonics

● Basic concepts of seismology and internal structure of the Earth

● Physico-chemical and seismic properties of Earth‟s interior
● Concepts of stress and strain
● The behaviour of rocks under stress; Folds, joints, and faults. Earthquakes – their
causes and measurement
● Interplate and intraplate seismicity
● Palaeomagnetism, seafloor spreading and plate tectonics

Oceans and Atmosphere

● Hypsography of the continents and ocean floor –continental shelf, slope, rise, and
abyssal plains
● Physical and chemical properties of seawater and their spatial variations
● Residence times of elements in seawater
● Ocean currents, waves and tides, important current systems, thermohaline circulation,
and the oceanic conveyor belt.
● Major water masses of the world's oceans
● Biological productivity in the oceans
● The motion of fluids, waves in atmospheric and oceanic systems
● Atmospheric turbulence and boundary layer
● Structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere, lapse rate and stability, scale
height, geopotential, greenhouse gases, and global warming
● Cloud formation and precipitation processes, air-sea interactions on different space and
time scales
 ● Insolation and heat budget, radiation balance, general circulation of the atmosphere and
ocean
● Climatic and sea-level changes on different time scales
● Coupled ocean-atmosphere system, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
● General weather systems of India, - Monsoon system, cyclone and jet stream, Western
disturbances and severe local convective systems, distribution of precipitation over India
● Marine and atmospheric pollution, ozone depletion

Environmental Earth Sciences

● Properties of water; hydrological cycle; water resources and management

● Energy resources, uses, degradation, alternatives, and management; Ecology and
biodiversity.
● Impact of the use of energy and land on the environment
● Exploitation and conservation of mineral and other natural resources
● Natural Hazards. Elements of Remote Sensing

CSIR NET Syllabus Geology: Part-C

The CSIR NET 2020 Syllabus for Part-C consists of Geology. The topics and sub-topics of the
same are given below.

Mineralogy And Petrology

● Concept of point group, space group, reciprocal lattice, diffraction, and imaging.
Concepts of crystal field theory and mineralogical spectroscopy
● Lattice defects (point, line and planar)
● Electrical, magnetic and optical properties of minerals
● Bonding and crystal structures of common oxides, sulphides, and silicates
● Transformation of minerals – polymorphism, polytypism, and polysomatism
● Solid solution and exsolution
● Steady-state geotherms
● Genesis, properties, emplacement, and crystallization of magmas
● Phase equilibrium studies of simple systems, effect of volatiles on melt equilibria
● Magma-mixing, mingling and -immiscibility
● Metamorphic structures and textures; isograds and facies
● Mineral reactions with condensed phases, solid solutions, mixed volatile equilibria, and
thermo-barometry
● Metamorphism of pelites, mafic-ultra mafic-rocks, and siliceous dolomites
● Material transport during metamorphism
● T-t path in regional metamorphic terrains, plate tectonics, and metamorphism
● Petrogenetic aspects of important rock suites of India, such as the Deccan Traps,
layered intrusive complexes, anorthosites, carbonatites, charnockites, alkaline rocks,
Kimberlites, ophiolites, and granitoid
Structural Geology And Geotectonics

● Theory of stress and strain

● The behaviour of rocks under stress
● Mohr circle
● Various states of stress and their representation by Mohr circles
● Different types of failure and sliding criteria
● Geometry and mechanics of fracturing and conditions for reactivation of pre-existing
discontinuities
● Common types of finite strain ellipsoids
● L-, L-S-, and S-tectonic fabrics
● Techniques of strain analysis
● Particle paths and flow patterns
● Progressive strain history. Introduction to deformation mechanisms
● Geometry and mechanics of development of folds, boudins, foliations, and lineations
● Interference patterns of the superposed fold. Fault-related folding
● Gravity induced structures
● Tectonic features of extensional-, compressional-, and strike-slip-terrains and relevance
to plate boundaries
● Mantle plumes. Himalayan Orogeny; the concept of a supercontinent, their assembly,
and breakup

Palaeontology And Its Applications

● Theories on the origin of life.

● Organic evolution – Punctuated Equilibrium and Phyletic Gradualism models.
● Mass extinctions and their causes.
● Application of fossils in age determination and correlation.
● Paleoecology, Life habitats and various ecosystems, Paleobiogeography.
● Modes of preservation of fossils and taphonomic considerations.
● Types of microfossils.
● Environmental significance of fossils and trace fossils.
● Use of microfossils in the interpretation of seafloor tectonism.
● Application of micropaleontology in hydrocarbon exploration.
● Oxygen and Carbon isotope studies of microfossils and their use in paleoceanographic
and paleoclimatic interpretation.
● Important invertebrate fossils, vertebrate fossils, plant fossils and microfossils in Indian
stratigraphy

Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

● Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks; elastic, volcanoclastic and chemical.

● Classification of elastic rocks.
● Flow regimes and processes of sediment transport.
● Sedimentary textures and structures.
 ● Sedimentary facies and environments, reconstruction of paleoenvironments.
● Formation and evolution of sedimentary basins.
● Diagenesis of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks.
● Recent developments in stratigraphic classification.
● Code of stratigraphic nomenclature – Stratotypes, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections
and Points (GSSP).
● Lithostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic subdivisions.
● Methods of stratigraphic correlation including Shaw‟s Graphic correlation.
● Concept of sequence stratigraphy. Rates of sediment accumulation, unconformities.
● Facies concept in Stratigraphy – Walther's law.
● Methods for paleogeographic reconstruction.
● Earth's Climatic History.
● Phanerozoic stratigraphy of India concerning the type areas– their correlation with
equivalent formations in other regions.
● Boundary problems in Indian Phanerozoic stratigraphy

Marine Geology And Paleoceanography

● Morphologic and tectonic domains of the ocean floor.

● Structure, composition, and mechanism of the formation of oceanic crust. hydrothermal
vents.
● Ocean margins and their significance.
● Ocean Circulation, Coriolis effect, and Ekman spiral, convergence, divergence and
upwelling, El Nino.
● Indian Ocean Dipole Thermohaline circulation and oceanic conveyor belt.
● Formation of Bottom waters; major water masses of the world's oceans.
● Oceanic sediments: Factors controlling the deposition and distribution of oceanic
sediments; geochronology of oceanic sediments, diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic
environments.
● Tectonic evolution of the ocean basins. Mineral resources.
● Paleoceanography – Approaches to paleoceanographic reconstructions; various proxy
indicators for paleoceanographic interpretation.
● Reconstruction of monsoon variability by using marine proxy records
● Opening and closing of ocean gateways and their effect on circulation and climate during
the Cenozoic.
● Sea level processes and Sea level changes. Methods of paleo Sea Surface
Temperature.
● Quantifications.
Geochemistry

● Atomic Structure and properties of elements, the Periodic Table; ionic substitution in
minerals; Phase rule and its applications in petrology, thermodynamics of reactions
involving pure phases, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and fluids; equilibrium and
distribution coefficients.
● Nucleation and diffusion processes in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
environments, redox reactions and Eh- pH diagrams and their applications.
● Mineral/mineral assemblages as „sensors‟ of ambient environments.
● Geochemical studies of aerosols, surface-, marine-, and groundwaters.
● Radioactive decay schemes and their application to geochronology and petrogenesis.
● Stable isotopes and their application to earth system processes; geochemical
differentiation of the earth; geochemical cycles.

Economic Geology

● Magmatic, hydrothermal and surface processes of ore formation.

● Metallogeny and its relation to crustal evolution; Active ore-forming systems, methods of
mineral deposit studies including ore microscopy, fluid inclusions, and isotopic
systematics; ores and metamorphism- cause and effect relationships.
● Geological setting, characteristics, and genesis of ferrous, base and noble metals.
Origin, migration, and entrapment of petroleum; properties of source and reservoir rocks;
structural, stratigraphic and combination traps.
● Methods of petroleum exploration. Concepts of petrophysics, Petroliferous basins of
India.
● Origin of peat, lignite, bitumen, and anthracite. Classification, rank, and grading of coal;
coal petrography, coal resources of India.
● Gas hydrates and coal bed methane.
● Nuclear and non-conventional energy resources

Precambrian Geology And Crustal Evolution

● Evolution of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere;

lithological, geochemical and stratigraphic characteristics of granite-greenstone and
granulite belts.
● Stratigraphy and geochronology of the cratonic nuclei, mobile belts and Proterozoic
sedimentary basins of India.
● Life in Precambrian.
● Precambrian – Cambrian boundary with special reference to India.

Quaternary Geology

● Definition of Quaternary.
 ● Quaternary Stratigraphy – Oxygen Isotope stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and
magnetostratigraphy.
● Quaternary climates – glacial-interglacial cycles, eustatic changes, proxy indicators of
paleoenvironmental/ paleoclimatic changes, - land, ocean, and cryosphere (ice core
studies).
● Responses of geomorphic systems to climate, sea level and tectonics on variable time
scales in the Quaternary, Quaternary dating methods, radiocarbon, Uranium-series,
Luminescence, Amino- acid.
● Quaternary stratigraphy of India– continental records (fluvial, glacial, aeolian, palaeosols
and duricrust); marine records; continental-marine correlation of Quaternary record.
● Evolution of man and Stone Age cultures. Plant and animal life about glacial and
interglacial cycles during Quaternary.
● Tectonic geomorphology, neotectonics, active tectonics and their applications to natural
hazard assessment.

CSIR NET Syllabus for Applied Geology: Part-C

Applied Geology is part of the Geology syllabus that comes under the Part-C of the CSIR NET.

Remote Sensing and GIS

● Elements of photogrammetry
● Elements of photo-interpretation
● Electromagnetic spectrum
● Emission range
● Film and imagery
● Sensors
● Geological interpretations of air photos and imageries
● Global positioning systems
● GIS- data structure, attribute data, thematic layers, and query analysis

Engineering Geology

● Engineering properties of rocks and physical characteristics of building stones concrete

and other aggregates
● Geological investigations for construction of dams, bridges, highways, and tunnels
● Remedial measures
● Mass movements with special emphasis on landslides and causes of hillslope instability
● Seismic design of buildings

Mineral Exploration

● Geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical methods of surface and

sub-surface exploration on different scales.
● Sampling, assaying, and evaluation of mineral deposits.
Hydrogeology

● Groundwater, Darcy's law, hydrological characteristics of aquifers, hydrological cycle.

● Precipitation, evapotranspiration and infiltration processes.
● Hydrological classification of water-bearing formations.
● Fresh and salt-water relationships in coastal and inland areas.
● Groundwater exploration and water pollution. Groundwater regimes in India.

CSIR NET Syllabus for Physical Geology: Part-C

Physical Geology is part of the Geology syllabus for Part-C of the CSIR NET exam. The
topic-wise syllabus is given below.

Geomorphology

● Concepts in geomorphology.
● Historical and process Geomorphology.
● Landforms about climate, rock type, structure, and tectonics.
● Processes – weathering, pedogenesis, mass movement, erosion, transportation, and
deposition.
● Geomorphic processes and landforms – fluvial, glacial, eolian, coastal and karst.
● River forms and processes – stream flow, stage-discharge relationship; hydrographs and
flood frequency analysis.
● Submarine relief.
● Geomorphology and topographic analysis including DEM
● Environmental change– causes, effects on processes and landforms. Extra-terrestrial
geomorphology

Climatology

● Fundamental principles of climatology.

● Earth's radiation balance; latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature,
pressure, wind belts, humidity, cloud formation and precipitation, water balance.
● Air masses, monsoon, Jet streams, tropical cyclones, and ENSO.
● Classification of climates – Koppen's and Thornthwaite's scheme of classification.
● Climate change

Biogeography

● Elements of biogeography with special reference to India; environment, habitat,

plant-animal association; zoo-geography of India; Biomes, elements of plant geography,
distribution of forests and major plant communities.
● Distribution of major animal communities. Conservation of forests. Wildlife sanctuaries
and parks.
Environmental Geography

● Man-land relationship.
● Resources – renewable and non-renewable.
● Natural and man-made hazards – droughts, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides,
tsunamis.
● Ecological balance, environmental pollution, and deterioration.

Geography of India

● Physiography, drainage, climate, soils, and natural resources – the Himalaya,

Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains, and peninsular India Precambrian shield, the Gondwana rift
basins, Deccan Plateau.
● Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and variation of
temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation; Climate zones of India.
● Agricultural geography of India.
● Population – its distribution and characteristics. Urbanization and migration.
Environmental problems and issues.

Geophysics:

Signal Continuous and discrete signals; Fourier series; auto and cross-correlations,
Processing linear time-invariant systems with deterministic and random inputs; bandlimited
signal and sampling theorem; Fourier and Fast Fourier transform; Z-transform;
convolution; Filters: discrete and continuous, recursive, non-recursive, optimal
and inverse filters; deconvolution; fractal analysis.

Field Newtonian potential; Laplace and Poisson‟s equations; Green‟s Theorem;

theory Gauss‟ law; Continuation integral; equivalent stratum; Maxwell‟s equations
and electromagnetic theory; Displacement potential, Helmholtz's theorem and
seismic wave propagation.

Numerical Numerical differentiation and integration, finite element, and finite difference
analysis techniques; Simpson's rules; Gauss' quadrature formula; initial value problems;
and pattern recognition in Geophysics. Well posed and ill-posed problems; method
inversion of least squares; direct search and gradient methods; generalized inversion
techniques; singular value decomposition; global optimization.

Gravity and Normal gravity field; Clairaut‟s theorem; Shape of the earth; deflection of the
Magnetic vertical, geoid, free-air, Bouguer and isostatic anomalies, isostatic models for
fields of local and regional compensation. Geomagnetic field, secular and transient
the earth variations, and their theories; palaeomagnetism, construction of polar
wandering curves.
Plate Marine magnetic anomalies, seafloor spreading; mid-oceanic ridges and
Tectonics geodynamics; plate tectonics hypothesis; plate boundaries and seismicity. Heat
and flow mechanisms, thermal modelling of earth,core-mantle convection and
Geodynami mantle plumes.
cs

Seismolog Seismometry: short period, long period, broadband and strong motion;
y Elastic elements of earthquake seismology; seismic sources: faulting source, double
theory couple hypothesis, seismic moment tensor, focal mechanism and fault plane
solutions; seismic gaps; seismotectonic and structure of the earth; Himalayan
and stable continental region earthquakes, reservoir induced seismicity;
seismic hazards; earthquake prediction, travel-time residuals, velocity
anomalies, seismic tomography.

Gravity and Gravimeters and magnetometers; data acquisition from land, air, and ship;
Magnetic corrections and reduction of anomalies; ambiguity; regional and residual
Methods separation; continuation and derivative calculations; interpretation of anomalies
of simple geometric bodies, single-pole, sphere, horizontal cylinder, sheet,
dyke, and fault. Forward modelling and inversion of arbitrary shaped bodies
and 2-D, 3-D interfaces. Interpretations in frequency domain.

Electrical Electrical profiling and sounding, typical sounding curves, pseudo-sections;

and resistivity transform and direct interpretation; induced polarization methods.
Electromag Electromagnetic field techniques; elliptic polarization, in-phase and out of
netic phase components, horizontal and vertical loop methods; interpretation; VLF
Methods (very low frequency); AFMAG (Audio frequency magnetic) methods; and
central frequency sounding; transient electromagnetic methods;
magneto-telluric method; geomagnetic depth sounding.

Seismic Generalized Snell‟s Law; Ray theory; reflection, refraction, diffraction;

Methods Zoeppritz‟s equation; seismic energy sources; detectors; seismic noises and
noise profile analysis; seismic data recording, reduction to a datum and
weathering corrections; Interpretation of refraction and reflection data;
CDP/CMP; velocity analysis, F-K filtering, stacking, deconvolution, migration
before and after stack; bright spot analysis; wavelet processing; attenuation
studies, shear waves, AVO; VSP; introduction to 3D seismic; seismic
stratigraphy.

Well Open hole, cased hole, and production logging; Electrical logs; lateral,
logging induction, temperature, S.P; porosity logs; sonic, density, neutron; natural
gamma; determination of formation factor, porosity, permeability, density, water
saturation, lithology; logging while drilling.
Meteorology:

Chapter Topics

Climatol Same As Under Geography

ogy

Physica Thermal structure of the atmosphere and its composition. Radiation: basic Laws -
l Rayleigh and Mie scattering, multiple scattering, radiation from the sun, solar
Meteoro constant, effect of clouds, surface and planetary albedo. Emission and absorption of
logy terrestrial radiation, radiation windows, radiative transfer, Greenhouse effect, net
radiation budget; Thermodynamics of dry and moist air: specific gas constant,
Adiabatic and isoentropic processes, entropy and enthalpy, Moisture variables,
virtual temperature; Clausius – Clapeyron equation, the adiabatic process of moist
air; thermodynamic diagrams: Hydrostatic equilibrium: Hydrostatic equation, a
variation of pressure with height, geopotential, standard atmosphere, altimetry.
Vertical stability of the atmosphere: Dry and moist air parcel and slice methods.
Tropical convection. Atmospheric optics - visibility - optical phenomenon - rainbows,
haloes, corona, glaring, a mirage.

Atmosp Fairweather electric field in the atmosphere and potential gradients, ionization in the
heric atmosphere. Electrical fields in thunderstorms, theories of thunderstorm
Electrici electrification - Structure of lightening flash-mechanism of earth-atmospheric
ty change balance-role of thunderstorms.

Cloud Cloud classification, condensation nuclei, growth of cloud drops and ice-crystals,
Physics precipitation mechanisms: Bergeron, Findeisen process, coalescence process –
Precipitation of warm and mixed clouds, artificial precipitation, hail suppression, fog
and cloud – dissipation, radar observation of clouds and precipitation, radar
equation, raindrop spectra, radar echoes of hail storm and tornadoes, radar
observation of hurricanes, measurements of rainfall by radar.
Dynami Basic equations and fundamental forces: Pressure, gravity, centripetal and Corolis
c forces, continuity equation in Cartesian and isobaric coordinates. Momentum
Meteoro equation Cartesian and spherical coordinates; scale analysis, inertial flow,
logy geostrophic and gradient winds, thermal wind. Divergence and vertical motion
Rossby, Richardson, Reynolds, and Froude numbers. Circulation, vorticity, and
divergence; Bjerknese circulation theorem and applications, vorticity and
divergence equations, scale analysis, potential vorticity, stream function, and
velocity potential. Atmospheric turbulence: Mixing length theory, planetary boundary
layer equations, surface layer, Ekman layer, eddy transport of heat, moisture and
momentum, Richardson criterion; Linear Perturbation Theory: Internal and external
gravity waves, inertia waves, gravity waves, Rossby waves, wave motion in the
tropics, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities. Atmospheric Energetics: Kinetic,
potential and internal energies – conversion of potential and internal energies into
kinetic energy, available potential energy.

Numeri Computational instability, filtering of sound and gravity waves, filtered forecast
cal equations, barotropic and equivalent barotropic models, two-parameter baroclinic
Weather model, relaxation method. Multi-layer primitive equation models. Short, medium and
Predicti long-range weather prediction. Objective analysis; Initialization of the data for use in
on weather prediction models; data assimilation techniques, application of satellite in
NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) and remotely sensed data.

General Observed zonally symmetric circulations, meridional circulation models, mean

Circulat meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy, angular momentum and
ion and energy budgets; zonally asymmetric features of general circulation; standing
Climate eddies; east-west circulations in tropics: climate variability and forcings; feedback
Modelli processes, low-frequency variability, MJO Madden-Julian oscillation), ENSO, QBO
ng (quasi-biennial oscillation) and sunspot cycles. Basic principles of general
circulation modelling; grid-point and spectral GCMs; the role of the ocean in climate
modelling; interannual variability of ocean fields (SST, winds, circulation, etc.) and
its relationship with the monsoon, concepts of ocean-atmosphere coupled models.
Synopti Weather observations and transmission, synoptic charts, analysis of surface, upper
c air another derivative chart, stream-lines, isotachs, and contour analysis; tilt and
Meteoro slope of pressure/weather systems with height. Synoptic weather forecasting,
logy prediction of weather elements such as rain, maximum and minimum temperature
and fog; hazardous weather elements like thunderstorms, dust storms, tornadoes.
Tropical meteorology: Trade wind inversion, ITCZ; monsoon trough tropical
cyclones, their structure and development theory; monsoon depressions; tropical
easterly jet stream; low level jets, Somali jet, waves in easterlies; western
disturbances; SW and NE monsoons; synoptic features associated with onset,
withdrawal, break active and weak monsoons and their prediction. Air masses and
fronts: sources, origin, and classification of air masses; and fronts, frontogenesis,
and frontolysis; the structure of cold and warm fronts; weather systems associated
with fronts. The extra-tropical synoptic scale features jet streams, extratropical
cyclones, and anticyclones.

Aviation Role of meteorology in aviation, weather hazards associated with taking off cruising
Meteoro and landing, inflight – icing, turbulence, visibility, fog, clouds, rain, gusts, wind shear
logy and thunderstorms, nowcasting and very short-range forecasting.

Satellite Meteorological satellites – Polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites, visible and

Meteoro infrared radiometers, multi scanner radiometers; identification of synoptic systems,
logy fog and sandstorms, detection of cyclones, estimation of SST, cloud top
temperatures, winds, and rainfall: temperature and humidity soundings
Ocean Science

Chapter Topics

Physical T-S diagrams; mixing processes in the oceans; characteristics of important

Oceanogr water masses.
aphy Wind-generated waves in the oceans; their characteristics; shallow and deep
water waves. Propagation, refraction, and reflection of waves. Wave spectrum,
principles of wave forecasting.Tide-producing forces and their magnitudes;
prediction of tides by the harmonic method; tides and tidal currents in shallow
seas, estuaries, and rivers. Factors influencing coastal processes;
transformation of waves in shallow water; effects of stratification; effect of
bottom friction,phenomena of wave reflection, refraction, and diffraction;
breakers and surf; littoral currents; wave action on sediments – a movement to
beach material; rip currents; beach stability, ocean beach nourishment; harbour
resonance; seiches; tsunami; interaction of waves and structure.
Estuaries: classification and nomenclature; tides in estuaries; estuarine
circulation and mixing; depth-averaged and breadth – averaged models;
sedimentation in estuaries; salinity intrusion in estuaries; effect of stratification;
coastal pollution; mixing and dispersal of pollutants in estuaries and nearshore
areas; coastal zone management.The global wind system; the action of wind on
ocean surface; Ekman‟s theory; Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk‟s theories;
upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean. Inertial
currents; divergences and convergences; geostrophic motion; barotropic and
baroclinic conditions; oceanic eddies, the relationship between density, pressure
and dynamic topography; relative and slope currents. Wind-driven coastal
currents; typical scales of motion in the ocean.Characteristics of the global
conveyor belt circulation and its causes.
Formation of subtropical gyres; western boundary currents; equatorial current
systems; El Nino; monsoonal winds and currents over the North Indian Ocean;
Somali current; southern ocean. Upwelling process in the Arabian Sea.

Chemical Composition of seawater – Classification of elements based on their distribution;

Oceanogr major and minor elements, their behaviour and chemical exchanges across
aphy interfaces and residence times in seawater.Element chemistry in atypical
conditions-estuaries, hydrothermal vents, anoxic basins, HNLC waters,
sediment pore fluid, and anthropogenic inputs.Chemical and biological
interactions – Ionic interactions; biochemical cycling of nutrients, trace metals
and organic matter. Air-sea exchange of important biogenic dissolved gases;
carbon dioxide- carbonate system; alkalinity and control of pH; biological
pump.Factors affecting sedimentary deposits-CaCO3, Silicate, Manganese
nodules, phosphorites, and massive single deposits.
Geological Same topics as under subhead “Marine Geology & paleo- oceanography”
Oceanogr
aphy

Biological Classification of the marine environment and marine organisms.

Oceanogr Physio-chemical factors affecting marine life – light, temperature, salinity,
aphy pressure, nutrients, dissolved gases; adaptation and biological
processes.Primary and secondary production; factors controlling phytoplankton
and zooplankton abundance and diversity; nekton and fisheries oceanography;
benthic organisms; coastal marine communities and community ecology –
estuaries, coral reefs and mangrove communities, deep-sea ecology including
hydrothermal vent communities.Energy flow and mineral cycling – energy
transfer and transfer efficiencies through different trophic levels; food webs
including the microbial loop.Human impacts on marine communities; impacts of
climate change on marine biodiversity. Impact of pollution on marine
environments including fisheries.

CSIR NET 2020 Syllabus for Life Sciences

Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Inheritance Biology
Biology

Cellular Organization The diversity of Life Forms

Fundamental Processes Ecological Principles

Cell Communication and Cell Signaling Evolution and Behavior

Developmental Biology Applied Biology

System Physiology – Plant Methods in Biology

System Physiology – Animal Units

Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology:

Structure of atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds.

Composition, structure, and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic

acids, and vitamins).

Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic

interaction, etc.).

Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative

properties)

Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer,

biological energy transducers.

Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of

enzyme catalysis, isozymes

The conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif, and
folds).

The confirmation of nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA)

Stability of proteins and nucleic acids

Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides, and vitamins.

Cellular Organization

Membrane Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer, and membrane protein

structure and diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, membrane pumps,
function mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical
properties of membranes

Structural Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic

organization and reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast, structure &
function of function of the cytoskeleton and its role in motility
intracellular
organelles

Organization of (Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families,
genes and the structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin,
chromosomes euchromatin, transposons

Cell division and Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in the cell cycle, regulation
cell cycle and control of cell cycle

Microbial (Growth yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress

Physiology response

Fundamental Process:

DNA replication, repair, Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and
and recombination replication fork, the fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal
replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous
and site-specific recombination

RNA synthesis and Transcription factors and machinery, the formation of initiation
processing complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA
polymerases, capping, elongation, and termination, RNA
processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation, structure
and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport

Protein synthesis and Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and
processing their regulation, elongation, and elongation factors, termination,
genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl
tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational
inhibitors, Post-translational modification of proteins)
Control of gene Regulating the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and
expression at eukaryotic genes, the role of chromatin in gene expression and
transcription and gene silencing
translation level

Cell communication and cell signalling:

Host-parasi Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses
te into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behaviour by pathogens,
interaction virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and
plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells

Cell Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signalling through
signalling G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second
messengers, regulation of signalling pathways, bacterial and plant
two-component systems, light signalling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis, and
quorum sensing

Cellular Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell

communic adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular
ation matrix, integrins, neurotransmission, and it's regulation.

Cancer Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumour suppressor

genes, cancer, and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction
of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of
uncontrolled cell growth

Innate and Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens,
adaptive antigenicity, and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function
immune of antibody molecules. generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies,
system antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen
processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B
and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary
and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like
receptors, cell-mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and
autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic
(malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired
immunodeficiencies, vaccines.
Developmental Biology:

Basic Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination, and

concepts differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells;
of genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and
developm transgenics in the analysis of the development
ent

Gametog Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in

enesis, animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; zygote
fertilizatio formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and
n, and formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, the establishment of
early symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination
developm
ent:

Morphog Cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation
enesis in Drosophila, amphibia, and chick; organogenesis – vulva formation in
and Caenorhabditis elegans, eye lens induction, limb development and regeneration
organoge in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, postembryonic development- larval
nesis in formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex
animals determination.

Morphog Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf
enesis development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral
and development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum
organoge
nesis in
plants

Programmed cell death, ageing, and senescence

System Physiology - Plant

Photosynthesis Light-harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport;

photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways.

Respiration and Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP
photorespiratio synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway
n
Nitrogen Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis
metabolism

Plant hormones Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown, and transport; physiological effects

and mechanisms of action

Sensory Structure, function, and mechanisms of action of phytochromes,

photobiology cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism
and biological clocks

Solute Uptake, transport, and translocation of water, ions, solutes, and

transport and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through
photoassimilate xylem and phloem; transpiration; mechanisms of loading and unloading of
translocation photoassimilates

Secondary Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous compounds and their

metabolites roles.

Stress Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water,
physiology temperature, and salt) stresses

​System Physiology - Animal:

Blood and Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma function,
circulation blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin,
immunity, haemostasis

Cardiovascul Comparative anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart, specialized tissue,

ar System ECG – its principle and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood
pressure, neural and chemical regulation of all above

Respiratory Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations,

system transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste elimination, neural and
chemical regulation of respiration

Nervous Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord,
system central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle tone and
posture.
Sense Vision, hearing and tactile response
organs

Excretory Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine

system concentration, waste elimination, micturition, regulation of water balance,
blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance

Thermoregul Comfort zone, body temperature – physical, chemical, neural regulation,

ation acclimatization.

Stress and adaptation

Digestive Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR.

system

Endocrinolog Endocrine glands, the basic mechanism of hormone action, hormones and
y and diseases; reproductive processes, gametogenesis, ovulation,
reproduction neuroendocrine regulation

Inheritance Biology:

Mendelian Dominance, segregation, independent assortment

principles

The concept of Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests

gene

Extensions of Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy,

Mendelian genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage
principles and crossing over, sex linkage, sex-limited and sex influenced
characters.

Gene mapping Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers,
methods mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping
population in plants
 Extrachromosom Inheritance of Mitochondrial and chloroplast genes, maternal inheritance
al inheritance

Microbial Methods of genetic transfers – transformation, conjugation, transduction

genetics and sex-duction, mapping genes by interrupted mating, fine structure
analysis of genes.

Human genetics Pedigree analysis, Lod score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic
disorders

Quantitative Polygenic inheritance, heritability, and its measurements, QTL mapping

genetics

Mutation Types, causes, and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional,

biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic
mutants, insertional mutagenesis.

Structural and Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic
numerical implications
alterations of
chromosomes

Recombination Homologous and non-homologous recombination including transposition

Diversity of Lifeforms:

Principles & methods Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological

of taxonomy nomenclature, classical & quantitative methods of taxonomy of
plants, animals, and microorganisms

Levels of structural Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms. Levels of organization

organization of tissues, organs & systems. Comparative anatomy, adaptive
radiation, adaptive modifications

Outline classification Important criteria used for classification in each taxon.

of plants, animals & Classification of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Evolutionary
microorganisms relationships among taxa
 Natural history of the Major habitat types of the subcontinent, geographic origins, and
Indian subcontinent migrations of species. Common Indian mammals, birds.
Seasonality and phenology of the subcontinent

Organisms of health & Common parasites and pathogens of humans, domestic animals,
agricultural and crops
importance

Organisms of Rare, endangered species. Conservation strategies

conservation concern

Ecological Principles:

Environment Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions

Habitat and The concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and
Niche realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement

Population Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population

Ecology regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); the concept of
metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions,
age-structured populations

Species Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory,

Interactions pollination, symbiosis

Community Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species

Ecology diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones

Ecological Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; the concept of climax

Succession

Ecosystem Ecosystem structure; ecosystem function; energy flow and mineral cycling
Ecology (C, N, P); primary production and decomposition; structure and function of
some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic
(freshwater, marine, estuarine)

Biogeograph Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical

y zones of India
Applied Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity: status,
Ecology monitoring, and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change;
biodiversity management approaches

Conservation Principles of conservation, major approaches to management, Indian case

Biology studies on conservation/management strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere
reserves)

Evolution and Behaviour:

The Lamarck; Darwin–concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness, and

emergenc natural selection; Mendelism; Spontaneity of mutations; The evolutionary
e of synthesis.
evolutiona
ry
thoughts

Origin of Origin of basic biological molecules; Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and
cells and polymers; Concept of Oparin and Haldane; Experiment of Miller (1953); The first
unicellular cell; Evolution of prokaryotes; Origin of eukaryotic cells; Evolution of unicellular
evolution eukaryotes; Anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis, and aerobic metabolism

Palaeontol The evolutionary timescale; Eras, periods and epoch; Major events in the
ogy and evolutionary time scale; Origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms; Major
Evolutiona groups of plants and animals; Stages in primate evolution including Homo
ry History

Molecular Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence, and molecular clocks;

Evolution Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification, and identification; Protein and
nucleotide sequence analysis; the origin of new genes and proteins; gene
duplication and divergence

The Population genetics – Populations, Gene pool, Gene frequency;

Mechanis Hardy-Weinberg Law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through
ms natural selection, migration, and random genetic drift; Adaptive radiation;
Isolating mechanisms; Speciation; Allopatric and Sympatric; Convergent
evolution; Sexual selection; Coevolution
 Brain, Approaches and methods in study of behavior; Proximate and ultimate
Behavior, causation; Altruism and evolution-Group selection, Kin selection, Reciprocal
and altruism; Neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal;
Evolution Biological clocks; Development of behavior; Social communication; Social
dominance; Use of space and territoriality; Mating systems, Parental investment
and Reproductive success; Parental care; Aggressive behavior; Habitat
selection and optimality in foraging; Migration, orientation and navigation;
Domestication and behavioral changes.

Applied Biology:

Microbial fermentation and production of small and macromolecules

Application of immunological principles, vaccines, diagnostics. Tissue and cell culture methods for plants and
animals

Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification

Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy

Bioresource and uses of biodiversity

Breeding in plants and animals, including marker-assisted selection

Bioremediation and phytoremediation

Biosensors
Methods in Biology:

Molecular Isolation and purification of RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins,
Biology and different separation methods. Analysis of RNA, DNA, and proteins by one
Recombinant and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing gels.
DNA Methods Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic
systems. Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and
plant vectors. Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences Generation of
genomic and cDNA libraries in a plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC
vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knocks out in
bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. Protein sequencing methods, detection
of post-translational modification of proteins. DNA sequencing methods,
strategies for genome sequencing. Methods for analysis of gene
expression at RNA and protein level, large-scale expression, such as
microarray-based techniques Isolation, separation, and analysis of
carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques

Histochemical Antibody generation, Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western

and blot, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence
Immunotechni microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by
ques techniques such as FISH and GISH

Biophysical Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR

Method and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray
diffraction and NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different
types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods
Statistical Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions
Methods (Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between
parametric and non-parametric statistics; Confidence Interval; Errors;
Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of
variance; X2 test; Basic introduction to Multivariate statistics, etc.

Radiolabeling Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally

techniques used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and
cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines

Microscopic Visualization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy,

techniques resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells,
scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining
techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze-fracture methods for EM, image
processing methods in microscopy

Electrophysiol Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity

ogical recording, lesion and stimulation of the brain, pharmacological testing,
methods PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT

Methods in Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging

field biology patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling
methods in the study of behaviour, habitat characterization: ground and
remote sensing methods