VOLCANIC

ERUPTION
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION
What is a volcano?
■ A volcano is a vent
vent or 'chimney' that
connects molten
rock (magma) from
cone within the Earth’s
crust to the Earth's
surface.
■ The volcano includes
conduit
the surrounding
cone of erupted
material.
magma chamber
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
VOLCANO
- a vent on the
earth’s surface that
opens downward to
a pool of molten
rock, debris and
gases.

■ Its formation involves

the process of
SUBDUCTION-takes
place when two plates
converge.
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Subduction process
❖ The plate sinks to a deep
as 80-160kms.
❖ The fluid, minerals that
melts produce magma
(hot molten rock)
❖ When the pressure
buildup inside the
chamber plus gases
acccumulation an
eruption could happen.
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
1. Active volcano- currently erupting or is
showing of volcanic eruption within the last
600 years.

2. Potentially active volcano- is one which

has erupted and then entered a long period of
inactivity.
3. Inactive volcano- one that has not shown
any sign of activity for a long period. It has no
record of volcanic eruption in the past
thousand years.
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Why Do Volcanic Eruptions Occur?
• High temperature of the
Earth’s interior
• Melting of lower crust and
mantle = molten rock =
magma cause by friction
from the movement of
rocks that produces HEAT.
• At depths > 20 km the
temperature = 800-1,600
degrees Celsius
• The density of the magma
is less than the crustal rock,
therefore it rises to the
surface
2 Styles of Volcanic Eruption

where the magma

where rapidly
leaks out onto the
escaping gas bubbles
surface passively as (= vesicles) rip apart
lava flows. the magma,
fragmenting it.
 MT. PINATUBO
(June 15, 1991)
■ The first explosion on June
7 generated a column of
ash 7 km high

■ Expelled: 10 billion tons of

magma and 20 billion tons
of sulfur dioxide (SO2)

■ A 34-KM-HIGH ERUPTION
COLUMN
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
HAZARDS
VOLCANIC ERUPTION HAZARD
■ mass of magma that
flows down the slope of
Lava Flow the volcano at a rate of
3-45km/hr. speed of
flows depends on the
topography.
- cause injuries and
burn structure and
vegetation.
 PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
■ refers to hot dry masses
of fragmented volcanic
materials that move
along the slope at a
speed of 60km/hr.

PYROCLASTIC SURGES-
turbulent low concentration
density current of gases, rock,
debris, water that move above
the ground surface at high
velocities.
■ BALLISTIC
PROJECTILES
- rocks that are
released into the air
by an erupting
volcano. These land
within 2km of the
vent, can travel as far
as 5km.
 TEPHRA FALLS/ASHFALL
• are showers of fine to
coarse-grained volcanic
materials(ashes) and
other airborne products
of volcanic eruption.

■ Carried by the wind can cause

pollution, health problems, poor
visibility and disruption of electricity
and communication lines.
■ Causes roof to collapse, trigger
asthma attack, clogs machinery
motor devices, clogs water lines,
destroys roads, disrupt
photosynthesis and kills animals.
 VOLCANIC GAS
■ one of the basic
components of magma or
lava.
■ It is in a form of water
vapor, hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur oxide, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride and
chloride.
■ CAN LEAD TO FORMATION
OF ACID RAIN and global
cooling
 LAHAR
-flowing mixture of
volcanic debris and
water. Concrete
like. ▪ HOT LAHAR- directly
with volcanic eruption.
■ COLD LAHAR- cause by
heavy rainfall. It can
bury communities in an
hour.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION MITIGATING MEASURES
FOR ERUPTION IMPACTS
■ Volcanic monitoring and forecasting
■ Issuance of warning and effective
information dissemination through
PHIVOLCS
■ Selection and designation of escape routes
and evacuation center sites
WARNING LEVEL CRITERIA INTERPRETATION REQUIRED ACTION

0 No alert, quiet Normal None

1 Low level unrest Abnormal Monitoring

2 Low to moderate Alarming Monitoring and

level of seismic review of
and unrest preparedness
plan
3 Relatively high Critical Execute
unrest evacuation plan A

4 Intense unrest Eruption imminent Execute

evacuation plan B

5 Eruption in Eruption in Execute response

progress progress works
hazardous
explosive
 Planning
■ 1. Mandatory
evacuation plan in the
6km radius permanent
danger zone (PDZ)
■ 2. forced evacuation in
the high risk zone
■ 3. Pre emptive
evacuation in the
eastern seaboard
■ 4. voluntary evacuation
for indirect victims
 Volcanic eruption warning signs

■ 1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic

quakes with rumbling sounds with occurrence
of volcanic tremors.
■ 2. Increased steaming activity, steam emission
from white to gray due to ashes
■ 3. Crater glow due to magma
■ 4. Localized landslide, rockfalls from the
summit area not attributable to heavy rains.
Volcanic eruption warning signs
5. Increase in the temperature of hot
springs, wells and crater lake near
the volcano.

6. Ground swelling or inflation due to

magma intrusion.

7. Drying up of springs/wells around

the volcano.
LOCAL IMPACTS: MT PINATUBO
■ In the first three months
after the enormous
eruption, lahars
occurred flows in…
■ About 300 people were
killed, mostly by roofs School buried by lahar,

collapsing under wet

ash
■ 364 communities and
2.1 million people were
impacted.
Church buried by lahar
LOCAL
IMPACTS:
IMPACTS:
MT PINATUBO
MT PINATUBO
■ >8,000 homes
completely destroyed
■ Pyroclastic flows filled
river valleys with hot
volcanic rocks, which
killed vegetation and
rendered land infertile
■ The GDP fell by 3% in
1991
■ Every rainy season,
lahars return
 Mt. Pinatubo, 2013

POSITIVE SIDE
■ Mt. Pinatubo is now a popular eco-tourism
destination
What to do BEFORE an
eruption?
■ Learn about the community
warning system, FOLLOW ■ First aid kit
AUTHORITIES
INSTRUCTION.(PHIVOLCS) -Mask
■ Make an evacuation plan- -Can opener
plan a route out or -Flashlight
alternative route. -Medication
■ Know the volcanic hazards -Sturdy shoes
■ Create an emergency -Goggles
communication plan
-Battery operated
■ Prepare a disaster supply kit radio
■ EVACUATE AS ORDERED
What to do DURING an
DURING
eruption?
■ Listen to radio for latest information about the
situation.
■ Avoid areas downwind and river valleys downstream
of the volcano

IF CAUGHT INDOOR:
■ Close all windows and doors
■ Put animals into shelter
What to do DURING an
eruption?
■ IF TRAPPED OUTDOOR:
➢ Seek shelter ASAP
➢ Protect yourself, wear long sleeve and pants.
➢ Use goggles, mask, or damp cloth
➢ Keep car engine off

▪ IF CAUGHT NEAR A STREAM/RIVER

➢ Watch out for mudflow seek higher ground
➢ WATCH OUT FOR ASHFALL
- Can cause irritation of respiratory tract
and skin.
 What to
AFTER do AFTER an eruption?

Clear roof of ashfall

Avoid driving under poor
visibility cause by
ashfall
Ashfall can damage
engines of vehicles
even airplane.
Stay indoor if you have
respiratory ailment.
Listen to authorities for
further advisory.
 DISASTER KIT
As part of disaster preparedness, you are tasked to prepare an
emergency/disaster kit for your family. It should have its own storage box
and don't forget to label. Collect necessary items to store in the box (ex.
flashlight, mask, medicines, etc). There should be at least 10 items that
can be found in your kit.

For the output to be submitted, take a clear picture of your kit

showing the label of your box and all materials inside. Under the picture,
list the items that can be found and their corresponding use in case of
emergency or disaster.

"We cannot stop natural disasters, but we can arm ourselves with
knowledge; so many lives wouldn't have to be lost if there was enough
disaster preparedness- Petra Nemcova"