Name: Abdishkour Mohamed Abdi
ID: 15795
Faculty: medicine (medicine)
Class: B
Lecture: Gene Mapping
Gene mapping
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Gene mapping is the process by which we determine the genes,
their position and their distance.
It is also called linkage mapping or chromosome mapping.
It refers to the mapping of genes to the specific locations on
chromosomes.
It is critical step in the understanding of genetic disease.
When on the same chromosome two or more genes are present
together, they are said to be linked.
Alfred H. Sturtevant was first person constructed a genetic map.
The unit of measurement of genetic linkage is known as map unit
or centimorgan.
Types of gene mapping
There are two types of gene mapping which are :-
I. Genetic mapping
II. Physical mapping
Genetic mapping
Genetic mapping is a type of gene mapping.
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Position of one gene relative to another gene.
Genetic mapping is arrangement of genes and genetic markers on a
chromosome.
Requires informative markers.
Unit of distance in genetic map is centimorgan ( CM )
1cm = 1% chance of recombination between markers.
Calculated using recombinant frequencies
Physical mapping
Physical mapping is using information to determine the absolute
position of a gene on chromosome.
Specific distance between within loci are measured by bp ,
kp, mp.
Provide exact physical distance between the genes located on a
chromosome
Ideally measured in nucleotide bases.
Genetic markers
Gene or DNA sequence with a known markers location on
chromosome.
Use to study the relationship between the inherited disease and
genetic cause.
There are different types of genetic markers that are available :-
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RFLP = (restriction fragment length polymorphism).
SSLP = (simple sequence length polymorphism).
RAPD = (random amplification of polymorphism DNA).
VNTR = (variable number tendon repeat).
SSR = (simple sequence repeat).
SNP = (single nucleotide polymorphism).
STR = (short tendon repeat).
SFP = (simple feature polymorphism).
DART = (diversity arrays technology).
How to do gene mapping
By calculating recombination frequency.
Recombination frequency is a number that describes the proportion
of recombinant offspring produced in genetic cross between two
individuals.
A centimorgan is the unit that describes the recombination frequency
of 1%.
The recombination frequency will be 50% when to genes are located
on the different chromosome or are far apart.
When two genes are closed enough/linked they do not assort
independently, whereas genes located on different chromosomes they
assort independently and have recombination frequency 0f 50% ,
linked genes have a frequency of less than 50%.
Two important aspects to genetic mapping
I. Calculating/finding gene order.
II. Distance between the genes on a chromosome.
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Cross over
Crossing over is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the
germ line. During the formation of egg and sperm cells, also known
as meiosis, paired chromosomes from each parent align so that
similar DNA sequences from the paired chromosomes cross over
one another. Crossing over results in a shuffling.
There are three types of cross over :-
I. Single point cross over
II. Double point cross over
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Purpose if gene mapping
Tell the exact location, arrangement and combination of genes in
chromosome.
To identify genes responsible for traits.
Significance of gene mapping
Genetic mapping or linkage mapping provides evidence that a disease
transmitted from parent to child is offer linked one or more gene.
The detailed genetic map helps to locate the risk genes for host of genetic
disease.
Knowledge of genetic map of plants and animals lead to development of
agriculture crops and animal breeds that are more nutrition, productive and
better resistive.
Application of gene mapping
Genetic marker are employed in the identification of traits related to
disease or inherited abnormal condition.
The genes are also utilized in the identification of species , individuals or
organisms
The DNA markers like VNTD are one of the first choices in the DNA
fingerprinting , parental vervication , maternal cell contamination
End
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