MANUFACTURING PHARMACY POST LAB Fluid extract vs.

Tincture
MIDTERMS ● Fluid extract is a liquid preparation of
vegetable drugs containing alcohol as
EXPERIMENT# 6; TINCTURES solvent , preservative or both and so
made that useless otherwise specified in
TINCTURES an individual monograph, each ml
● Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of contains 1g of the standard drug while
chemicals or soluble constituents of Tincture are alcoholic or
vegetable drugs. hydroalcoholic solutions prepared
● Although tinctures vary in drug from vegetable materials or from
concentration (<50%), those prepared chemical substances
from potent drugs are usually 10% in
strength (10g drug in 100 mL tincture) Fluid extract 2-6 times potent
● Tinctures are usually considered
Stable
15-80% Iodine Tincture
10% Potent ● Use/s: Antiseptic
20% Non potent ● Label: Red Label
● The alcohol content of the official ● Container: Tightly-closed, light resistant
tinctures varies from 17-21% Diarrhea bottle
(Opium tincture USP); and 74-80% ● Description: Dark-brown colored liquid
(Compound benzoin tincture USP with alcoholic odor.
● Most tinctures are prepared by an ● Remarks: Keep out of reach of children,
extraction process of maceration or flammable
percolation
● The selection of the solvent, or EXAMPLES:
menstruum is based on the solubility of
the active and inert constituents of the 1. Belladonna Tincture USP
crude drugs - it is used specially for its
antispasmodic effect on the
PREPARATIONS gastrointestinal tract
● The USP and NF tinctures are made by - Atropa belladonna
solution or dilution of active 2. Compound Benzoin Tincture USP
medicaments: iodine USP, strong - It is a useful vehicle because of
iodine solution, nitromersol, thimerosal, its pleasant flavor and color
ferric chloride tincture, ferric citochloride 3. Digitalis Tincture NF
tincture NF - it is used in the treatment of
● The British Pharmacopoeia directs by congestive heart failure
the tinctures by dilution of the more - Digitalis lanata- congestive
concentrated liquid extract: heart failure
colchicum, hyoscyamus, ipecacuanha, 4. Iodine Tincture USP
nux vomica, and stramonium and two by - it is used as a germicide and
dilution of a stronger tincture: weak fungicides
ginger and camphorated opium. 5. Lemon Tincture USP
● The NF VI and VII permitted preparation - is used as flavor
of tinctures by dilution or solution 6. Nitromersol Tincture NF
provided they meet the official - it is used as germicides
requirements. 7. Sweet orange peel Tincture USP
 - it is a flavor used in syrups, ● Method used stronger rose water
elixirs and emulsions (came from Cabbage Rose) and
8. Tolu Balsam Tincture orange flower water- bitter orange
- it is used as an ingredient in flavor
expectorant mixtures ● SOLUTION METHOD: the volatile or
9. Vanilla Tincture NF aromatic substance is admixed with
- it is used as a flavoring agent water, with or without the use of a
dispersant (eg, talc)

EXPERIMENT# 7; AROMATIC WATER PREPARATIONS

AROMATIC WATERS A. By Distillation

- AkA Medicated water - it is the slowest and most expensive of
the two methods, however it is the most
● Clear, saturated aqueous solutions of ancient and satisfactory method for
volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile making this class of preparation.
substances. 1. Place the odoriferous portion of the
● May be used as pleasantly flavored plant in a suitable still with sufficient
vehicles for a water-soluble drug or purified water.
an aqueous phase in an emulsion or 2. Distill most of the water, avoiding the
suspension. development of empyreumatic odors
● Their odors and taste are the same as through the charring or scorching of the
those of the drugs or volatile oils from substances.
which they are prepared, and should be 3. Separate the excess of the oil from the
free from empyreumatic and other distillate and preserve or use the clear
foreign odors. water portion, filtering if necessary”.
● Empyreumatic– terebenthine odor
● They are generally used as flavored and ● In orange flower or rose water where the
perfume vehicles. flavor or odor are in a small amount and
● Volatile substances used for the delicate:
preparation of aromatic water should be ➢ The distillate is return in the several
of pharmacopeial quality or of best times to the still with fresh portions
quality of finest flavours is desired in of flowers, consequently the water
case of unofficial preparation. produced ar commercially known as
● If a large amount of water-soluble drug distilled according to the number of
is added to an aromatic water, then an redistillation.
insoluble layer may form at the top. ● This process is known as the
● This “salting out” is a competitive cohobation.
process-decrease the solubility of the
solution B. By Solution
● Aromatic waters should be stored in
tight, light-resistant bottles to reduce I. By direct Solution
volatilization and degradation from
sunlight. 1. Shake two grams or mL(if liquid) of the
● Aromatic waters are usually prepared by volatile substances (suitably
distillation and solution method comminuted if a solid) with 1000 mL of
● DISTILLATION is a universal method, purified water in a container of sufficient
but is not practical or economical for capacity.
most products.
 2. Repeat the shaking several times during dissolves slight quantity of very slightly
a period of 15 minutes. soluble phosphates (or slightly soluble
3. Set aside for 12 hours or longer, filter calcium salts) form insoluble salts with
through wetted filter paper and add many anions.
purified water through the filter to make - Charcoal and other adsorbent tend to
the product measure 1000mL” remove odoriferous principles.

● This method saves times and OTHER METHODS

equipment. However, agitation is
recommended when the excess of 1. The use of soluble concentrates such as
volatile oil is allowed to remain while the soluble rose fluid.
water required is dawn off.
2. Incorporation of solubilizing agents as
II. By alternate solution method polysorbate 80 or tween 20.
➢ Water prepared by this two methods are
1. Incorporate thoroughly the volatile susceptible to growth of molds in
oil (or the suitably comminuted volatile concentrations higher than 2 % impart
solid) with 15 grams of talc or with a an objectionable oil taste.
sufficient quantity of purified siliceous
earth or pulped filter paper. 3. Use of aqueous alcoholic solutions of volatile
2. Agitate the mixtures several times oils
during the ten minutes with 1000 mL of
purified water. PRESERVATION
● Aromatic waters should be trade in
3. Filter, return first portion if necessary small quantities and protected from
to obtain clear filtrate. Add q.s. purified intense light and excessive heat as they
water through the filter to make the deteriorate with time. Deteriorating may
product measure 1000 mL. be caused by:
- By this process water can prepared ➢ Volatilization
promptly with only 10 minutes ➢ decomposition or mold
agitation thus it is the process most growth resulting to solution that
frequently employed that are cloudy and have lost all
- Talc, purified siliceous earth, or pulped traces of their agreeable odor.
filter paper classified as dispersing ● It is well known fact that ordinary
agent greatly increased the the distilled water usually contaminated by
surface of the volatile substances, mold producing organism and therefore
ensuring more rapid saturation of the to avoid the presence of the
water and forms an efficient filter bed microorganism in water the recently
thus producing clear solution. boiled, distilled water is preferably
used.
- Magnesium carbonate was formerly
used as dispersing agent but its slight CAMPHOR WATER
and basic nature precipitates alkaloids ● Camphor comes from the
and similar substances. Cinnamomum camphora tree
● Camphor water is mostly used to
- Likewise objectionable are the used of alleviate coughing When camphor is in
the calcium phosphate, kaolin, pumice, contact with water, it forms a protective
charcoal, precipitated chalk because layer that covers the lining of your upper
calcium ion present in water which respiratory system. This lining reduces
 irritation and blocks your cough ➢ Talc is used as clarifying agent
reflex. ➢ Medicated Waters - Distillation and
● Camphor water vapors often are used in Solution
nebulizer treatments. The vapors are ➢ Solution Clear, greenish-yellow colored,
inhaled to treat upper respiratory with a strong taste and odor of chlorine
conditions such as bronchitis or the ➢ AKA Liquor Chlori
common cold. ➢ topical solution – disinfectant
➢ Boston round, narrow mouth, amber
Topical Application Uses bottle
➢ Store at room temperature, avoid
➢ TREATMENT FOR neurodermatitis- exposure to direct sunlight , should be
focal patches, freshly prepared
➢ a skin condition that causes severe
itching and scaling of the skin, Peppermint Water N.F.
➢ camphor water or camphor oil ➢ (AKA Aqua menthae piperitae)
preparations can be used to alleviate ➢ Use: it act as flavor vehicle and
itching carminative.
➢ lichen simplex chronicus- severe itchy
skin disease PEPPERMINT WATER
➢ Peppermint and ethanol
Camphor Water ➢ Talc is used as clarifying agent
➢ Camphor and ethanol- Mixture ➢ Peppermint- Mentha piperita
➢ Alcohol as levigating agent ➢ Medicated Waters - Distillation and
➢ Talc is used as clarifying agent SolutionSolution
➢ Medicated Waters - Distillation and ➢ Clear, colorless with minty odor and
Solution flavored liquid
➢ Simple solution- method of the ➢ AKA Aqua Menthae Piperitae
preparation ➢ Oral solution – flavored vehicle,
➢ Clear, colorless with camphor odor liquid carminative, gentle aromatic stimulant
➢ AKA Aqua Camphorae ➢ Boston round, narrow mouth, amber
➢ oral solution – perfumed vehicle bottle
➢ Boston round, narrow mouth, amber ➢ Store at room temperature, avoid
bottle exposure to direct sunlight, should be
➢ Store at room temperature, avoid freshly prepared
exposure to direct sunlight, should be
freshly prepared Other examples:
- Orange Flower Water N.F.(aqua
AROMATIC WATER aurantii florum)
- Use: it act as flavor vehicle and perfume
Camphor Water in solutions, syrups and elixirs.
✔ AKA Aqua Camphorae - Stronger Rose Water N.F. (aqua rose
✔ USE: a vehicle for the administration of some fertier, triple rose water)
other remedies - Use: perfumed vehicle in rose water
✔ Its dose varies from 1/2 fluid ounce to 2 ointment.
fluid ounces, every 3 hours
Cinnamon Water N.F
Chlorine Water ➢ Use: it is used as flavoured vehicle
➢ Potassium chloride, Hydrochloric acid ➢ Cinnamon and ethanol
➢ Moistened cotton traps the chlorine gas ➢ Talc is used as clarifying agent
 ➢ Cinnamomum verum- Cinnamon Tree
➢ True cinnamon oil forms cinnamic acid Example: sulphur in lotions, resins in mixtures,
with water causing turbidity resins in mixtures and oils in emulsions.
➢ Oil of Chinese cinnamon yield clear
solution - As substitutes for mucilages several
➢ Solution synthetic mucilage like substances:
➢ Clear, colorless with cinnamon odor and - such as polyvinyl alcohol,
flavored liquid methylcellulose, carboxymethyl
➢ AKA Aqua Cinnamomi cellulose
➢ oral solution – flavored vehicle,
carminative ❖ These may be used as a bulk laxative
➢ Boston round, narrow mouth, amber since it absorbs water and swells to a
bottle hydrogel in the intestines in as much
➢ Store at room temperature, avoid the same manner as psyllium or karaya
exposure to direct sunlight, should be gum.
freshly prepared ❖ Synthetic gums are non-glycogenetic
and may be used in the preparation of
Cinnamon Water diabetic syrups.
➢ Synonym: Casio Nare, Cassia Oil
➢ Latin Name: Aqua Cinnamoni ACACIA MUCILAGE NF
➢ Procedure: Alternate Solution Method ➢ Mucilago Acaciae; mucilage of gum
➢ Uses: As flavored vehicle for internal Arabic
aqueous solution, antiseptic in eye ➢ It is used as a demulcent, suspending
lotion, carminative agent, excipient in making pills and
➢ Description: Clear, Saturated Solution troches, and as an emulsifying agent
for cod liver oil and other substances
EXPERIMENT# 8; MUCILAGE
CAUTION: Acacia mucilage must be free from
MUCILAGE mold or any indication of decomposition.
● Official mucilages are thick, viscid,
adhesive liquids, made by dispersing Acacia Mucilage
gum in water, or extracting the ➢ Mucilage - thick, viscid, adhesive
mucilaginous principle from the liquids produced by dispersing gum in
vegetable substances with water, or water or extracting the mucilaginous
extracting the mucilaginous principle principles from vegetable substances
from the vegetable substances with with water
water. ➢ colorless, or faintly yellowish,
transparent, nearly tasteless, viscid
Uses and Description fluid, with faint, but not disagreeable
- All mucilages are prone to odor
decomposition and should never be ➢ Mucilage of Gum Arabic
made in large quantities that can be ➢ Flavored and sweetened oral solution
used immediately unless a preservative – as demulcent
is added. ➢ Pills or troches – as adhesive
- They are primarily used to aid in ➢ Suspension – suspending agents
suspending insoluble substances in ➢ Boston round, wide mouth, well-closed,
liquids as their colloidal character and amber bottle
viscosity help them prevent immediate
sedimentation.
 ➢ Store at room temperature, avoid Characteristics:
exposure to direct sunlight , should be ● Enemas are usually given at body
prepared temperature in quantities of 1 to 2 pints
injected slowly with enema syringe.
Acacia Mucilage NF ● If they are to be retained in the intestine,
➢ Mucilago Acaciae; mucilage of gum they should not be used in larger
Arabic quantities than 6 fluid ounces for an
➢ SN: Acacia senegal adult.
➢ ON: Gum arabic
➢ colorless, or faintly yellowish, EXAMPLE:
transparent,nearly tasteless, viscid fluid, - Preparation: Barium Sulfate Enema
with faint, but not disagreeable odor - Synonym: Barium Salt
Uses: - Latin Name : Baric sulfate
➢ demulcent
➢ suspending agent Formula : Barium Sulfate 120 g
➢ excipient in making pills and troches Acacia Mucilage 100 mL
➢ an emulsifying agent for cod liver oil Starch Enema, q.s
To make 500 mL
CAUTION: Acacia mucilage must be free from
mold or any indication of decomposition 2 Types Of Enema
1. Evacuation Enemas
Tragacanth Mucilage NF - are rectalenemas employed to
➢ Mucilago Tragacanth promote evacuation of bowel
➢ It is an excipient for pills or troches, and to cleanse the colon for
suspending agent for insoluble retention and for diagnosis.
substances for internal mixtures and as - Available in disposable plastic
a protective agent. squeeze bottles containing a pre
measured amount of enema
EXPERIMENT# 9; ENEMA solution.
- The agents present are
ENEMA solutions of sodium
➢ Enemas are also known as CLYSTER, phosphate, sodium
they are rectal injections employed to: biphosphate, glycerin and
1. Evacuate the bowel docusate potassium and light
2. To influence the general system mineral oil.
by absorption
3. Affect locally the seat of disease 2. Retention Enemas
and for - a number of solutions are
4. For diagnostic visualization of administered rectally for the
GIT local effects of the medication
➢ USES: anthelmintic, nutritive, sedative - Examples: Hydrocortisone -
or stimulating properties or they may local effect; Aminophylline -
contain radiopaque substances for systemic effect
roentgenographic examination of the
lower bowel ❖ Retention enema – to provide systemic
or local effect
❖ Evacuation enema- to provide
mechanical effect
 ➢ Sodium Phosphate enema - ● Cream to gray brown, odorless
bowel stimulant dispersion Boston round, wide mouth,
➢ Sulfasalazine rectal enema- amber, tight container Shake well before
ulcerative colitis use, do not freeze
➢ Starch and opium enema- ● Thixotropic preparation
sedative
➢ Mesalamine enema- MAGMAS
inflammatory bowel disease ● Magmas are aqueous suspensions of
➢ Dextrose and saline enema- insoluble inorganic drugs.
nutritive ● They differ from Gels in that the
➢ Barium sulfate enema- suspended particles are larger.
radiopaque contrast media ● Magmas are thick and viscous, and so
there is no necessity of suspending
❖ Types Of Retention Enema agents except for
1. Nutritive Enema- supply nutrient to the dihydroxyaluminum Aminoacetate
patient Magma
2. Medicated Enema - supply medication ● This contains suspending agents in
for systemic effect addition to suitable preservatives and
3. Diagnostic Enema - BaSO4 and Fleet flavouring agents.
Enema
❖ METHOD OF PREPARATION
❖ Other Enemas Magmas may be prepared by:
1. Aminophylline Enema 1. Simple hydration
2. Methylprednisolone Acetate 2. Chemical Reactions
3. Cortisol Enema
➢ Bentonite Magma (Magma Bentoniti)-
BARIUM SULFATE ENEMA, USP prepared by simple hydration in which
● Opaque, milky white dispersion of you sprinkle the parent substance on
starch in water hot purified water.
● Barium sulfate, USP with dispersing ➢ Magnesia Magma- prepared by
agent and suspending agent hydration of calcined magnesia or by
chemical reaction between sodium
● Boston round, tightly closed, wide
hydroxide and magnesium sulphate
mouth amber bottle
➢ Other Names: Magma Bismuthi; Milk
● Store in cool temperature of Bismuth; Bismuth Cream.
● Contrast medium during x-ray
imaging
● Administered rectally or orally Bismuth Magma
● Prepared by reacting bismuth nitrate
with ammonium carbonate not by the
EXPERIMENT# 10; MAGMA process of simple solution with mixing
but by previously reacting bismuth
BENTONITE MAGMA, NF subnitrate with nitric acid and official
● Magma – a two-phase system gel ammonium carbonate with diluted
consists of floccules of small, distinct ammonia solution then mixing
particles theMresulting two solution.
● Bentonite – NATIVE Colloidal Hydrated ● If the insoluble substances is freshly
Aluminum Silicate precipitated by mixing hot, dilute
 solutions, there is only slight EXPERIMENT# 11; EMULSION
sedimentation on standing.
● This characteristics of magmas is EMULSION
sometimes enhanced by passing the ● Emulsions may be defined in a number
product through a colloid mill. of ways, but essentially, they are
● A great majority of magma are intended “heterogeneous systems, usually
for oral use. containing two immiscible liquids”.
● All magmas must bear a “shake well”
label. What causes emulsion to crack?
● Freezing should be avoided. ● Incorporation of excess disperse phase
● Globule size:
Bentonite Magma - Stable emulsions require a
● Magma bentoniitti maximum number of small sized
● It is used as suspending agent for (1-3 um) and few as possible
insoluble medicaments larger (15-20 um) diameter
globules
BENTONITE MAGMA, NF ● Storage temperature
➢ Magma – a two-phase system gel ● Excessive temperature leads to
consists of floccules of small, distinct creaming, resulting in cracking.
particles ● Potential for globule coalescence
➢ Bentonite - Colloidal hydrated Physical, chemical and microbiological
aluminum silicate changes
➢ Cream to gray brown, odorless
dispersion MINERAL OIL EMULSION
➢ Boston round, wide mouth, amber, tight RAW MATERIALS
container ➢ Mineral oil: Active ingredient (laxative)
➢ Shake well before use, do not freeze ➢ Acacia: Emulsifying agent
➢ Thixotropic preparation ➢ Syrup: Sweetener
➢ Vanillin: Flavorant
Bismuth Magma NF ➢ Alcohol: Co-solvent, stabilizer
● Magma bismuthi, milk of bismuth, ➢ Purified water: Vehicle
bismuth cream
● It is used as an astringent, adsorbent
and protective in the treatment of
diarrhea and intestinal inflammation and
ulceration

Milk of Magnesia,USP, BP
● Magma magnesiae, Magnesium
hydroxide Mixture, Cream of magnesia,
Magnesia Magma
● It is used as a nonsystemic gastric
antacid and mild cathartic when used
routinely
● As an antacid, the cathartic effect may
be minimized by the occasional use of
calcium carbonate.