2.

2 PROGRAMMING AHMED THAKUR

2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

 declare and use variables and constants

Statement: A program statement is a single instruction composed of its reserved words.

Line: In some languages, such as BASIC or COBOL, a program is divided up into numbered lines.
Each line has a line number & contains one or more statements.

R
Variable: A variable is a quantity named in a program & whose value can change.

Constant: A constant is a value that doesn’t change. In a program it may or may not be given a

KU
name.

Identifier: An identifier is a name invented by the programmer for some data. An identifier can be a
name for a variable, a constant, a file, an array, etc.

Reserved Words: A reserved word is a name that has some special significance to the compiler or
interpreter. The programmer can only use it for its special purpose & can’t use it as an identifier.

A
Expression: An expression is a set of variables, constants & operators (such as +, -, etc) that is to be
evaluated by the computer.

Declaration: In computer programming, a declaration specifies properties of an identifier: it declares

TH
what a word (identifier) means. Declarations are most commonly used for functions, variables,
constants, and classes.

Declaration of a variable serves two purposes: It associates a type and an identifier (or name) with
the variable. The type allows the compiler to interpret statements correctly.
Example: DIM num as integer

Initialization: In computer programming, initialization is the assignment of an initial value for a data
ED

object or variable. The manner in which initialization is performed depends on programming

language, as well as type, storage class, etc., of an object to be initialized.
Example: x = 2

DATA EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

DESCRIPTION
HM

TYPE PSEUDOCODE VB PROGRAM

Integer Numeric – Whole Number Set num to 0/integer Dim num as integer
Real Numeric – Decimal/Fraction Set per to real Dim per as single
Char Alphanumeric – single character set choice to char Dim choice as char
String Alphanumeric – multiple characters Set name to string Dim name as string
Boolean Logical – Single Byte (1/0), (Y/N), (T/F) Set confirm to boolean Dim confirm as boolean

Using Variables and Constants in Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode)

A

VARIABLES
Syntax: DIM <variable> as <data type>
DIM num, total, avg as Integer
DIM name as String
Dim percentage as Single

CONSTANTS/VALUES
Syntax: <variable> = <constant/value>
Num = 76
Name = “Ahmed Thakur”

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

Percentage = 89.6

 understand and use basic data types: Integer, Real, Char, String and Boolean

Data Types:
There are different data types used in Programming.

R
Data Types Available in [Link]
[Link] provides a wide range of data types. The following table shows all the data types available:

KU
DATA TYPE STORAGE ALLOCATION VALUE RANGE

Depends on implementing
Boolean True or False
platform

Byte 1 byte 0 through 255 (unsigned)

A
Char 2 bytes 0 through 65535 (unsigned)

[Link] (midnight) on January 1, 0001

Date 8 bytes through [Link] PM on December 31,
TH 9999

0 through +/-
79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,335
(+/-7.9...E+28) with no decimal point; 0
Decimal 16 bytes through +/-
7.9228162514264337593543950335
with 28 places to the right of the
decimal
ED

-1.79769313486231570E+308 through -
4.94065645841246544E-324, for
negative values
Double 8 bytes 4.94065645841246544E-324 through
HM

1.79769313486231570E+308, for
positive values

-2,147,483,648 through 2,147,483,647

Integer 4 bytes
(signed)

-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 through
Long 8 bytes
9,223,372,036,854,775,807(signed)

4 bytes on 32-bit platform

Any type can be stored in a variable
A

Object 8 bytes on 64-bit platform of type Object

SByte 1 byte -128 through 127 (signed)

Short 2 bytes -32,768 through 32,767 (signed)

-3.4028235E+38 through -1.401298E-45

Single 4 bytes
for negative values;

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1.401298E-45 through 3.4028235E+38

for positive values

Depends on implementing 0 to approximately 2 billion Unicode

String
platform characters

R
UInteger 4 bytes 0 through 4,294,967,295 (unsigned)

0 through 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
ULong 8 bytes

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(unsigned)

Each member of the structure has a

User- Depends on implementing range determined by its data type
Defined platform and independent of the ranges of the
other members

UShort 2 bytes 0 through 65,535 (unsigned)

A
 understand and use the concepts of sequence, selection, repetition, counting and totaling

SEQUENCE
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It is a technique of programming that means that instructions/statements must be placed in
appropriate positions in order to execute the correct flow of program.

Example: Program to output name 10 times.

Sub Main()
Dim num1, num2, tot As Integer
ED

num1 = [Link]()
num2 = [Link]()
tot = num1 + num2
[Link](tot)
HM

[Link]()
End Sub

It is not possible to output the result until all the values are input. Hence the sequence must be
appropriate.

SELECTION

WORD/PHRASE DESCRIPTION
A

IF … THEN … ELSE … ENDIF Selection – to check some condition

CASE … OF … OTHERWISE Selection – to match multiple values/variables/conditions
… ENDCASE

Selection is the second technique of Algorithm.

Selection is written using two structures:

 IF … THEN … ELSE … ENDIF
 CASE … OF … OTHERWISE … ENDCASE

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

IF … THEN … ELSE … ENDIF

It is used to check only one condition and act accordingly.

Syntax
IF <condition> THEN
<statement if condition is TRUE>
ELSE

R
<statement if condition is FALSE>
ENDIF

KU
Example: Algorithm to check whether the input value is greater than100 and output the message
accordingly.

SET number to 0
INPUT number
IF number > 100 THEN

A
OUTPUT “The entered number is greater than 100”
ELSE
OUTPUT “The entered number is smaller than 100”
ENDIF
END
TH
Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode) Program:
ED
HM
A

Result of Program:

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

IF…THEN…ELSEIF…ELSE…ENDIF
This is used to check multiple conditions.

 Each ELSEIF works like IF, but must be used within the main structure of IF…ENDIF.
 There is no limit of ELSEIFs
 If any of the ELSEIF’s condition is met, the rest of the ELSEIFs are not checked.

R
Syntax
IF <condition> THEN

KU
<statement if condition is TRUE>
ELSEIF <condition> THEN
<statement if condition is TRUE>
ELSEIF <condition> THEN
<statement if condition is TRUE>
ELSEIF <condition> THEN

A
<statement if condition is TRUE>
ELSEIF <condition> THEN
<statement if condition is TRUE>
.
.
TH
.
ELSE
<statement if condition is FALSE>
ENDIF

Example: Algorithm to generate a marks sheet and check the grading scheme based on the
following criteria:
ED

Grades Percentage range

A+ 90 +
A 80 – 89.99
B 70 – 79.99
C 60 – 69.99
HM

D 50 – 59.99
U < 50 (less than 50)
A

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

Task: Write down an algorithm to generate a marks sheet.

Input 5 subjects marks (maximum mark for each subject is 75)
Output the Total, Percentage and Grade.

Grading Scheme is as follows:

A+ 90+

R
A 80 – 89.99
B 70 – 79.99
C 60 – 69.99

KU
D 50 – 59.99
U less than 50

Note: You must use meaningful variable names

SET eng, comp, isl, math, phy, chem, tot, per to 0

SET gr to “ ”

A
INPUT eng, comp, isl, math, phy, chem
Tot = eng + comp + isl + math + phy + chem
Per = (Tot/375)* 100

IF per >= 90THEN

TH
Gr = “A+”
ELSEIF per >= 80 AND per < 90 THEN
Gr = “A”
ELSEIF per >= 70 AND per < 80 THEN
Gr = “B”
ELSEIF per >= 60 AND per < 70 THEN
Gr = “C”
ED

ELSEIF per >= 50 AND per < 60 THEN

Gr = “D”
ELSE
Gr = “U”
ENDIF
HM

OUTPUT tot, per, gr

END
A

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode) Program:

R
KU
A
TH
ED
HM

Result of Program:
A

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

CASE … OF … OTHERWISE … ENDCASE

CASE is used to match multiple options in one condition.

Syntax
CASE <identifier (variable) OF
<constant>,<constant>,<constant> : <statement>
<constant>,<constant>,<constant> : <statement>

R
<constant>,<constant>,<constant> : <statement>
<constant>,<constant>,<constant> : <statement>
OTHERWISE

KU
<constant> : <statement if identifier/variable is not matched>
ENDCASE

EXAMPLE (NOV 2003 – Q11): The following algorithm inputs air speeds (which must be in multiples of
100) and outputs a suitable message.

A
1. input a speed
2. whole = speed/100
3. case whole of
4. 0,1,2 : result = slow
5. 3, 4, 5, 6 : result = normal
TH
6. 7, 8, 9 : result = high
7. otherwise whole = -1
8. endcase
9. if whole = -1 then
10. output “abnormal reading”
11. else output result, “speed”
ED

(a) Dry run the above algorithm for the following Input data and complete the Output column in

INPUT OUTPUT

150 abnormal reading

HM

400 normal speed

800 high speed

(b) State what would happen if line 2 had been missed out of the algorithm.
 Variable whole would not be defined,
 algorithm would fail/crash, etc.
A

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Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode) Program:

R
KU
A
TH
Result of Program:
ED
HM
A

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Example 2: The following example uses a Select Case construction to write a line corresponding to
the value of the variable number.

Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode) Program:

R
KU
A
TH
Result of Program
ED

More on: [Link]

HM

REPETITION

WORD/PHRASE DESCRIPTION
FOR….TO….NEXT Loop – (Unconditional) to repeat some task(s) a specific
number of times.
WHILE…DO…ENDWHILE Loop – (Conditional) to repeat some task(s) till a condition
remains TRUE
REPEAT…UNTIL Loop – (Conditional) to repeat some task(s) till a condition
A

remains FALSE

Loop: Repetition of task is called loop/iteration.

There are two basic types of loops:

 Unconditional Loop (FOR – TO – NEXT)
 Conditional Loop (WHILE – DO – ENDWHILE) and (REPEAT – UNTIL)

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Unconditional Loop: Unconditional loop repeats the tasks unconditionally the specified number of
times.

FOR … TO … NEXT

Syntax
FOR <identifier(variable> = <number> TO <number>

R
<statement>
<statement>
<statement>

KU
NEXT

Example:
Algorithm to output name 10 times. Algorithm to output numbers from 1- 10.
SET a to 0 SET a to 0
FOR a = 1 TO 10 FOR a = 1 TO 10

A
OUTPUT “Ahmed Thakur” OUTPUT a
NEXT NEXT
END END

Program
TH
ED
HM

Result
A

WHILE … DO … ENDWHILE
 It is a conditional loop.
 Loop continues till the condition remains TRUE.
 Condition is check first and the process comes next to it.

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Syntax
WHILE <condition> DO
<statement>
<statement>
<statement>

R
<identifier> = <identifier> + <number>
ENDWHILE

KU
Example:
Algorithm to output name 10 times. Algorithm to output numbers from 1- 10.
SET a to 0 SET a to 0
WHILE a < 10 DO WHILE a < 10 DO
a = a + 1 a = a + 1
Output “Ahmed Thakur” OUTPUT a

A
ENDWHILE ENDWHILE
END END

Program
TH
ED
HM

Result
A

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Example: June 2015, Paper 22 – Q2

Program code that inputs 30 positive numbers and then output the largest number input.

Algorithm (Corrected):
1 Large = 0
2 Counter = 0

R
3 WHILE Counter < 30
4 DO
5 INPUT Num

KU
6 IF Num > Large THEN Large = Num
7 Counter = Counter + 1
8 ENDWHILE
9 PRINT Large

Exercise:

A
June 2015, Paper 22 – Q2
June 2005 – Q13 (b)
November 2002 – Q13
November 2006 – Q9
TH
ED
HM
A

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

REPEAT… UNTIL
 It is a conditional loop.
 Loop continues till the condition remains FALSE.
 The process comes first, condition is checked next.

Syntax
REPEAT

R
<statement>
<statement>
<statement>

KU
<identifier> = <identifier> + <number>
UNTIL <condition>

Example:
Algorithm to output name 10 times. Algorithm to output numbers from 1- 10.
SET a to 0 SET a to 0

A
REPAT REPAT
a = a + 1 a = a + 1
Output “Ahmed Thakur” Output a
UNTIL a = 10 UNTIL a = 10
END
TH END

Program
ED
HM

Result
A

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

COUNTING
Counting in 1s is quite simple; use of the statement count = count + 1 will enable counting to
be done (e.g. in controlling a repeat loop). The statement literally means: the (new) count =
the (old) count + 1

It is possible to count in any increments just by altering the numerical value in the statement (e.g.
count = count – 1 counts backwards)

R
Example: Algorithm to count total number of positive and negative entries in 100 inputs.

KU
Algorithm:
SET num, pos, neg to 0
FOR a = 1 TO 100
INPUT num
IF num >= 0 THEN
pos = pos + 1

A
ELSE
neg = neg + 1
ENDIF
NEXT
OUPUT pos, neg
TH
END

Program in Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode)

Dim num, pos, neg As Integer
For a = 1 To 100
num = [Link]
If num >= 0 Then
ED

pos = pos + 1
Else
neg = neg + 1
End If
HM

Next
[Link](pos & ", " & neg)

[Link]()

Exercise: (Write down programs for all the given questions)

June 2014, Paper 32 – Q1 (i)
June 2013, Paper 12 – Q17
June 2012, Paper 12 – Q15
November 2011, Paper 13 – Q16
A

June 2011, Paper 12 – Q17

November 2010, Paper 13 – Q17 (b)
November 2010, Paper 12 – Q9
June 2009 – Q18
June 2005 – Q17
June 2003 – Q17
June 2002 – Q16

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

TOTALLING
To add up a series numbers the following type of statement should be used:
total = total + number
This literally means (new) total = (old) total + value of number

Example: June 2014, Paper 12 – Q5

The following algorithm should:

R
 input ten numbers
 output the largest number input
 output the average value of the input data

KU
Algorithm
10 largest = 0
20 sum = 0, num = 0
30 FOR x = 1 TO 10
40 INPUT num

A
50 IF num > largest THEN largest = num
60 OUTPUT largest
70 sum = sum + num
80 NEXT x
90 average = sum / 10
TH
100 output average

Program in Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode)

ED
HM
A

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

Result/Output

R
KU
A
Example 2: June 2011, Paper 12 – Q10
The following flowchart inputs ten temperatures and outputs the average (mean) temperature and
the number of temperatures which were negative (i.e. < 0).
TH
ED
HM
A

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

(a) Complete the trace table for this flowchart using the following test data:
5, 11, 16, -4, -10, 8, 10, -3, 17, 10

R
KU
A
TH
Solution:
ED
HM
A

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Program in Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode)

R
KU
A
TH
Result/Output
ED
HM
A

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

(b) What values are output from the flowchart using the above test data?

Solution: 6, 3

Exercise:
June 2011, Paper 11 – Q5
November 2011, Paper 11 – Q7

R
November 2013, Paper 12 – Q5
June 2015, Paper 21 – Q3
November 2013, Paper 32 – Q1(f)

KU
June 2002 – Q16
November 2004 – Q19

 use predefined procedures/functions

Procedure: In computer programming, a procedure is an independent code module that fulfills

A
some concrete task and is referenced within a larger body of source code. This kind of code item
can also be called a function or a sub-routine. The fundamental role of a procedure is to offer a
single point of reference for some small goal or task that the developer or programmer can trigger
by invoking the procedure itself.
TH
A procedure may also be referred to as a function, subroutine, routine, method or subprogram.

Function: a function is a type of procedure or routine. Some programming languages make a

distinction between:
 a function – which returns a value, and
 a procedure – which performs some operation but does not return a value.

Most programming languages come with a prewritten set of functions that are kept in a library.
ED

The purpose of a function is to take in a number of values or arguments, do some calculations with
those arguments and then return a single result.

Sub-routine: In computer programming, a subroutine is a sequence of program instructions that

HM

perform a specific task, packaged as a unit. This unit can then be used in programs wherever that
particular task should be performed. Subprograms may be defined within programs, or separately
in libraries that can be used by multiple programs. In different programming languages, a subroutine
may be called a procedure, a function, a routine, a method, or a subprogram.

Common Functions to be studied

LEN Returns the length of a string
SPACE
LEFT Returtns n number of characters from
left
A

RIGHT Returtns n number of characters from

right
MID Returns n number of characters from
a n character in a string
CHR
FORMAT
LCASE
UCASE
LTRIM
RTRIM

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String Functions in [Link]

FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
Returns an Integer value representing the character code corresponding to a
Asc, AscW
character.

R
Chr, ChrW Returns the character associated with the specified character code.
Returns a zero-based array containing a subset of a String array based on
Filter
specified filter criteria.

KU
Returns a string formatted according to instructions contained in a
Format
format String expression.
Returns an expression formatted as a currency value using the currency
FormatCurrency
symbol defined in the system control panel.
FormatDateTime Returns a string expression representing a date/time value.

A
FormatNumber Returns an expression formatted as a number.
Returns an expression formatted as a percentage (that is, multiplied by 100)
FormatPercent
with a trailing % character.
Returns an integer specifying the start position of the first occurrence of one
InStr
string within another.
TH
Returns the position of the first occurrence of one string within another, starting
InStrRev
from the right side of the string.
Returns a string created by joining a number of substrings contained in an
Join
array.
LCase Returns a string or character converted to lowercase.
Returns a string containing a specified number of characters from the left side
Left
of a string.
ED

Len Returns an integer that contains the number of characters in a string.

Returns a left-aligned string containing the specified string adjusted to the
LSet
specified length.
Returns a string containing a copy of a specified string with no leading
LTrim
spaces.
HM

Mid Returns a string containing a specified number of characters from a string.

Returns a string in which a specified substring has been replaced with another
Replace
substring a specified number of times.
Returns a string containing a specified number of characters from the right
Right
side of a string.
Returns a right-aligned string containing the specified string adjusted to the
RSet
specified length.
RTrim Returns a string containing a copy of a specified string with no trailing spaces.
A

Space Returns a string consisting of the specified number of spaces.

Returns a zero-based, one-dimensional array containing a specified number
Split
of substrings.
StrComp Returns -1, 0, or 1, based on the result of a string comparison.

StrConv Returns a string converted as specified.

Returns a string or object consisting of the specified character repeated the
StrDup
specified number of times.

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StrReverse Returns a string in which the character order of a specified string is reversed.
Returns a string containing a copy of a specified string with no leading or
Trim
trailing spaces.
Returns a string or character containing the specified string converted to
UCase
uppercase.

Example

R
This example uses the UCase function to return an uppercase version of a string.

VB

KU
' String to convert.
Dim LowerCase As String = "Hello World 1234"
' Returns "HELLO WORLD 1234".
Dim UpperCase As String = UCase(LowerCase)

A
Example
This example uses the LTrim function to strip leading spaces and the RTrim function to strip trailing
spaces from a string variable. It uses the Trimfunction to strip both types of spaces.

VB
' Initializes string.
TH
Dim TestString As String = " <-Trim-> "
Dim TrimString As String
' Returns "<-Trim-> ".
TrimString = LTrim(TestString)
' Returns " <-Trim->".
TrimString = RTrim(TestString)
' Returns "<-Trim->".
ED

TrimString = LTrim(RTrim(TestString))
' Using the Trim function alone achieves the same result.
' Returns "<-Trim->".
TrimString = Trim(TestString)
HM

Example
This example uses the Mid function to return a specified number of characters from a string.

VB
' Creates text string.
Dim TestString As String = "Mid Function Demo"
' Returns "Mid".
Dim FirstWord As String = Mid(TestString, 1, 3)
' Returns "Demo".
A

Dim LastWord As String = Mid(TestString, 14, 4)

' Returns "Function Demo".
Dim MidWords As String = Mid(TestString, 5)

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Example
This example uses Len to return the number of characters in a string.

VB
' Initializes variable.
Dim TestString As String = "Hello World"
' Returns 11.

R
Dim TestLen As Integer = Len(TestString)

KU
Example
This example uses the InStr function to return the position of the first occurrence of one string within
another.

VB
' String to search in.

A
Dim SearchString As String = "XXpXXpXXPXXP"
' Search for "P".
Dim SearchChar As String = "P"

Dim TestPos As Integer

TH
' A textual comparison starting at position 4. Returns 6.
TestPos = InStr(4, SearchString, SearchChar, [Link])

' A binary comparison starting at position 1. Returns 9.

TestPos = InStr(1, SearchString, SearchChar,
[Link])
ED

' If Option Compare is not set, or set to Binary, return 9.

' If Option Compare is set to Text, returns 3.
TestPos = InStr(SearchString, SearchChar)

' Returns 0.
HM

TestPos = InStr(1, SearchString, "W")

Example
This example shows various uses of the Format function to format values using both String formats
and user-defined formats. For the date separator (/), time separator (:), and the AM/PM indicators
(t and tt), the actual formatted output displayed by your system depends on the locale settings the
code is using. When times and dates are displayed in the development environment, the short time
format and short date format of the code locale are used.
A

Note: For locales that use a 24-hour clock, the AM/PM indicators (t and tt) display nothing.

VB
Dim TestDateTime As Date = #1/27/2001 [Link] PM#
Dim TestStr As String
' Returns current system time in the system-defined long time
format.
TestStr = Format(Now(), "Long Time")

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2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

' Returns current system date in the system-defined long date

format.
TestStr = Format(Now(), "Long Date")
' Also returns current system date in the system-defined long
date
' format, using the single letter code for the format.
TestStr = Format(Now(), "D")

R
' Returns the value of TestDateTime in user-defined date/time

KU
formats.
' Returns "[Link]".
TestStr = Format(TestDateTime, "h:m:s")
' Returns "[Link] PM".
TestStr = Format(TestDateTime, "hh:mm:ss tt")
' Returns "Saturday, Jan 27 2001".

A
TestStr = Format(TestDateTime, "dddd, MMM d yyyy")
' Returns "[Link]".
TestStr = Format(TestDateTime, "HH:mm:ss")
' Returns "23".
TestStr = Format(23)
TH
' User-defined numeric formats.
' Returns "5,459.40".
TestStr = Format(5459.4, "##,##0.00")
' Returns "334.90".
TestStr = Format(334.9, "###0.00")
' Returns "500.00%".
ED

TestStr = Format(5, "0.00%")

Link: [Link]

The Type Conversion Functions in [Link]

[Link] provides the following in-line type conversion functions:
HM

S.N FUNCTIONS DESCRIPTION

1 CBool(expression) Converts the expression to Boolean data type.

2 CByte(expression) Converts the expression to Byte data type.

3 CChar(expression) Converts the expression to Char data type.

4 CDate(expression) Converts the expression to Date data type

A

5 CDbl(expression) Converts the expression to Double data type.

6 CDec(expression) Converts the expression to Decimal data type.

7 CInt(expression) Converts the expression to Integer data type.

8 CLng(expression) Converts the expression to Long data type.

9 CObj(expression) Converts the expression to Object type.

10 CSByte(expression) Converts the expression to SByte data type.

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11 CShort(expression) Converts the expression to Short data type.

12 CSng(expression) Converts the expression to Single data type.

13 CStr(expression) Converts the expression to String data type.

14 CUInt(expression) Converts the expression to UInt data type.

R
15 CULng(expression) Converts the expression to ULng data type.

16 CUShort(expression) Converts the expression to UShort data type.

KU
USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Programming extends the limits to create any user-defined function if it is not present in the built-in
library.

A
Example: Program to create function to produce square and cube of an input value.
Module Module1

Sub Main()
Dim num, sqr, cub As Integer
TH
num = [Link]
sqr = square(num)
cub = cube(num)
[Link]("Square : " & sqr)
[Link]("Cube : " & cub)
[Link]()
End Sub
ED

Function square(ByVal num1 As Integer) As Integer

Dim x As Integer
square = num1 * num1
End Function
HM

Function cube(ByVal num1 As Integer) As Integer

Dim x As Integer
cube = num1 * num1 * num1
End Function

End Module

Result/Output
A

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 2.2 PROGRAMMING AHMED THAKUR

2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

 Programming in Visual Basic 2010 (Console Mode)

The environment

R
KU
A
TH
Starting New Project (Program)
ED
HM
A

Select Console Application, name the application and click OK.

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Program Editor

R
KU
A
TH
For writing programs in any programming language we need to understand only four basic
concepts:
1. Using variables (Declaration/Initialization)
2. Input and output structures.
ED

3. Selection
4. Loops

Since Visual Basic 2010 is a high level language, therefore programming in it is as easy as writing
pseudocodes.
HM

Any pseudocode can be simply converted into a Visual Basic Program if we simply replace the
pseudocode words with the VB commands.

PSEUDOCODE COMMAND
SET DIM
INPUT/READ [Link]()
OUTPUT/PRINT [Link]
A

IF-ELSE-ENDIF
FOR-TO-NEXT
WHILE-DO-ENDWHILE WHILE – END WHILE
REPEAT – UNTIL DO – LOOP UNTIL

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 2.2 PROGRAMMING AHMED THAKUR

2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

VARIABLE Declaration
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim num As Integer
Dim name As String
Dim email As String
Dim phone As String

R
Dim dateofbirth As Date
Dim percentage As Single

KU
num = 2
name = “Ahmed Thakur”
email = “ahmed_thakur@[Link]”
phone = “0300-8268885”
End Sub

A
End Module

INPUT
Module Module1
Sub Main()
TH
Dim num As Integer
Dim name As String
Dim dateofbirth As Date
Dim percentage As Single

num = [Link]()
name = [Link]()
ED

dateofbirth = [Link]()
percentage = [Link]()

End Sub
HM

End Module

OUTPUT
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim num As Integer
Dim name As String
Dim dateofbirth As Date
Dim percentage As Single
A

num = [Link]()
name = [Link]()
dateofbirth = [Link]()
percentage = [Link]()

[Link](num)
[Link](name)
[Link](dateofbirth)

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 2.2 PROGRAMMING AHMED THAKUR

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[Link](percentage)

End Sub
End Module

SELECTION: (IF – THEN – ELSE – ENDIF)

R
Module Module1

Sub Main()

KU
Dim num As Integer
[Link]("Enter a number")
num = [Link]()

If num >= 0 Then

[Link]("Positive number")

A
Else
[Link]("Negative number")
End If

[Link]()
End Sub
TH
End Module
ED
HM
A

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 2.2 PROGRAMMING AHMED THAKUR

2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

SELECTION: (IF – THEN – ELSEIF – ELSE – ENDIF)

Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim eng, comp, isl, math, phy, chem, tot, per As Integer
Dim gr As String

[Link]("Enter marks of English.....: ")

R
eng = [Link]()

KU
[Link]("Enter marks of Computer....: ")
comp = [Link]()

[Link]("Enter marks of Islamiat....: ")

isl = [Link]()

A
[Link]("Enter marks of Physics.....: ")
phy = [Link]()

[Link]("Enter marks of Chemistry...: ")

chem = [Link]()
TH
tot = eng + comp + isl + math + phy + chem
per = (tot / 375) * 100

If per >= 90 Then

gr = "A+"
ED

ElseIf per >= 80 And per < 90 Then

gr = "A"
ElseIf per >= 70 And per < 80 Then
gr = "B"
ElseIf per >= 60 And per < 70 Then
HM

gr = "C"
ElseIf per >= 50 And per < 60 Then
gr = "D"
Else
gr = "U"
End If

[Link]("Total Marks......: " & tot)

[Link]("Total Marks......: " & per)
A

[Link]("Total Marks......: " & gr)

[Link]()
End Sub
End Module

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 2.2 PROGRAMMING AHMED THAKUR

2.2.1 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

LOOP: (FOR – TO – NEXT) Program to output “Ahmed Thakur” 10 times.

Module Module1

Sub Main()
For count = 1 To 10
[Link]("Ahmed Thakur")
Next

R
[Link]()

KU
End Sub

End Module

LOOP: (WHILE – ENDWHILE) Program to output “Ahmed Thakur” 10 times.

Module Module1

A
Sub Main()
Dim count As Integer
While count < 10
TH
[Link]("Ahmed Thakur")
count = count + 1
End While

[Link]()
End Sub
ED

End Module

LOOP: (REPEAT - UNTIL) Program to output “Ahmed Thakur” 10 times.

Module Module1
HM

Sub Main()
Dim count As Integer
Do
[Link]("Ahmed Thakur")
count = count + 1
Loop Until count = 10

[Link]()
End Sub
A

End Module

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