BASICS

Pelvic- lower Thoracic- chest

trunk

Midline
(divides the body into halves)
Medial -toward
Standard Anatomical Position Lateral - away
- standing upright, head facing Appendicular region only.
forward, arms at sides, palms (arms and legs)
facing forward, thumbs pointed Proximal - is closer to the connection to the
outward, feet flat, toes pointing body
forward. Distal- is farther from the connection to the
Body.

Brachial arm Carpal. wrist

Cubital elbow Femoral thigh.

Palmar palms Patella knee.

of the
hands.

Plantar soles of Tarsal ankle.

the feet.

Superficial - closer to the surface.

Deep - farther from the surface.
Supine - anterior surface facing up.
Prone - anterior surface facing down.

Anterior or ventral- Front

Posterior or dorsal- Backside

Axial region only Regions in the abdomen

(the head, neck, and trunk.)
Superior -is closer to the top of the head right left
Inferior -is farther away to the top of the
head hypocho epigastric hypochon
ndrium drium

Abdominal- belly Axillary -armpit. lumbar unbiblical lumbar

Cervical- neck Cranial or iliac hypogastrium iliac

Umbilical- navel cephalic
head
Cavities
Facial- face Inguinal- groin (a fluid-like space that protects organs)
Dorsal cavity. Abdominopelvic cavity
● Cranial cavity- inside the skull Abdominal cavity
● Vertebral cavity- spinal cord - largest hollow space of the body
Thoracic cavity (Digestive tract, liver, pancreas, spleen,
2 pleural cavities- lungs, respiration kidneys, adrenal glances)
3 lobes- right Pelvic cavity
2 lobes- left - a funnel-shaped space surrounded
by pelvic bones- for locomotion and
Pleural membrane- is a Serous membrane support abdominal organs (urinary
bladder, rectum, and pelvic genitals,
public bone)

(prevent interval organs from being rubbed

raw)
layers
1. serous fluid
2. parietal layer.

Pericardial cavity
- heart (pumps blood-supply oxygen
Peritoneal membranes
and nutrients to the brain)
- abdominopelvic organs.
Pericardial membranes
retroperitoneal space- posterior to the
- percardial fluid, parietal paricardium
peritoneal membranes.

Mesenteries
- sections of the peritoneum that
neatly arranges blood vessels and
nerves to organs.

Homeostasis
Mediastinum- contain the heart, great (similar-stable; maintenance of many
vessels, trachea- area that separates the constant circumstances)
lungs
Negative feedback
- reverses the direction of movement
from homeostasis.
- minimize change output
 b. Immunodeficiency
Positive feedback - unable to defend the body
- Increase the movement away from c Autoimmune
homeostasis - unable to distinguish self and
- Makes the action faster cccnonself cells.

4. Genetic disorder- mutation of the genetic

code; abnormal chromosomes, chromosomal
structure.

5. Mental disorder
- condition of the mind associated with
behavior or psychological well-being.
- Various etiologies.

6. Trauma or injury
- wound/shock produced by an injury.

Predisposing factors
- risk factors that can affect health.

Ones that cannot be controlled:

● Age
Elderly:
- less efficient organ system
Disease - general reduction in function.
Any harmful deviation from the normal - There is an inability of certain
structural or functional state of an organism. organs such as the brain and
heart to regenerate.
Pain- defense mechanism -prevents further women live longer than men.
injury.
Children
Pain Scale - babies = have partially
Classification of Disease developed immune systems.
Congenital disorders- present at birth.
1. Infectious diseases-pathogens (organism
that causes the disease to the host)

2. Cancer- Uncontrollable cell growth

(proliferation.) - Mostly caused by mutations.
Angiogenesis-development of new blood Genetic disorders- inherited genes
vessels. Developmental disorders- child is
developing in the womb, at birth, or after
3. Immune disorders birth; may interrupt normal development.
[Link] ● Gender
- overreaction-allergen - due to anatomival diffrences.
Anaphylaxis- tightening of the airway. ● Heredity
 - combination of the genetic codes
objective subjective
from both parents.
- There are genetic links to certain Can be Cannot be
diseases and pathological measured measured
conditions—predisposition.

2. History and physical exam

3. Diagnosis test/ laboratory screening.
4. Differential diagnosis
Ones that can be controlled: - list of possible diseases
● Lifestyle. present.
5. Treatment Plan:
● Environment ● Palliative treatment
Polluted air/water. - no cure- comfortability
Chronic stress. ● Curative treatment- to cure
Loud noise. ● Therapeutic treatment
Poor and unsanitary living conditions - to normal function.
Contaminated food. ● Preventive treatment- steps can be
taken to prevent the disease from
Incidence of disease happening.
- rate and range of occurrence.
Prevalence of disease Epidemiology
- how widespread (How does disease affect overall health)
Trends:
- direction of pharmaceutical research.
- direction of treatment by health care
Inflammation professionals.
(normal immune response)
Surface anatomy
- study of external features, such as
Redness rubor bony projections that serve as
landmarks to locate deeper
Heat calor
structures
Pain dolor

Swelling tumor

Function fuctiolesa

Mediators
- chemicals released by damaged
tissue that dilates blood vessels.

Diagnosis
- interpretation of data collected.
1. Routine screening/ from a patient’s

Signs Symptoms
 2 carbohydrate atoms = per oxygen atoms
Source of nutrient energy - body cells

LEVELS OF Monosaccharide Disaccharides

s (simple sugars) (2 monosaccharides)

ORGANIZATION Glucose Maltose

Fructose Sucrose

OF THE HUMAN Galactose Lactose

BODY
Polysaccharides (many)
Glycogen - animal
Starch - plant
chemical → organelles → cells → tissues
→ Lipids
organs → systems → organism. - energy-storage molecules and
chemical messengers.
Chemical Level carbon (backbone)
Proton (+) Hydrogen
Electron (-) Oxygen
Neutron (neutral)
Atomic number = number of protons Most abundant in the body
Atomic mass = protons + neutrons Fats
Isotopes -missing atoms- additional Phospholipids
Covalent bond - share electrons Steroids
Ionic bond - gives and receive electrons
Proteins
Functions of water in the body Amino acids
- lubricant - 20 different types (essential and
- chemical reaction nonessential)
- transportation - polypeptide chain (long)
- temperature

Acids (donors)- hydrogen ion to another

substance.
Bases- receiver of hydrogen atom
Organic molecules

Carbohydrates
 Nucleotide Triplets Pentose
s sugars

pentose nucleotides Deoxyribos Attach ATP → reshape → to inside

sugar sequence e (Endocytosis) or to outside (Exocytosis)
phosphate genetic Ribose
nitrogen code Secondary Active Transport - the
base movement of the sodium ions down their
gradient is coupled to the uphill transport
Metabolism of other substances by a shared carrier
- total chemical reactions protein.
Speed- concentration ↑ reaction
- cellular respiration (set of Osmosis -diffusion of water
metabolic reactions and processes) Osmatic pressure (force)

ATP (adosone diphosphate) - currentcy Leak channels (aways open)

ENERGY + ADP + P → ATP Gated channels (limit)
Secretory vesicles
Passive membrane transport
Active membrane transport DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
- genetic material
Diffusion -needed to apply cell replication/ division
- high concentration → low -and protein synthesis or gene expression
concentration 1. Transcription
- in the nucleus
DNA → mRNA → exit through nuclear
pores

DNA RNA

T A

A U
Sodium-potassium pump ( force)
3Na+ transport C G
2K+ into the cell
G C

2. Translation
RNA (Amino acids) → cytoplasm →
ribosome-mRNA → formation of ● Mitochondria (thread-granule)
polypeptide chain. Produces ATP by aerobic metabolism
Constantly pumping proton → protein
Cell Structure motion (force) → ATP synthetic → ETC (in
● Cell Nucleus critae)→ ATP
- Nucleoli (ribosomal RNA - outer - intermembrane - inner
(rRNA) synthesis and space
ribosome biogenesis)
23 pairs of chromosomes ● Cytoskeleton
- Tracks
- allows organelles to
migrate
- enables the cell to change
shape
- hold organelles in place
- consist of protein
structure to support the
cell
● Cell membrane
- is a double
1. Microtubules- tubulin - to form
membrane-helix
flagella (sperm cell) and
cilia (hair-like organelles)
● Smooth ER
2. Microfilament- actin
- no attached ribosome
3. Intermediate filaments-different
(organelles where proteins
proteins)
are produced)

● Cytokinesis
● Rough ER
- for movement
- translator
● Centrioles
- protein synthesis
- where microtubule
formation occurs.
● Lysosomes
● Microvilli
- Soldier
- specialized extension of
- destroys waste products of
the cell
the cell.

The cell is:

● Peroxisomes (hydrogen
Water = 70%
peroxide-body)
Protein = 10-20%
- gym trainer- destroys fatty
acid
- breakdown hydrogen
- form phospholipid
 Cell cycle

Differentiation - the process in which a

cell changes from one cell type to another
Apoptosis - cell death (suicide)

Aging
- Existence of a cellular clock
- Presence of death genes
- DNA
- damage
- Formation of free radicals
- Mitochondrial damage

Tumors
abnormal mass of tissue growth and
division
Malignant tumors - grow into or spread
to other parts of the brain or to the spinal
cord-metastasis (spread process)