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Paper 32

The document discusses the reproductive cycle of pigs, including the role of pheromones in triggering a female's response, details of copulation, and factors involved in pregnancy establishment and maintenance. It also notes archeological evidence that medieval European pigs farrowed once per year while by the 19th century they routinely farrowed twice per year, though the timing of this shift is unclear.

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43 views1 page

Paper 32

The document discusses the reproductive cycle of pigs, including the role of pheromones in triggering a female's response, details of copulation, and factors involved in pregnancy establishment and maintenance. It also notes archeological evidence that medieval European pigs farrowed once per year while by the 19th century they routinely farrowed twice per year, though the timing of this shift is unclear.

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sexually mature boar.

Androstenol is one of the pheromones produced in the


submaxillary salivary glands of boars that will trigger the female's response.[50]
The female cervix contains a series of five interdigitating pads, or folds, that
will hold the boar's corkscrew-shaped penis during copulation.[51] Females have
bicornuate uteruses and two conceptuses must be present in both uterine horns for
pregnancy to be established.[52] Maternal recognition of pregnancy in pigs occurs
on days 11 to 12 of pregnancy and is marked by progesterone production from a
functioning corpus luteum (CL).[53] To avoid luteolysis by PGF2α, rescuing of the
CL must occur via embryonic signaling of estradiol 17β and PGE2.[54] This signaling
acts on both the endometrium and luteal tissue to prevent the regression of the CL
by activation of genes that are responsible for CL maintenance.[55] During mid to
late pregnancy, the CL relies primarily on luteinizing hormone (LH) for maintenance
until parturition.[54] Animal nutrition is important prior to reproduction and
during gestation to ensure optimum reproductive performance is achieved.[56]

Archeological evidence indicates that medieval European pigs farrowed, or bore a


litter of piglets, once per year.[57] By the nineteenth century, European piglets
routinely double-farrowed, or bore two litters of piglets per year. It is unclear
when this shift occurred.[58]

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