1.

CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete

Div 03
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting

CONCRETE
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.01 LIME
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF One of the oldest manufactured building materials used

CEMENT as a mortar and plaster by all the early civilizations:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Egyptians used lime plaster before 2600 B.C.
3.02 Qualities • Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters
of Good
Concrete • Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and volcanic
3.03 Materials of
Concrete ash for the first real cement.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Manufactured by the
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
calcination of limestone
3.10 Admixtures (carbonates of calcium
3.11 Forms
and magnesium).
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.01 LIME
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF The carbonates decompose

CEMENT into carbon dioxide, which is
3. CONCRETE expelled, and calcium oxide
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
(CaO) called quicklime.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Before quicklime can be used,
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning it must first be mixed with
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting water in the process called
and Placing slaking or hydration. Quicklime
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
The lime has now become
CONCRETE calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2),
4.01 Types of known as slaked lime or
Processed
Concrete hydrated lime.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.01 LIME
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty, is used
CEMENT as an ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat
3. CONCRETE Portland cement plasters. It is also used for mixing with
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
cement mortar or concrete to:
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • increase its workability
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
• decrease its permeability
3.05 Proportioning to water
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • reduce cracking due to
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms A type of lime which will
4. PROCESSED set under water is
CONCRETE hydraulic lime, used only
4.01 Types of
Processed
where slow underwater
Concrete setting is required.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.02 GYPSUM
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Gypsum, like lime, was used

CEMENT as a plaster by the Egyptians,
3. CONCRETE Greeks and Romans.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities “Plaster” from the Greek word
of Good
Concrete for both the raw material and
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
calcined product. In
3.04 Slump Test architectural terminology the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing words “Plaster” and “gypsum”
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
are often used
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
interchangeably.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated (calcined) to between
4. PROCESSED 325 F. to 340 F. when it loses about three-fourths of its
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of combined water.
Processed
Concrete The remaining product is Plaster of Paris if pure gypsum is used,
4.02 Aggregates for or hard wall plaster if 39.5 % impurities are present or added to
Light-weight
Conc. retard the set and improve the setting qualities. Hard wall plaster
is harder than lime plaster, sets more quickly and thoroughly.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.02 GYPSUM
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Gypsum plaster is rendered more

CEMENT plastic by the addition of
3. CONCRETE hydrated lime.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities Fiber or hair is also sometimes
of Good
Concrete added for greater cohesiveness.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
The fiber may be hemp, sisal or
3.04 Slump Test jute; the hair is generally cleaned
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing goat or cattle hair.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.03 CEMENT
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with

CEMENT pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened under water.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement-making
3.02 Qualities was lost and for several centuries.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman,
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
rediscovered hydraulic cement but it
3.06 Mixing was not until 1824 that Aspdin, an
3.07 Transporting
and Placing English bricklayer and mason,
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing invented and patented Portland
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
cement.
4. PROCESSED Today, the word “cement” generally
CONCRETE refers to Portland cement which is the
4.01 Types of
Processed principal type of cement in use.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.03 CEMENT
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Portland cement is obtained

CEMENT by finely pulverizing clinker
3. CONCRETE produced by calcining a
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
proportioned mixture of
of Good argillaceous (silica, alumina)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of and calcareous (lime)
Concrete materials with iron oxide and
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning small amounts of other
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting ingredients.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Types of Portland cement:
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
• slow-setting cement
• quick-setting high early
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
strength cement
4.01 Types of • sulfate-resisting cement for
Processed
Concrete
applications where alkaline
4.02 Aggregates for water and soils occur
Light-weight • white cement (or stainless
Conc.
cement which is free of iron
impurities). Portland cement is sold in bags
of 40 kilos total weight.
1. CEMENTING 2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum Cement should be protected at
1.03 Cement
the building site from injury
2. STORAGE OF through contact with dampness.
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
They should be stored in shed
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities with a wood floor raised about
of Good
Concrete
300mm (12”) from the ground.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Cement is soft and silky to the touch. If it has lumps do not readily
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting break, the cement has already absorbed a damaging amount of
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage moisture.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Cement should be used as soon as possible after delivery.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Piles should be limited to twelve sacks in height.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Warehouse set - when the cement is stored in high piles for long
Light-weight periods, there is a tendency for the lower layers to harden caused by
Conc. the pressure above.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.01 DEFINITION
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Concrete is:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
• a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into
of Good predetermined size or shape
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
• upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness
3.04 Slump Test and durability. The hardening of concrete is called setting.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage 6mm (¼“) is known as mortar, stucco or cement plaster.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures • when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large
3.11 Forms
aggregate of more than 6mm (¼”) in size produces
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
concrete.
4.01 Types of
Processed
• when strengthened by embedded steel, is called reinforced
Concrete concrete.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight • when without reinforcement, is called plain or mass
Conc.
concrete.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.02 QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Concrete should be:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Strong
3.01 Definition • Durable
3.02 Qualities • of uniform quality, and
of Good
Concrete • thoroughly sound.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing These are obtained through:
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
• careful selection of materials
3.09 Curing • correct proportioning
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • thorough mixing
4. PROCESSED
• careful transporting and placing
CONCRETE • proper curing or protection of the concrete after it is
4.01 Types of placed
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. Cement
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE • in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-

3.01 Definition grade Portland cement conforming to the “Standard
3.02 Qualities
of Good Specifications and Test for Portland Cement” of the
Concrete American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM).
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • The kind of tests usually made are:
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting  soundness, or constancy of volume
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
 time of setting
3.09 Curing  fineness
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms  tensile strength
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately
Processed 1 cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates are:

CEMENT
inert mineral fillers used with cement and water in making
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
concrete, should be particles that are durable strong,
3.02 Qualities clean, hard and uncoated, and which are free from
of Good
Concrete injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles,
3.03 Materials of shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test substances.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • Fine aggregates (aggregates
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage smaller than 6mm (¼”) in
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures size) consist of sand, stone
3.11 Forms screenings or other inert
4. PROCESSED materials of similar
CONCRETE characteristics.
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass
4.02 Aggregates for a No. 4 wire cloth sieve and
Light-weight
Conc. not more than 30% nor less
than 10% shall pass a No. 50
sieve.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE • Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than ¼” in size)

3.01 Definition consists of crushed stones, gravel or other inert
3.02 Qualities
of Good materials of similar characteristics.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
Coarse aggregates should be well graded in size to a size
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
which will readily pass between all reinforcing bars and
4.01 Types of between reinforcement and forms but not exceed 25mm
Processed (1”) in size for reinforced beams, floor slabs, & thin walls.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight They may range up to 50mm (2”) for less highly reinforced
Conc. parts of the structures such as footings, thick walls, and
massive work.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE • Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace slag,

3.01 Definition expanded shale or clay, perlite, vermiculite, and
3.02 Qualities
of Good sawdust, may produce:
Concrete
3.03 Materials of - lightweight, nailable concrete
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test - thermal insulating concrete.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Water
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
- should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable matter,
3.01 Definition or other deleterious substances
3.02 Qualities
of Good - should be reasonably clear and clean.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete - The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing - Water combines with the cement to form a paste
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
which coats and surrounds the inert particles of
3.08 Shrinkage aggregates.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass together.
4. PROCESSED - The strength of the mixture therefore depends directly
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of upon the strength of the paste. If there be an excess of
Processed water the paste becomes thin and weak and its holding
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for power is reduced.
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Water
CEMENT
- The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
per bag of cement.
3.02 Qualities
of Good - This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5 gallons
Concrete
3.03 Materials of as average for ordinary job conditions. The less water
Concrete used in mixing, the better the quality of concrete.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing - The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the
3.10 Admixtures ingredients result.
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE WATER – CEMENT RATIO
4.01 Types of
Processed Assumed 28-day Maximum water-cement ratio Pounds of water per
Concrete Compressive strength U.S. gallons of water per sack 100 lbs. of cement
4.02 Aggregates for (lbs. per sq. inch) Cement of 94 lbs.
Light-weight
Conc.
2,000 7.00 62.0
2,500 6.50 57.5
3,000 5.75 51.0
3,750 5.00 44.5
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.04 SLUMP TEST
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF - used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.

CEMENT - Consistency may be defined as the “state of fluidity of the
3. CONCRETE mix”, and it includes the entire range of fluidity from the
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
wettest to the dries possible mixtures.
of Good
Concrete In this test the tendency of a mix to “slump”, or reduce its
3.03 Materials of
Concrete height due to gravity action, is measured. The apparatus
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
consist of metal cone, the bottom opening being 200mm (8”)
3.06 Mixing in diameter, the top opening being 100mm (4”), and the height
3.07 Transporting
and Placing exactly 300mm (12”).
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.04 SLUMP TEST
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF In making the test, the slump tester is

CEMENT placed on a flat, smooth surface and is
3. CONCRETE filled with newly mixed concrete from
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
mixer. In filling the mold with concrete,
of Good the latter is tamped in with a 12mm (½”)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of rod pointed at one end and the top of the
Concrete concrete is smoothed off exactly level.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning The mold is then slowly raised vertically
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting and the height deducted from the
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
original height of 300mm (12”)
3.09 Curing represents the slump.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
No
CONCRETE SLUMP slump
4.01 Types of Collapsed
Processed slump
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.

Bucket TOO WET SUITABLE TOO DRY

1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.04 SLUMP TEST
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, pavements, or mass

CEMENT concrete where the lowest possible water-cement ratio is
3. CONCRETE desirable.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities The following table gives the permissible slump for various
of Good
Concrete types of concrete in relation to their uses:
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
CONSISTENCY (SLUMP)
3.07 Transporting Maximum Minimum
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Reinforced foundation walls and footings 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”)
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED Plain footings, caissons, and substructure 100mm (4”) 25mm (1”)
CONCRETE walls
4.01 Types of
Processed Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & 150mm (6”) 75mm (3”)
Concrete building columns
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
Conc.
Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are as

CEMENT follows:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition a. Use good quality materials: Portland cement, water, and
3.02 Qualities
of Good aggregate.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
b. Determine the strength of the concrete using the water-
3.04 Slump Test cement ratio. (The strength increases as the water-
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing cement ratio decreases).
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage c. Determine the consistency of the mix using the slump
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures test using as dry a mix as practicable.
3.11 Forms
d. Add correct proportions of aggregates to the cement
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE and water as will give a mix of the desired consistency.
4.01 Types of
Processed e. Make a mix that’s workable, not harsh.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon the

CEMENT water-cement ratio.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition The economy of the mix depends upon the proper
3.02 Qualities proportioning of the fine and coarse aggregates.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of There are several methods of proportioning concrete:
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
3.07 Transporting
and Placing c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness modulus
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Proportioning concrete by the arbitrary selection of the
4. PROCESSED proportions is the oldest, the most commonly used, the most
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
convenient and the least scientific method.
Processed
Concrete In this method, the aggregates are measured by loose volume,
4.02 Aggregates for that is, its volume as it is thrown into a measuring box. One
Light-weight
Conc. sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft. Enough water is used to
give the desired consistency.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions

CEMENT 1 foot
Proportioning concrete by
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
the arbitrary selection of
3.02 Qualities the proportions is the
of Good
Concrete oldest, the most
3.03 Materials of commonly used, the most
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test convenient and the least
3.05 Proportioning
scientific method.

1 foot
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
In this method, the
3.09 Curing aggregates are measured
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms by loose volume, that is, its 1 foot

4. PROCESSED
volume as it is thrown into
CONCRETE a measuring box.
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
Enough water is used to give the desired consistency.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of

CEMENT cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
3.02 Qualities
of Good Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls
Concrete
3.03 Materials of For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,
Concrete Class “A” 1: 2 :4
3.04 Slump Test
stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings, steps,
3.07 Transporting reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage Class “C” 1: 3 :6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical
3.09 Curing concrete structures.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms For mass concrete works.
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE The proportion is to be read:
4.01 Types of
Processed Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Each ‘part’ is equivalent to one cubic foot which is the measure of
Light-weight the box constructed to be 1 foot (12 inches) on each of the three
Conc.
sides.
Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately one cubic foot.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test

CEMENT
There are two steps to be observed:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
- Select the amount of water to be added to the cement
of Good to give the desired strength (see Table)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
- Add just enough mixed aggregate to the water and
3.04 Slump Test cement to give a concrete mix the desired consistency.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting It is customary to specify
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage - the cement in sacks
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures - the water in gallons per sack of cement and
3.11 Forms
- the mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack of cement.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to coarse
4.01 Types of
Processed
aggregate may be given if desired.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness modulus

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
This method is the same as the second except that the
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities proportions of the fine and coarse aggregate are
of Good determined by the fineness modulus method.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete For economy, proportion the fine coarse aggregates so that
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
the largest quantity of mixed aggregate may be used with a
3.06 Mixing given amount of cement and water to produce a mix of the
3.07 Transporting
and Placing desired consistency of slump.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Comparatively, the coarse aggregate has a lesser total
3.11 Forms surface to be covered with cement paste and, therefore, is
4. PROCESSED more economical.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of However, there must be enough fine aggregate present to fill
Processed
Concrete
the voids in the coarse aggregate, or extra cement paste will
4.02 Aggregates for be needed for this purpose. A well-graded aggregate
Light-weight
Conc.
contains all sizes of fine and coarse particles in such
proportions that the voids in the combined aggregate will be
a minimum.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by machine

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Machine-mixed concrete is usually or more uniform
3.01 Definition quality than that mixed by hand and is generally less
3.02 Qualities expensive when in large volume.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • The strength of concrete is very largely dependent upon
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
the thoroughness of mixing.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. MACHINE MIXING

CEMENT
In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
continue not less than one minute after all the materials
3.02 Qualities are in the mixer and whenever practicable, the length of
of Good
Concrete the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 or 2 minutes.
3.03 Materials of The entire contents of the drum should be discharged
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test before recharging the mixer. The mixer should be cleaned
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing at frequent intervals while in use.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage Concrete mixers may be divided into two general classes:
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Batch mixers -
3.11 Forms
into which sufficient
4. PROCESSED materials are placed at one
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of time to make a convenient
Processed size batch of concrete, the
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for whole amount being
Light-weight discharged in one mass
Conc.
after it is mixed.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. MACHINE MIXING

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE Continuous mixers -

3.01 Definition into which the materials
3.02 Qualities
of Good are fed constantly and
Concrete from which the concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete is discharged in a steady
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
stream.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
Concrete mixers may also be
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
classified as:
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
- drum mixers
4. PROCESSED - trough mixers
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of - gravity mixers, and
Processed - pneumatic mixers.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight The drum mixers are the most
Conc.
common type.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. HAND MIXING

CEMENT
- hand-mixing must be
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
done on a water-tight
3.02 Qualities platform.
of Good
Concrete - cement and fine
3.03 Materials of
Concrete aggregate shall first
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning be mixed dry until the
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting whole is a uniform
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
color.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures - water and coarse
3.11 Forms
aggregate shall then
4. PROCESSED be added and the
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of entire mass turned at
Processed least three times, or
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for until a homogeneous
Light-weight mixture of the required
Conc.
consistency is
obtained.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. HAND MIXING

CEMENT
- since initial set of concrete takes place 1 to 3 hours
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
after mixing, a batch may be used anytime before
3.02 Qualities initial set takes place, provided that the mix is plastic.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of - Regaging or retempering of concrete that has been
Concrete allowed to stand more than ½ hour is not to be
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning permitted.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Fresh concrete should be transported from the

CEMENT mixer as rapidly as practicable by methods that will
3. CONCRETE permit the placing of the concrete in the forms
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
before initial set occurs and without loss or
of Good separation of materials.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • The delivery of the
3.04 Slump Test concrete from the mixer
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing to the forms should be
3.07 Transporting
and Placing fairly continuous and
3.08 Shrinkage uninterrupted.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • The time of
4. PROCESSED transportation should
CONCRETE not exceed 30 minutes.
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • The concrete may be transported by

CEMENT means of barrows, buggies, buckets,
3. CONCRETE cableways, hoists, chutes, belts and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
pipes.
of Good
Concrete • When chutes are used, the slope
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
should not be more than 1 vertical to 2
3.04 Slump Test horizontal or less than 1 vertical to 3
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing horizontal. The delivery end of the
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
chutes shall be as close as possible to
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
the point of deposit.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Before placing concrete, the

CEMENT forms shall be cleaned and
3. CONCRETE inspected, surfaces wetted or
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
oiled, and reinforcement properly
of Good secured.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
• Concrete should be deposited in
3.04 Slump Test approximately horizontal layers
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing in wall, column and footing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
forms. They should not be piled
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
up in the forms which may result
3.10 Admixtures in the separation of the cement
3.11 Forms
mortar from the coarse
4. PROCESSED aggregate.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
• Concrete should never be
Concrete allowed to drop freely over 5 ft.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
for unexposed work and over 3 ft.
Conc. for exposed work.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.08 SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE & TEMPERATURE CHANGES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and contraction

CEMENT from temperature changes, causes cracks the size of
3. CONCRETE which depends on the extent of the mass. They cannot be
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
counteracted successfully but they can be minimized by
of Good placing reinforcement so that large cracks can be broken
Concrete
3.03 Materials of up to some extent to smaller ones.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning • In long continuous length of concrete, it is better to place
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting shrinkage or contraction joints. Shrinkage cracks are
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
likely to occur at joints where fresh concrete is joined to
3.09 Curing concrete which has already set, and hence in placing the
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms concrete, construction joints should be made on
4. PROCESSED
horizontal and vertical lines.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden after it is

CEMENT placed.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Hardening is a rather slow process in which the cement
3.02 Qualities and water unite to form compounds that give strength and
of Good
Concrete durability to the concrete. It continues as long as the
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
temperatures are favorable and moisture is present.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning • Three main factors that affect hardening are:
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing - age or time
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing - temperature, and
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - moisture.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh
CEMENT
concrete, for about 7 days after placing, should be protected
3. CONCRETE
from, excessive vibration, loads, extreme heat or cold, too rapid
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities drying, and contact with impurities which may interfere with
of Good
Concrete
the chemical action.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • The strength of the concrete increases with age when the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
curing conditions remains favorable.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • The increase in strength is rapid during the early

CEMENT
ages and continues more slowly as time goes on.
3. CONCRETE
The compressive strength reaches about 60% of its
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities own maximum value at an age of 28 days and
of Good
Concrete
about 80% at an age of 3 months.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying

CEMENT
out too rapidly. This may be done by:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered with paper
of Good
Concrete sacking wetted down at the edges or with burlap, sand or
3.03 Materials of earth that is kept moist, after the concrete is hard enough
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test to walk on.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting b. Removal of forms at prescribed time. Forms shall not be
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
removed until after the time specified.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures c. Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are
3.11 Forms
sprinkled or sprayed with water as soon as the forms are
4. PROCESSED removed.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of d. Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES).
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

CEMENT
FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE
FOOTINGS a. Massive footings a. 1 day (24 hours)
3.01 Definition b. Cantilever footings b. 5 days (120 hours)
3.02 Qualities
of Good c. Slab footings c. 5 days (120 hours)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of WALLS AND a. Massive walls, 30 a. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1 day
Concrete PLASTERS cms. thick or more (24 hours) for every additional meter or
3.04 Slump Test fraction thereof.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing b. Thin walls less b. Up to 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours. Add 1-1/2
3.07 Transporting
and Placing than 30 cms. Thick days (36 hours) for every additional meter or
3.08 Shrinkage fraction thereof
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures c. Cantilever walls, c. Without loads, same as (b).
3.11 Forms
buttresses, counter
4. PROCESSED forts, diaphragms.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed COLUMNS a. Ratio of height to a. 2 days (48 hours)
Concrete least diameter up
4.02 Aggregates for to 4
Light-weight
Conc.
b. Add to the above number 1 day (24 hours)
b. Ratio of height to for every additional meter or height or
least diameter fraction there of but not more than 28 days
from 4 to 15. (672 hours).
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

CEMENT
FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE
SLABS a. 3 to 7 ft. spans a. 3 ft. span, 5 days (120 hours). Add ½ day (12
3.01 Definition hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
3.02 Qualities
of Good fraction thereof.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of b. Over 7 ft. span b. 7 ft. span, 7 days (168 hours). Add 1 day (24
Concrete hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
3.04 Slump Test fraction thereof but not more than 28 days
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing (672 hours).
3.07 Transporting
and Placing BEAMS AND a. Sides a. 3 days
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing GIRDERS b. Bottoms b. Up to 14 ft., 14 days (336 hours). Add 1 day
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms for every 1 ft. additional span or fraction
thereof but not more than 28 days (672 hours)
4. PROCESSED .
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of ARCHES a. Spandrel walls a. 7 days (168 hours).
Processed b. Spandrel arches b. 14 days (336 hours)
Concrete c. Main arches c. 21 days (504 hours)
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight BALUSTRADES, a. Steel & side forms a. 1 day (24 hours)
Conc. COPINGS,ETC.
R.C. PILES and R. a. Sides. a. 3 days (72 hours)
C. POSTS b. Bottom b. 14 days (336 hours)
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Substances added to cements, mortars, and concrete

CEMENT for the purpose of improving or imparting particular
3. CONCRETE properties, such as:
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities • To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime
of Good • To improve durability by entertainment of air
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
calcium chloride
3.05 Proportioning • To retard setting (retarders).
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • To improve wear resistance
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
hydrated lime, KAOLINE, CELITE
3.11 Forms • To impart water-repellant or waterproofing qualities, e.g.,
4. PROCESSED hydrated lime, waterproofing compounds, KAOLINE,
CONCRETE CELITE.
4.01 Types of
Processed • To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON,
Concrete METALICHROME.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:

CEMENT • those for mixing into concrete
3. CONCRETE • those for mixing into mortar
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
• those for surface application or finish.
of Good
Concrete Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and are
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
usually patented and sold under trademark names.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Concrete admixtures include:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop earlier

3.01 Definition strength, and to reduce length of time for protection.
3.02 Qualities
of Good Principal ingredients are calcium chloride. Maximum
Concrete amount added is 2 lbs. per bag of cement.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
contraction of concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate
3.07 Transporting attack, and increases efflorescence and corrosion of
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage high tension steels.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures b.
3.11 Forms Retarders - to slow down the hydration of the cement
during very hot weather. Principal ingredients include zinc
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE oxide, calcium lignosulfonate, derivatives of adipic acid.
4.01 Types of
Processed Disadvantages: may cause some loss of early strength and
Concrete will therefore require careful control and more frequent
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight slump tests, also reduces the expansion and contraction
Conc. of concrete.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Air-entraining agents - introduce minute air bubbles to

CEMENT
greatly increase the resistance of concrete to freezing
3. CONCRETE and thawing, increase plasticity and reduce bleeding.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities Addition of air-entraining admixtures is usually in the
of Good proportion of 3 to 6% of the volume of concrete. They are
Concrete
3.03 Materials of manufactured from such ingredients as rosin, beef tallow,
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
stereates, foaming agents (soap).
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing Disadvantages: These require careful control and more
3.07 Transporting
and Placing frequent slump tests. They may also cause some loss of
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing strength.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms d. Inert, finely divided powders such as powdered glass , silica
4. PROCESSED sand, stone dust, hydrated lime - are added to improve
CONCRETE workability, used as per manufacturer’s directions.
4.01 Types of
Processed Hydrated lime is usually in the proportion of 10 to 15% of
Concrete the cement by volume.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF e. Waterproofing (permeability-reducing) compounds -

CEMENT
reduce the capillary attraction of the voids in the
3. CONCRETE concrete or mortar, but while it may decrease water
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities absorption of the concrete or mortar, it does not render
of Good concrete waterproof. They are manufactured from
Concrete
3.03 Materials of stearic acid or its compounds, mainly calcium steareate,
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
and include asphalt emulsions. They are introduced
3.05 Proportioning usually in the amounts of 0.1 to 4.0% of the weight of
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting cement.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF f. Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to

CEMENT
concrete floors. There are two types:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on, for surface coloring.
3.02 Qualities
of Good They are dusted on, usually in two coats, after all
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
surface water has disappeared. The surface is then
Concrete finished with a steel trowel .
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning • Integral colors, for body coloring. Integral color
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
pigments are incorporated in the mortar topping.
and Placing They are mixed dry with the cement and aggregate
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing before water is added. Amount of color pigment
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms required is not more than 10% of the cement by
weight, generally 3 to 6 lbs. per bag of cement .
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:

CEMENT
• Accelerators
3. CONCRETE
• plasticizing agents (correctly called water-reducing
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities agents) to lower water cement ratio and make the mix
of Good
Concrete
more workable
3.03 Materials of • waterproofing agents, and
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • color pigments
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Surface application finishes for concrete consist of:
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • hardeners
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • color pigments
• special aggregates
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE • sealers
4.01 Types of • abrasive materials
Processed
Concrete • waterproofing agents, and
4.02 Aggregates for • fillers and patchers.
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
Lumber used in form
3.02 Qualities construction should only
of Good
Concrete be partially seasoned.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Kiln-dried lumber has a
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning tendency to swell when
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting soaked by the concrete,
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
and this swelling causes
3.09 Curing bulging and distortion of
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms the forms.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks if
4.01 Types of
Processed
allowed to stand too long before the concrete is placed.
Concrete This tendency of green lumber to check and warp may,
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
however, be prevented to some extent by keeping the
Conc. boards thoroughly saturated with water.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
When using natural, well
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities seasoned lumber, care
of Good
Concrete
should be taken not to
3.03 Materials of drive the work up too
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test close, since forms
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
should always be left in
3.07 Transporting a position to experience
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage some slight swelling
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures without any undesirable
3.11 Forms results.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Sheathing lumber dressed at least one side and both
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities edges even are used where the removal and cleaning
of Good
Concrete
of the forms are necessary for re-use .
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • Sheathing lumber dressed on all four sides shall be
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning used in face work, where smooth and true surface is
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
important.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • Tongue-and-groove lumber will achieve tight joints
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures between boards in floor and wall panel construction.
3.11 Forms
• Simply dressing the lumber true to edge form square
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE of butt joints in the forms for columns, beams, and
4.01 Types of girders.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Sizes of lumber frequently used :
Light-weight • 2-inch thick for columns, beams and girder bottoms
Conc.
• 1-inch thick for floor panels and beam and girder sides
• 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights
• 1 or 2-inch thick for cleats
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
Use nails sparingly in
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities the construction of
of Good
Concrete
forms because
3.03 Materials of unnecessary nailing
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test not only adds to the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
labor of wrecking but
3.07 Transporting also renders the
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage lumber unfit for
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures continued use. Where
3.11 Forms nails must be used,
4. PROCESSED leave the head
CONCRETE
protruding so that
4.01 Types of
Processed they may be
Concrete withdrawn without
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight injury to the lumber.
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
All forms for concrete require a coating of some lubricant
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities to prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and thus
of Good
Concrete
make a rough, unpleasant appearance. Crude oil and
3.03 Materials of petroline preserve the forms against damage by alternate
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test wetting and drying. The forms should preferably be oiled
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
before they are set in place. Oil should not be used,
3.07 Transporting however, on forms against surfaces which are to be
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage plastered, as oil prevents adhesion of the plaster. In such
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures cases, wetting with water will be sufficient.
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
The inside of forms which have been used once and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities are to be used again shall be coated an approved soap
of Good
Concrete
or other approved material, or thoroughly wetted
3.03 Materials of before concreting. No application of soap or other
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test material should be made to forms after the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
reinforcements are in place.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing The forms should be durable and rigid, and should be
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing well braced so that bulging or twisting cannot occur.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms The joints should be made tight enough to prevent
leakage of the mortar.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. PLYWOOD FORMS
3. CONCRETE Works best where a smooth surface is required. The
3.01 Definition plywood should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least
3.02 Qualities
of Good 12mm (½”) thick.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete c. STEEL FORMS
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Steel forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting construction or steel decking or corrugated steel for
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. .
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms d. PLASTIC FORMS
4. PROCESSED Polystyrene forms are now
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of available for concrete work.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. “AEROCRETE”
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE This is a light–weight, expanded structural concrete

3.01 Definition produced by adding a small amount of metallic
3.02 Qualities
of Good aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement
Concrete and sand of cinders.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test On the addition of water, a gas is generated which
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
expands the wet mix and forms small air cells
3.07 Transporting throughout the material.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition
3.10 Admixtures blocks for sound proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of
3.11 Forms
refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on top of structural
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE floor and roof slabs.
4.01 Types of
Processed In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire-
Concrete resistive qualities.
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. “GUNITE”
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under

3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
high pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured
of Good under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the required
Concrete
3.03 Materials of supply of water is added just before the dry constituents
Concrete emerge from nozzle.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain walls. Ideal
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
for swimming pool construction.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. “PORETE”
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical foam

3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
is added to generate gases in the process of deposition,
of Good resulting in light weight precast or shop-made unit in
Concrete
3.03 Materials of both hollow and solid forms. It is manufactured in solid
Concrete slabs for short spans roofs and siding of industrial
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning buildings.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage d. “HAYDITE”
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms This is processed concrete added with lightweight
4. PROCESSED aggregate .
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Reduction of dead loads saves structural steel, reduces
3.02 Qualities bearing on foundation and cuts cost of concrete forms
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • High insulating value is provided by numerous dead air
Concrete spaces .
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing • Rough texture of surfaces have good acoustical properties .
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
• Lightweight allows easier handling of precast slabs and
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
blocks
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • Lightweight plaster has less tendency to crack and its heat
4. PROCESSED resistance makes it a good material for fireproofing
CONCRETE structural steel
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates

CEMENT
are a result paradoxically of the physical qualities
3. CONCRETE
which make them weight saving and good insulators :
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
• Porosity requires changes in the usual formulas for
3.03 Materials of water and slump, and closer supervision of mixing.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Very light aggregates tend to float out of the mortar
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing and some coarse aggregate concrete mixtures
3.07 Transporting require the addition of a fine aggregate like sand to
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage prevent harsh working and serious bleeding.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • As aggregates become lighter they become
structurally weaker so the strength of the matrix
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE must be modified by adding more cement. More
4.01 Types of cement is needed, also to “wet” the greater aggregate
Processed
Concrete surface area, due to the irregularity of the particles .
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
• The cost of raw aggregates is higher than for gravel, rock,
and sand because of small production facilities and the
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
additional processing that is sometimes necessary .
3.02 Qualities
of Good • Concrete using lightweight aggregate should not weigh
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
more than 75% of ordinary concrete. Since the
Concrete aggregates compromise about 50 percent of the usual
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning mixes, its weight should not be more than 50 percent of
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
that of rock or gravel aggregates for the same volume.
and Placing Grade rock, gravel aggregates weigh a little less than 100
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing lbs. per cu. ft. thus a good lightweight aggregate should
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms weigh less than 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general

CEMENT
classifications :
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition a. Aggregates of volcanic origin
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete • Pumice, weighing from 25
3.03 Materials of
Concrete to 60 lbs.per cu. ft. is well
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
qualified as a lightweight
3.06 Mixing aggregate when dry and
3.07 Transporting
and Placing well graded. It is hard to be
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing handled and mixed without
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
excessive breakdown.
4. PROCESSED Undesirable feature,
CONCRETE however, is its water
4.01 Types of
Processed absorption. This can be
Concrete mitigated by wetting the
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight aggregate before it is mixed
Conc. with cement .
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. Aggregates of volcanic origin

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Perlite is composed of stable silicates, and is inert
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities and thus durable for use as a lightweight aggregate or
of Good
Concrete
for insulation. Its disadvantages are its friability, small
3.03 Materials of particle size, and extreme lightness. The small
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test particle size requires more cement, while its lightness,
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
from 8 to 16 lbs. per cu. ft. increases the tendency to
3.07 Transporting float out of the mortar.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Perlite is useful where
4. PROCESSED
maximum strength is not
CONCRETE required, as in precast
4.01 Types of slabs and blocks and in
Processed
Concrete floor fill, fireproofing and
4.02 Aggregates for plaster .
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. Micaceous minerals
3. CONCRETE
• Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral which expands on
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities application of heat to as much as 30 times its original
of Good
Concrete
volume.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Dried ground ore is subjected to about 1,800 degrees
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning heat for 4 to 8 seconds, after which it weighs only 6 to
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
12 lbs. per cubic ft.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing steel,
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures for floor and roof fill, and for acoustic and fireproof
3.11 Forms
plaster.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Expanded shales and clays

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Lightweight aggregates from shales and clays
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities require heating the material in a kiln to a temperature
of Good
Concrete
near its fusion point. The material softens and
3.03 Materials of coalesces to a sticky mass; escaping gases are
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test trapped, forming cellular structures and expanding
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
the volume of the material about 50%.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage The crushing and firing operations are varied with
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures different processes. In some, the material is fired to a
3.11 Forms clinker, then crushed and sized; the process is often
4. PROCESSED reversed with crushing operation first.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed Examples of clay, shale aggregates are “AIROX”,
Concrete “ROCKLITE”, Diatomite, “HAYDITE”. .
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF d. By-product Aggregates

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Expanded Slag or “foamed” slags are made by treating
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities molten blast furnace slag with controlled quantities of
of Good water or steam. Some slags are expanded are expanded in
Concrete
3.03 Materials of pits in the ground; others are made in machines. Close
Concrete control of steam is very important because too much
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning granulates the slag, yielding soft, friable particles; too little
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting gives a heavy aggregate.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-in-
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
place walls of houses and for panel filling of steel-framed
buildings.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE • Cinders are composed of the ash components of the coal
4.01 Types of
Processed
along with the various quantities of unburned or partially
Concrete burned combustible matter. Cinders containing a minimum
4.02 Aggregates for amount of combustible material are satisfactory for use in
Light-weight
Conc. concrete but are not particularly weight saving. Lightweight
cinders often have unsound physical and chemical
properties.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE BY

CEMENT
TYPE OF AGGREGATE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities TYPE OF AGGREGATE Aggregate Weight per Cubic
of Good Weight per Foot of Concrete
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Cubic Foot Using Aggregate
Concrete (Lbs.) (Lbs.)
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Gravel 120 150
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting Sand 90-100 150
and Placing Crushed Stone 100 145
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Crushed Bank Slag 80 110-130
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Haydite (Expanded Clay, shale) 40-60 100-120
Foamed Slag 40-60 90-100
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Cinders 40-50 110-115
4.01 Types of Pumice 30-60 60-90
Processed Diatomite 28-40 55-70
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Perlite 6-16 40-65
Light-weight Vermiculite 6-10 25-50
Conc.
 End of
Div 03 CONCRETE