2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which
began in 2014. The invasion has likely resulted in Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War
tens of thousands of deaths on both sides and caused
Europe's largest refugee crisis since World
War  II,[10][11] with an estimated 8 million people
being displaced within the country by late May as
well as 7.7 million Ukrainians fleeing the country as
of 18 October 2022.[12][13][14][15] Within five
weeks of the invasion, Russia experienced its
greatest emigration since the 1917 October
Revolution.[16] The invasion has also caused global
food shortages.[17][18]

Following the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Russia Military situation as of 25 October 2022

annexed Crimea, and Russian-backed paramilitaries

    Controlled by Ukraine

seized part of the Donbas region of south-eastern

Ukraine, which consists of Luhansk and Donetsk Detailed map     Controlled by Russia
oblasts, sparking a  regional war.[19][20] In March Date 24 February 2022 – present
2021, Russia began a  large military build-up along (8 months and 2 days)
its border with Ukraine, amassing up to 190,000
Location Ukraine[c]
troops and their equipment. Despite the build-up,
denials of plans to invade or attack Ukraine were Status Ongoing (list of engagements ·
issued by various Russian government officials up control of cities · timeline of events)
to the day before the invasion.[24] On 21 February Belligerents
2022, Russia recognised the Donetsk People's
Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, two  Russia  Ukraine
self-proclaimed breakaway quasi-states in the  Donetsk PR[a]
Donbas.[25] The next day, the Federation Council of  Luhansk PR[a]
Russia authorised the use of military force and
Russian troops entered both territories.[26] Supported by:
 Belarus[b]
The invasion began on the morning of 24
Commanders and leaders
February,[27] when Russian president Vladimir
Putin announced a "special military operation" for Vladimir Putin Volodymyr
the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Zelenskyy
Ukraine.[28][29] In his address, Putin espoused Units involved
irredentist views,[30] challenged Ukraine's right to
Order of battle Order of battle
statehood,[31][32] and falsely[33] claimed Ukraine
was governed by neo-Nazis who persecuted the Strength
ethnic Russian minority.[34] Minutes later, missiles,  Russia: ~175,000–  Ukraine:
rockets and airstrikes hit across Ukraine, including 190,000[6][7] 196,600 (armed forces)
the capital Kyiv, followed by a large ground
invasion from multiple directions.[35][36] Ukrainian 102,000 (paramilitary)[9]
president Volodymyr Zelenskyy enacted martial law Donetsk PR:
and a general mobilisation.[37][38] Russian attacks 20,000[8]
were initially launched on a northern front from
Luhansk PR:
Belarus towards Kyiv, a north-eastern front towards
14,000[8]
Kharkiv, a southern front from Crimea, and a south-
eastern front from Luhansk and Donetsk.[39][40] Strength estimates are as of the start of the
Russia's advance towards Kyiv stalled in March, invasion.

with Russian troops retreating from the northern

Casualties and losses
front by April. On the southern and south-eastern
fronts, Russia captured Kherson in March and then Reports vary widely, see Casualties for details.
Mariupol in May after a siege. On 19 April, Russia
launched a  renewed attack on the Donbas region, with Luhansk Oblast fully captured by 3 July.[41]
Russian forces continued to bomb both military and civilian targets far from the frontline.[42][43] Ukrainian
forces launched counteroffensives in the south in August, and in the northeast in September. Soon after,
Russia announced the illegal annexation of four partially occupied Ukrainian oblasts.

The invasion has received widespread international condemnation. The United Nations General Assembly
passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full withdrawal of Russian forces.[44] The
International Court of Justice ordered Russia to suspend military operations and the Council of Europe
expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia, as well as on its ally Belarus, which have
affected the economies of Russia and the world,[45] and provided humanitarian and military aid to
Ukraine.[46] Protests occurred around the world; those in Russia were met with mass arrests and increased
media censorship,[47][48] including a ban on the words "war" and "invasion".[36][49] Over 1,000
companies have pulled out of Russia and Belarus in response to the invasion.[50] The International
Criminal Court has opened an investigation into crimes against humanity in Ukraine since 2013, including
war crimes in the 2022 invasion.[51]

Contents
Background
Prelude
Russian military buildup (March 2021 – February 2022)
Russian accusations and demands
Alleged clashes (17–21 February 2022)
Escalation (21–23 February 2022)
Declaration of military operations
Invasion and resistance
First phase: Invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April)
Second phase: South-Eastern front (8 April – 5 September)
Third phase: Counteroffensives and annexations (6 September – present)
Events in Crimea
Missile attacks and air war
Naval blockade and engagements
Nuclear threats
Ukrainian resistance
Foreign involvement
Foreign military sales and aid
 Foreign military involvement
Foreign sanctions and ramifications
Foreign condemnation and protest
Casualties and refugee crisis
Field casualties and injuries
Prisoners of war
Refugee crisis
Humanitarian impact
Reactions
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Background
After the Soviet Union (USSR) dissolved in 1991, the newly
independent republics of Ukraine and Russia maintained ties.
Ukraine agreed in 1994 to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty and dismantle the nuclear weapons in Ukraine left by the
USSR.[52] In return, Russia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the
United States (US) agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to uphold
the territorial integrity of Ukraine.[53][54] In 1999, Russia signed
the Charter for European Security, which "reaffirmed the inherent
right of each and every participating state to be free to choose or
Protesters in Independence Square
change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance".[55]
in Kyiv during the Orange Revolution,
After the Soviet Union collapsed, several former Eastern Bloc
November 2004
countries joined NATO, partly due to regional security threats such
as the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, the War in Abkhazia
(1992–1993) and the First Chechen War (1994–1996). Russian leaders claimed Western powers pledged
that NATO would not expand eastward, although this is disputed.[56][57][58]

Following the Euromaidan protests and the Revolution of Dignity

which resulted in the removal of pro-Russian President Viktor
Yanukovych in February 2014, pro-Russian unrest erupted in
eastern and southern parts of Ukraine. Russian soldiers without
insignia took control of strategic positions and infrastructure in the
Ukrainian territory of Crimea, and seized the Crimean Parliament.
Russia organised a controversial referendum, whose outcome was
for Crimea to join Russia. Russia's annexation of Crimea followed
in March 2014, then the war in Donbas, which began in April 2014 Ukraine, with the annexed Crimea in
with the formation of two Russia-backed separatist quasi-states: the the south and two self-proclaimed
Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's separatist republics in Donbas in the
Republic.[59][60] Russian troops were involved in the east
conflict.[61][62][63] The Minsk agreements signed in September 2014 and February 2015 were a bid to stop
the fighting, but ceasefires repeatedly failed.[64]

A dispute emerged over the role of Russia: Normandy Format members France, Germany, and Ukraine
saw Minsk as an agreement between Russia and Ukraine, whereas Russia insisted Ukraine should
negotiate directly with the two separatist republics.[65][66] In 2021, Putin refused offers from Zelenskyy to
hold high-level talks, and the Russian government subsequently endorsed an article by former president
Dmitry Medvedev arguing it was pointless to deal with Ukraine while it remained a "vassal" of the US.[67]
The annexation of Crimea led to a new wave of Russian nationalism, with much of the Russian neo-
imperial movement aspiring to annex more Ukrainian land, including the unrecognised Novorossiya.[68]
Analyst Vladimir Socor argued that Putin's 2014 speech after the annexation of Crimea was a de facto
"manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism".[69] In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled "On the
Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians", reaffirming that Russians and Ukrainians were "one
people".[70]
American historian Timothy Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism.[71] British
journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism.[72] Other observers have noted that the
Russian leadership has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.[73][74][75]

Prelude

Russian military buildup (March 2021 – February 2022)

In March and April 2021, Russia began a major military build-up

near the Russo-Ukrainian border. A second build-up followed from
October 2021 to February 2022, in both Russia and Belarus.[77]
Members of the Russian government repeatedly denied having
plans to invade or attack Ukraine;[22][78] including government
spokesman Dmitry Peskov on 28 November 2021, Deputy Foreign
Minister Sergei Ryabkov on 19 January 2022,[21] Russian
ambassador to the US Anatoly Antonov on 20 February 2022,[22] US paratroopers of 2nd Battalion,
and Russian ambassador to the Czech Republic Alexander 503rd Infantry Regiment depart
Zmeevsky on 23 February 2022.[23][79] Italy's Aviano Air Base for Latvia, 23
February 2022. Thousands of US
Putin's chief national security adviser, Nikolai Patrushev,[80] troops were deployed to Eastern
believed that the West had been in an undeclared war with Russia Europe amid Russia's military build-
for years.[81] Russia's updated national security strategy, published up.[76]
in May 2021, said that Russia may use "forceful methods" to
"thwart or avert unfriendly actions that threaten the sovereignty and
territorial integrity of the Russian Federation".[82][83] Sources say the decision to invade Ukraine was made
by Putin and a small group of war hawks in Putin's inner circle, including Patrushev and Russian Defence
Minister Sergei Shoigu.[84]

When in early December 2021 Russia denied plans to invade, the US released intelligence, including
satellite photographs of Russian troops and equipment near the Russo-Ukrainian border, that indicated
otherwise, and continued to accurately predict invasion events.[85][86] The intelligence also said that the
Russians had a list of key sites, and of individuals to be killed or neutralised in the invasion.[85]

Russian accusations and demands

In the months preceding the invasion, Russian officials accused
Ukraine of Russophobia, inciting tensions, and repressing Russian
speakers in Ukraine. They also made multiple security demands of
Ukraine, NATO, and non-NATO allies in the EU. Commentators
and Western officials described these as attempts to justify
war.[87][88] "Russophobia is a first step towards genocide", Putin
said on 9 December 2021.[89][90] Putin's claims about "de-
Nazification" have been described as absurd,[91] and Russian
claims of genocide were widely rejected as baseless.[92][93][94] Ukrainian President Volodymyr
Scholars of genocide and Nazism said that Putin's claims were Zelenskyy with NATO Secretary
"factually wrong",[33][95][96] and that they actually contribute to General Jens Stoltenberg in June
incitement to genocide of Ukrainians by accusation in a 2019
mirror.[97][98]

Putin challenged the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state and claimed[99] that "Ukraine never had a tradition of
genuine statehood",[100] incorrectly described it as created by Soviet Russia,[31] and falsely said Ukrainian
society and government were dominated by neo-Nazism.[34]

Ukraine, like pro-Russian separatists in Donbas,[101][102][103][104] has a far-right fringe, including the neo-
Nazi-linked Azov Battalion and Right Sector,[105] but experts have described Putin's rhetoric as greatly
exaggerating the influence of far-right groups within Ukraine; there is no widespread support for the
ideology in the government, military, or electorate.[87][34][106] Zelenskyy, who is Jewish, rebuked Putin's
allegations, noting that his grandfather served in the Soviet army fighting German Nazis.[107] The US
Holocaust Memorial Museum and Yad Vashem condemned this use of Holocaust history and allusion to
Nazi ideology in propaganda.[108][109]

During the second build-up, Russia demanded that the

US and NATO enter into a legally binding arrangement
preventing Ukraine from ever joining NATO, and
remove multinational forces from NATO's Eastern
European member states.[111] Russia threatened an
unspecified military response if NATO followed an
"aggressive line".[112] These demands were widely seen
as non-viable; new NATO members in Central and
Eastern Europe had joined the alliance because they
preferred the safety and economic opportunities offered
by NATO and the EU, and their governments sought Vladimir Putin (right) and his long-time confidant
protection from Russian irredentism. [113] A formal Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu.[110]
treaty to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO would
contravene the treaty's "open door" policy, despite
NATO's unenthusiastic response to Ukrainian requests to join.[114]

Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz made efforts to prevent the war in February. Macron met with Putin
but failed to convince him not to go forward with the attack. Scholz warned Putin about heavy sanctions
that would be imposed should he invade Ukraine. Scholz also pleaded with Zelenskyy to renounce any
aspiration to join NATO and declare neutrality; however, Zelenskyy refused to do so.[115]

Alleged clashes (17–21 February 2022)

Fighting in Donbas escalated after 17 February 2022.[116] Ukraine and separatists in the Donbas each
accused the other of firing across the line of conflict.[117][118] On 18 February, the Donetsk and Luhansk
people's republics ordered emergency evacuations of civilians,[119][120][121] though a BBC analysis found
that the video announcing the "emergency" evacuation had been filmed two days prior to its purported
date.[122] There was a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas, which was
considered by Ukraine and its allies to be an attempt to provoke the Ukrainian army or create a pretext for
invasion.[123][124][125] On 19 February both separatist republics declared full mobilisation.[126]

In the days leading up to the invasion, the Russian government intensified a disinformation campaign
intended to mute public criticism. Russian state media promoted fabricated videos (many
amateurish)[127][128] that purported to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russians in Donbas; evidence
showed that the purported attacks, explosions, and evacuations were staged by Russia.[129] On 21
February, the head of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) said that Russian forces had killed five
Ukrainian "saboteurs" that had crossed into Russian territory, captured one Ukrainian serviceman and
destroyed two armoured vehicles. Ukraine denied this, and warned that Russia sought a pretext for an
invasion. The Sunday Times described it as "the first move in Putin's war plan".[130][131]

Escalation (21–23 February 2022)

On 21 February,[132] the Russian government recognised the

Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics.[133] The same evening,
Putin ordered Russian troops into Donbas, on what he called a
"peacekeeping mission".[134][135] Several members of the UN
Security Council condemned the 21 February intervention in
Donbas; none voiced support.[136] On 22 February, video footage
shot in the early morning showed Russian armed forces and tanks Putin's address to the nation on 21
moving in the Donbas region.[137] The Federation Council February (English subtitles available)
authorised the use of military force outside Russia.[138]

Zelenskyy called up army reservists;[139] and Ukraine's parliament proclaimed a 30-day national state of
emergency.[140][141] Russia evacuated its embassy from Kyiv.[142] DDoS attacks widely attributed to
Russian-backed hackers[143][144] hit the websites of the Ukrainian parliament and executive branch, and
many bank websites also.[145] Ukraine's Security Service (SBU) denied reports of Chinese military
espionage on the eve of the invasion, including on nuclear infrastructure.[146][147][148]

On 23 February,[149] Zelenskyy gave a speech in Russian, appealing to Russian citizens to prevent

war.[150][151] He refuted Russian claims of neo-Nazis in the Ukrainian government and said that he had no
intention of attacking Donbas.[152] Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on 23 February that separatist
leaders in Donetsk and Luhansk had sent Putin a letter saying that Ukrainian shelling had caused civilian
deaths and appealing for military support from Russia.[153] Ukraine requested an urgent UN Security
Council meeting.[154][155] Half an hour into the emergency meeting, Putin announced the start of military
operations in Ukraine. Sergiy Kyslytsya, the Ukrainian representative, called on the Russian representative,
Vasily Nebenzya, to "do everything possible to stop the war" or relinquish his position as president of the
UN Security Council; Nebenzya refused.[156][157]

Declaration of military operations

On 24 February, before 5:00 a.m. Kyiv time,[158] Putin announced
a "special military operation" in eastern Ukraine and "effectively
declared war on Ukraine."[159][160] In his speech, Putin said he
had no plans to occupy Ukrainian territory and that he supported
the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination.[161] He said
the purpose of the "operation" was to "protect the people" in the
predominantly Russian-speaking region of Donbas who he falsely
claimed that "for eight years now, [had] been facing humiliation Putin's address to the nation on 24
and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime".[162] February (English subtitles
available), minutes after Putin's
Putin said that Russia sought for the "demilitarisation and announcement, the invasion begins.
denazification" of Ukraine.[163] Within minutes of Putin's
announcement, explosions were reported in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa,
and the Donbas region.[164] An alleged leaked report from within the FSB claimed that the intelligence
agency was not warned of Putin's plan to invade Ukraine.[165] Immediately following the attack,
Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine.[166] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all
Ukrainian males between 18 and 60 years old[38] who were prohibited from leaving the country.[167]
Russian troops entered Ukraine from the north in Belarus (towards Kyiv); from the north-east in Russia
(towards Kharkiv); from the east in the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic; and
from the south in Crimea.[168] Russian equipment and vehicles were marked with a white Z military
symbol (a non-Cyrillic letter), believed to be a measure to prevent friendly fire.[77]

Invasion and resistance

The invasion began at dawn of 24 February,[159]
with infantry divisions and armoured and air support
in Eastern Ukraine, and dozens of missile attacks
across both Eastern Ukraine and Western
Ukraine.[169][170] The first fighting took place in
Luhansk Oblast near Milove village on the border
with Russia at 3:40  am Kyiv time.[171] The main
infantry and tank attacks were launched in four
spearhead incursions, creating a northern front
launched towards Kyiv, a southern front originating
in Crimea, a south-eastern front launched at the cities
of Luhansk and Donbas, and an eastern front.[39][40] Military control around Kyiv on 2 April 2022

Dozens of missile strikes across Ukraine reached as

far west as Lviv.[172][173] Wagner Group mercenaries and Chechen forces reportedly made several
attempts to assassinate Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The Ukrainian government said these efforts were thwarted
by anti-war officials in Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), who shared intelligence of the plans.[174]
The Russian invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce Ukrainian resistance.[175] In Kyiv, Russia failed to
take the city as its attacks were repulsed at the suburbs during the battles of Irpin, Hostomel and Bucha.
The Russian army tried to encircle the capital but Ukrainian forces managed to hold ground and put to
effective use Western arms, including Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles, stretching
thin Russian supply lines and stalling the offensive.[176]

On 9 March, a column of Russian tanks and armoured vehicles was ambushed in Brovary, suffered heavy
losses and was forced to retreat.[177] On the northern front, the Russian army adopted siege tactics to the
key cities of Chernihiv, Sumy and Kharkiv but failed to capture them due to stiff resistance and logistical
setbacks.[178] On the southern front, Russian forces captured the major city of Kherson on 2 March. In
Mykolaiv Oblast, it advanced as far as Voznesensk but was repelled to south of Mykolaiv. On 25 March,
the Russian Defence Ministry said the first stage of the "military operation" in Ukraine was "generally
complete", that the Ukrainian military forces had suffered serious losses, and the Russian military would
now concentrate on the "liberation of Donbas".[179][180] The "first stage" of the invasion was conducted
on four fronts[181][182] including one towards western Kyiv from Belarus, conducted by the Russian
Eastern Military District, comprising the 29th, 35th, and 36th Combined Arms Armies. A second axis
deployed towards eastern Kyiv from Russia by the Central Military District (north-eastern front), comprised
the 41st Combined Arms Army and 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army.[183]

A third axis deployed towards Kharkiv by the Western Military District (eastern front), with the 1st Guards
Tank Army and 20th Combined Arms Army. A fourth, southern, front originating in occupied Crimea and
Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward
Mariupol was opened by the Southern Military District, including the 58th, 49th, and 8th Combined Arms
Army, the latter also commanding the 1st and 2nd Army Corps of the Russian separatist forces in
Donbas.[183] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front by the Russian Eastern Military
District pulled back from the Kyiv offensive, apparently to resupply and then redeploy to the Donbas
region to reinforce the renewed invasion of south-eastern Ukraine. The north-eastern front, including the
Central Military District, was similarly withdrawn for resupply and redeployment to south-eastern
Ukraine.[183][184] By 8 April, General Alexander Dvornikov was placed in charge of military operations
during the invasion.[185]

On 18 April, retired Lieutenant General Douglas Lute, the former US ambassador to NATO, reported in a
PBS NewsHour interview that Russia had repositioned its troops to initiate a new assault on Eastern
Ukraine which would be limited to Russia's original deployment of 150,000 to 190,000 troops for the
invasion, though the troops were being well supplied from adequate weapon stockpiles in Russia. For Lute,
this contrasted sharply with the vast size of the Ukrainian conscription of all-male Ukrainian citizens
between 16 and 60 years of age, but without adequate weapons in Ukraine's highly limited stockpiles of
weapons.[186] On 26 April, delegates of the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in
Germany to discuss forming a coalition to provide economic support and military supplies and refitting to
Ukraine.[187] Following Putin's Victory Day speech in early May, US Director of National Intelligence
Avril Haines said no short term resolution to the invasion should be expected.[188]

Russian forces improved their focus on protecting their supply lines

by advancing more slowly, and more methodically. They also
benefited from centralising command under General
Dvornikov.[189] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment
constrained it, as Western countries feared that Ukraine would use
it to strike targets in Russia.[190] Military experts disagreed on the
future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine to trade territory for
peace,[191] while others assessed that Ukraine could sustain its
resistance to the invasion, due to the Russian losses.[192] On 26 President Zelenskyy with members
May 2022, the Conflict Intelligence Team, citing Russian soldiers, of the Ukrainian army on 18 June
reported that Colonel General Gennady Zhidko had been put in 2022
charge of Russian forces during the invasion, replacing Army
General Dvornikov.[193][194]

By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent with Ukrainian artillery
being vastly outgunned by range and number.[195] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery
would be provided to Ukraine, Putin indicated that Russian would expand its invasion front to include new
cities in Ukraine and in apparent retribution ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly
attacking the city for several weeks.[196] On 10 June 2022, Vadym Skibitsky, deputy head of Ukraine's
military intelligence, stated during the Severodonetsk campaign that the frontlines were where the future of
the invasion would be decided: "This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery.
Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian
artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have."[197]

On 29 June, Reuters reported that Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines, updating U.S. intelligence
assessment of the Russian invasion, said that U.S. intelligence agencies agree that the invasion will
continue "for an extended period of time... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude
toward the West is hardening."[198] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the Russian
invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's reconstruction economy stating: "Ukraine
needs $750bn for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute to the cost, Ukrainian Prime
Minister Denys Shmyhal has told a reconstruction conference in Switzerland."[199]

First phase: Invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April)

The invasion began on 24

February, launched out of
Belarus to target Kyiv, and
from the northeast against the
city of Kharkiv. The
southeastern front was
conducted as two separate
spearheads, from Crimea and
the southeast against
Luhansk and
Donetsk. [39][40]

Northern front

Russian efforts to capture

Kyiv included a probative 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine phase 1 from 24 February to 7 April 2022
spearhead on 24 February,
from Belarus south along the
west bank of the Dnipro River, apparently to encircle the city from
the west, supported by two separate axes of attack from Russia
along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv, and the
eastern at Sumy. These were likely intended to encircle Kyiv from
the north-east and east.[170][169]

Russia apparently tried to rapidly seize Kyiv, with Spetsnaz

infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a
rapid mechanised advance from the north, but was The Antonov An-225 Mriya, the
unsuccessful.[200][201][202][203]
Russian forces advancing on Kyiv largest aircraft ever built, was
from Belarus gained control of the ghost towns of Chernobyl and destroyed during the Battle of
Pripyat.[204][205] Russian Airborne Forces attempted to seize two Antonov Airport
key airfields near Kyiv, launching an airborne assault on Antonov
Airport,[206][207] and a similar landing at Vasylkiv, near Vasylkiv
Air Base, on 26 February.[208][209]
By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian
defences.[170][169] As of 5 March, a  large Russian convoy, reportedly 64 kilometres (40  mi) long, had
made little progress toward Kyiv.[210] The London-based think tank Royal United Services Institute
(RUSI) assessed Russian advances from the north and east as "stalled".[211] Advances from Chernihiv
largely halted as a siege began there. Russian forces continued to advance on Kyiv from the northwest,
capturing Bucha, Hostomel, and Vorzel by 5 March,[212][213] though Irpin remained contested as of 9
March.[214] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover.[215] On 16 March,
Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive to repel Russian forces.[216] Unable to achieve a quick victory
in Kyiv, Russian forces switched their strategy to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare.[217][218]

On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook several towns to the east and west of Kyiv, including
Makariv.[219][220] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north at the end of March. Ukrainian forces
entered the city on 1 April.[221] Ukraine said it had recaptured the entire region around Kyiv, including
Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha.[222] On 6 April, NATO
secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said that the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of their
troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for Ukraine, by
redeploying and concentrating his forces on Eastern Ukraine.[184] Kyiv was generally left free from attack
apart from isolated missile strikes. One did occur while UN Secretary-General António Guterres was
visiting Kyiv on 28 April to discuss with Zelenskyy the survivors of the siege of Mariupol.[223]

North-eastern front

Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February and besieged its administrative capital. The
next day Russian forces attacked and captured Konotop.[224][225] A separate advance into Sumy Oblast the
same day attacked the city of Sumy, just 35 kilometres (22  mi) from the Russo-Ukrainian border. The
advance bogged down in urban fighting, and Ukrainian forces successfully held the city, claiming more
than 100 Russian armoured vehicles were destroyed and dozens of soldiers were captured.[226] Russian
forces also attacked Okhtyrka, deploying thermobaric weapons.[227]

On 4 March, Frederick Kagan wrote that the Sumy axis was then "the most successful and dangerous
Russian avenue of advance on Kyiv", and commented that the geography favoured mechanised advances
as the terrain "is flat and sparsely populated, offering few good defensive positions".[169] Travelling along
highways, Russian forces reached Brovary, an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March.[170][169] The Pentagon
confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast, but Sumy Oblast remained
contested.[228] On 7 April, the governor of Sumy Oblast said that Russian troops were gone, but left
behind rigged explosives and other hazards.[229]

Southern front

On 24 February, Russian forces took control of the North Crimean Canal, allowing Crimea to obtain water
from the Dnieper, cut off since 2014.[230] On 26 February, the siege of Mariupol began as the attack
moved east linking to separatist-held Donbas.[227][231] En route, Russian forces entered Berdiansk and
captured it.[232] On 1 March, Russian forces attacked Melitopol and nearby cities.[233][234] On 25
February, Russian units from the DPR moves on Mariupol and were defeated near Pavlopil.[235][236][237]
By evening, the Russian Navy reportedly began an amphibious assault on the coast of the Sea of Azov 70
kilometres (43  mi) west of Mariupol. A US defence official said that Russian forces might be deploying
thousands of marines from this beachhead.[238][239][240]
The Russian 22nd Army Corps approached the Zaporizhzhia
Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February[241][242] and besieged
Enerhodar to take control of it.[243] A fire began,[244] but the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) subsequently said
that essential equipment was undamaged.[245] The nuclear power
plant fell under Russian control but despite the fires, it recorded no
radiation leaks.[246] A third Russian attack group from Crimea
moved northwest and captured bridges over the Dnieper.[247] On 2
March, Russian troops won a battle at Kherson the first major city
to fall to Russian forces in the invasion.[248] Russian troops moved A destroyed Russian BMP-3 near
on Mykolaiv and attacked it two days later, but were repelled by Mariupol, 7 March
Ukrainian forces.[249] Also on 2 March, Ukrainian forces initiated
a counter-offensive on Horlivka,[250] controlled by the DPR since
2014.[251]

After renewed missile attacks on 14 March in Mariupol, the Ukrainian government said more than 2,500
had died.[252] By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting reached the city centre,
hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.[253] On 20 March, an art school sheltering around 400 people, was
destroyed by Russian bombs.[254] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused.[39][40]
On 24 March, Russian forces entered central Mariupol.[255] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister
Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed."[256]

Putin told Emmanuel Macron in a phone call on 29 March that the bombardment of Mariupol would only
end when the Ukrainians surrendered.[257] On 1 April Russian troops refused safe passage into Mariupol to
50 buses sent by the United Nations to evacuate civilians, as peace talks continued in Istanbul.[258] On 3
April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on Southern Ukraine
further west, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power
Plant.[259][260]

Eastern front

In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv, less than

35 kilometres (22  mi) from the Russian border,[261][262] and met
strong Ukrainian resistance. On 25 February, the Millerovo air base
was attacked by Ukrainian military forces with OTR-21 Tochka
missiles, which according to Ukrainian officials, destroyed several
Russian Air Force planes and started a fire.[172][173] On 28
February, missile attacks killed several people in Kharkiv.[263] On
1 March, Denis Pushilin, head of the DPR, announced that DPR
forces had almost completely surrounded the city of
Volnovakha.[264] On 2 March, Russian forces were repelled from
Sievierodonetsk during an attack against the city.[265] Izium was
reportedly captured by Russian forces on 17 March,[266] although
fighting continued.[267] Russian bombardment on the
outskirts of Kharkiv, 1 March
On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to
occupy major cities in Eastern Ukraine.[268] On 31 March, the
Ukrainian military confirmed Izium was under Russian control,[269][270] and PBS News reported renewed
shelling and missile attacks in Kharkiv, as bad or worse than before, as peace talks with Russia were to
resume in Istanbul.[271]
Amid the heightened Russian shelling of Kharkiv on 31 March, Russia reported a helicopter strike against
an oil supply depot approximately 35 kilometres (22  mi) north of the border in Belgorod, and accused
Ukraine of the attack.[272] Ukraine denied responsibility.[273] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian
invasion troops and tank divisions around the towns of Izium, Sloviansk, and Kramatorsk prompted
Ukrainian government officials to advise the remaining residents near the eastern border of Ukraine to
evacuate to western Ukraine within 2–3 days, given the absence of arms and munitions previously
promised to Ukraine by then.[274]

Second phase: South-Eastern front (8 April – 5 September)

On 8 April, the Russian

ministry announced that all
troops and divisions in south-
eastern Ukraine would unite
under General Aleksandr
Dvornikov, who was placed
in charge of combined
military operations, including
the units redeployed from the
northern front and north-
eastern fronts.[185] By 17
April, Russian progress on
the south-eastern front
appeared to be impeded by
opposing Ukrainian forces in
the large, heavily fortified
Azovstal steel mill and 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine phase 2 from 7 April to 5 September 2022.
surrounding area in
Mariupol. [275]

On 19 April, The New York Times confirmed that Russia had launched a renewed invasion front referred to
as an "eastern assault" across a 300-mile (480 km) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk,
with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv in the north and Lviv in Western Ukraine.[276] As
of 30 April, a NATO official described Russian advances as "uneven" and "minor".[277] An anonymous
US Defence Official called the Russian offensive: "very tepid", "minimal at best", and "anaemic".[278] On
26 May, the Conflict Intelligence Team, citing Russian soldiers, reported that Colonel General Gennady
Zhidko had been put in charge of Russian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, replacing
Army General Dvornikov.[193][194]
However, on 5 June Ukrainian governor of Luhansk Serhiy Haidai
said Dvornikov was still in command and had been given until 10 June by his superiors to complete the
reduction of Severodonetsk.[279]

In June 2022 the chief spokesman for the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation Igor Konashenkov
revealed that Russian troops are divided between the Army Groups "Center" commanded by Colonel
General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin.[280] On 20 July,
Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from
abroad as justifying the expansion of its special military operation to include objectives in both the
Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions.[281]

Mykolaiv–Odesa front
Missile attacks and bombardment of the key cities of Mykolaiv and Odesa continued as the second phase of
the invasion began.[276] On 22 April, Russia's Brigadier General Rustam Minnekayev in a defence
ministry meeting said that Russia planned to extend its Mykolayiv–Odesa front after the siege of Mariupol
further west to include the breakaway region of Transnistria on the Ukrainian border with
Moldova.[282][283] The Ministry of Defence of Ukraine described this intention as imperialism, saying that
it contradicted previous Russian claims that it did not have territorial ambitions in Ukraine and that the
statement was an admission that "the goal of the 'second phase' of the war is not victory over the mythical
Nazis, but simply the occupation of eastern and southern Ukraine".[282] Georgi Gotev, writing for Reuters
on 22 April, noted that occupying Ukraine from Odesa to Transnistria would transform it into a landlocked
nation without any practical access to the Black Sea.[284] On 24 April, Russia resumed its missile strikes on
Odesa, destroying military facilities and causing two dozen civilian casualties.[285]

On 27 April, Ukrainian sources indicated that explosions had destroyed two Russian broadcast towers in
Transnistria, primarily used to rebroadcast Russian television programming.[286] At the end of April, Russia
renewed missile attacks on runways in Odesa, destroying some of them.[287] During the week of 10 May,
Ukrainian troops began to take military action to dislodge Russian forces installing themselves on Snake
Island in the Black Sea approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) from Odesa.[288] On 30 June 2022, Russia
announced that it had withdrawn troops from the island after objectives were completed.[289][290]

On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on Ukrainian port Odesa stating that the action was
swiftly condemned by world leaders, a dramatic revelation amid a recently U.N. and Turkish-brokered deal
that secured a sea corridor for grains and other foodstuff exports.[291][292] On 31 July, CNN reported
significant intensification of the rocket attacks and bombing of Mykolaiv by Russians also killing Ukrainian
grain tycoon Oleksiy Vadaturskyi in the city during the bombing.[293]

Dnipro–Zaporizhzhia front

Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on the

key cities of Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia.[276] On 10 April, Russian
missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport.[294][295] On 2
May the UN reportedly evacuated about 100 survivors from the
siege at Mariupol with the cooperation of Russian troops, to the
village of Bezimenne near Donetsk, from whence they were to
move to Zaporizhzhia.[296] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a
Russian missile attack was launched upon the city of Kremenchuk The Russian missile attack on a
north-west or Zaporizhzhia detonating in a public mall and causing shopping mall in Kremenchuk was
at least 18 deaths while drawing condemnation from France's called a "war crime" by French
Emmanuel Macron, among other world leaders, who spoke of it as president Emmanuel Macron on 28
being a "war crime".[297] 2022 July Dnipro missile strike killed June 2022.
four.

On 7 July, it was reported that after the Russians captured the nuclear plant at Zaporizhzhia earlier in the
invasion, installed heavy artillery and mobile missile launchers between the separate reactor walls of the
nuclear installation as a shield against possible Ukrainian counterattack, not possible without the risk of
radiation fallout in case of near misses against the installed Russian artillery sites.[298] On 19 August,
Russia agreed to allow IAEA inspectors access to the Zaporizhzhia plant from Ukrainian-held territory,
after a phone call between the President of France, Emmanuel Macron, and Russian president, Vladimir
Putin. A temporary ceasefire around the plant still needed to be agreed for the inspection.[299][300]
Russia reported that 12 attacks with over 50 artillery shells explosions had been recorded at the plant and
the staff town of Energodar, by 18 August.[301] Also on 19 August, Tobias Ellwood, chair of the UK's
Defence Select Committee, said that any deliberate damage to the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant that could
cause radiation leaks would be a breach of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, according to which an
attack on a member state of NATO is an attack on all of them. The next day, United States congressman
Adam Kinzinger said that any radiation leak would kill people in NATO countries, which would be an
automatic activation of Article 5.[302][303]

Shelling hit coal ash dumps at the neighbouring coal-fired power station on 23 August, and ash was on fire
by 25 August. The 750 kV transmission line to the Dniprovska substation, which was the only one of the
four 750 kV transmission lines that had not yet been damaged and cut by military action, passes over the
ash dumps. At 12:12 p.m. on 25 August the line cut off due to the fire below, disconnecting the plant and
its two operating reactors from the national grid for the first time since it started operating in 1985. In
response, reactor 5's back-up generators and coolant pumps started up, and reactor 6 reduced
generation.[304]

Incoming power was still available via the 330 kV line to the substation at the coal-fired station, so the
diesel generators were not essential for cooling reactor cores and spent fuel pools. The 750 kV line and
reactor 6 resumed operation at 12:29 p.m., but the line was cut by fire again two hours later. The line, but
not the reactors, resumed operation again later that day.[304] On 26 August, one reactor restarted in the
afternoon and another in the evening, resuming electricity supplies to the grid.[305] On 29 August 2022, an
IAEA team led by Rafael Grossi went to investigate the plant.[306] Lydie Evrard and Massimo Aparo were
also in the leadership team. No leaks had been reported at the plant before their arrival but shelling had
occurred days before.[307]

Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk

A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station in the city

of Kramatorsk took place on 8 April, reportedly killing at least
52[308] and injuring 87 to 300.[309] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said
that Ukraine expected a major new Russian offensive in the
east.[310] American officials said that Russia had withdrawn or
been repulsed elsewhere in Ukraine, and therefore was preparing a
retraction, resupply, and redeployment of infantry and tank
divisions to the south-eastern Ukraine front.[311][312] Military
satellites photographed extensive Russian convoys of infantry and
mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11
April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment of its
north-eastern troops to the south-eastern front of the invasion.[313]

On 14 April, Ukrainian troops reportedly blew up a bridge between Military control around Donbas as of
Kharkiv and Izium used by Russian forces to redeploy troops to 23 August 2022
Izium, impeding the Russian convoy.[314] On 18 April, with
Mariupol almost entirely overtaken by Russian forces, the
Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk,
Luhansk and Kharkiv regions had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying of the Donbas.[315]

On 5 May, David Axe writing for Forbes stated that the Ukrainian army had concentrated its 4th and 17th
Tank Brigades and the 95th Air Assault Brigade around Izium for possible rearguard action against the
deployed Russian troops in the area; Axe added that the other major concentration of Ukraine's forces
around Kharkiv included the 92nd and 93rd Mechanized Brigades which could similarly be deployed for
rearguard action against Russian troops around Kharkiv or link up with Ukrainian troops
contemporaneously being deployed around Izium.[316]

On 13 May, BBC reported that Russian troops in Kharkiv were being retracted and redeployed to other
fronts in Ukraine following the advances of Ukrainian troops into surrounding cities and Kharkiv itself,
which included the destruction of strategic pontoon bridges built by Russian troops to cross over the
Seversky Donets river and previously used for rapid tank deployment in the region.[317] On 22 May, the
BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk
while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under
Ukrainian control in Luhansk province.[318]

On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering the city of Lyman, fully capturing the city by 26
May.[319][320] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk.[321] By 24 May, Russian forces
captured the city of Svitlodarsk.[322] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the
outskirts of Sievierodonetsk.[323] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on
the brink of capitulation to Russian occupation with over 80 per cent of the city in the hands of Russian
troops.[324] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June,
Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured.[325]

On 12 June it was reported that possibly as many as 800 Ukrainian civilians (as per Ukrainian estimates)
and 300–400 soldiers (as per Russian sources) were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in
Severodonetsk.[326][327] With the Ukrainian defences of Severodonetsk faltering, Russian invasion troops
began intensifying their attack upon the neighbouring city of Lysychansk as their next target city in the
invasion.[328] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on
Severodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages and hamlets surrounding the city, most recently the village
of Metelkine.[329]

On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid continuing scorched-earth tactics being applied by advancing
Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate the city; they'd leave several hundred
civilians seeking refuge in the Azot chemical plant in Severodenetsk, which has been compared to the
civilian refugees left at the Azovstal steel works in Mariupol during May.[330] On 3 July, CBS announced
that the Russian defense ministry claimed that the city of Lysychansk had been captured and occupied by
Russian forces.[331] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, that Russian
invasion troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of
Sloviansk and Bakhmut.[332]

Fall of Mariupol

On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal iron and steel works in Mariupol, and
the Ukrainian defence forces that remained there.[333] By 17 April, Russian forces had surrounded the
factory. Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said that the Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the
renewed ultimatum to surrender and to fight to the last soul.[334] On 20 April, Putin said that the siege of
Mariupol could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers
within the Azovstal iron works and estimated 1,000 Ukrainian civilians were completely sealed off from
any type of relief in their siege.[335]

After consecutive meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN Secretary-General Guterres on 28 April said he
would attempt to organise an emergency evacuation of survivors from Azovstal in accordance with
assurances he had received from Putin on his visit to the Kremlin.[336] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed
civilians to leave under UN protection.[337] By 3 May, after allowing approximately 100 Ukrainian
civilians to depart from the Azovstal steel factory, Russian troops renewed non-stop bombardment of the
steel factory.[338] On 6 May, The Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the
remaining Ukrainian soldiers, who had lost contact with the Kyiv government; in his last communications,
Zelenskyy had authorised the commander of the besieged steel factory to surrender as necessary under the
pressure of increased Russian attacks.[339] On 7 May, the Associated Press reported that all civilians were
evacuated from the Azovstal steel works at the end of the three-day ceasefire.[340]

After the last civilians evacuated from the Azovstal bunkers, nearly
two thousand Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, with
700 injured; they were able to communicate a plea for a military
corridor to evacuate, as they expected summary execution if they
surrendered to the Russians.[341] Reports of dissent within the
Ukrainian troops at Azovstal were reported by Ukrainskaya
Pravda on 8 May indicating that the commander of the Ukrainian
Marines assigned to defend the Azovstal bunkers made an A children's hospital in Mariupol after
unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke a Russian airstrike
out from the position there and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke
of a weakened defensive position in Azovstal as a result, which
allowed progress to advancing Russian lines of attack.[342] Ilia Somolienko, deputy commander of the
remaining Ukrainian troops barricaded at Azovstal, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us
know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly."[343]

On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat
mission" and that final evacuations from the Azovstal steel factory had begun. The military said that 264
service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 of them who were "seriously
injured" had been taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk also controlled by Russian forces.[344][345] Following
the evacuation of Ukrainian personnel from Azovstal, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled all areas of
Mariupol. The end of the battle also brought an end to the Siege of Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry
Peskov said Russian President Vladimir Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be
treated "in accordance with international standards" while Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said
in an address that "the work of bringing the boys home continues, and this work needs delicacy — and
time". Some prominent Russian lawmakers called on the government to deny prisoner exchanges for
members of the Azov Regiment.[346]

Third phase: Counteroffensives and annexations (6 September – present)

On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region,[347]
beginning near Balakliia.[348] By 12 September, an emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive in the
area surrounding Kharkiv with sufficient success for Russia to publicly admit to losing key positions in the
area. The New York Times reported on 12 September that the success of the counteroffensive dented the
image of a "Mighty Putin", and led to encouraging the government in Kyiv to seek more arms from the
West to sustain its counteroffensive in Kharkiv and surrounding areas.[349][350]

On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilization.[351][352] He also said that his
country will use "all means" to "defend itself". Later that day, the minister of defence Sergei Shoigu stated
that 300,000 reservists would be called on a compulsory basis.[353][351] Mykhailo Podolyak, the adviser to
the president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable, and was an attempt
to justify "Russia's failures".[354] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an
"escalation",[355] while former Mongolian president Tsakhia Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian
Mongols as "cannon fodder".[356]
On 8 October, the Crimean Bridge
partially collapsed due to an
explosion. [357] Russia later accused
Ukraine for the blast, and launched
retaliatory missile strikes against
Ukrainian civilian areas.[358]

Annexations

In late September 2022, Russian-

installed officials in Ukraine organized
referendums on annexation of occupied
territories of Ukraine, including the
Donetsk People's Republic and the
Luhansk People's Republic in Russian
occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts
of Ukraine, as well as the Russian-
appointed military administrations of
Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia
Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's
government and its allies as sham
elections, the official results showed
overwhelming majorities in favor of
annexation.[359]

On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin The 2022 Russian invasion of eastern Ukraine, phase 3 animated
announced the annexation of Ukraine's map (5 September to 25 September)
Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and
Zaporizhzhia regions in an address to
both houses of the Russian parliament. Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United
Nations all condemned the annexation.[360]

Kherson counteroffensive

On 29 August, Zelenskyy advisedly vowed the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast. He
first announced a counteroffensive to retake Russian-occupied territory in the south concentrating on the
Kherson-Mykolaiv region, a claim that was corroborated by the Ukrainian parliament as well as
Operational Command South.[361][362][363][364][365] At the start of the operation, the Ukrainian
operational group "Kakhovka" and some Ukrainian officials claimed that their forces had broken through
defensive lines manned by the 109th DPR Regiment and Russian paratroopers.[364]

The 109th DPR Regiment, which was a conscript unit that was known to serve on garrison duty in the
Kherson area, was reported to have withdrawn from it.[365] Ukrainian officials also claimed that they had
hit and destroyed a large Russian base in the area[366] amid a general increase of Ukrainian air and artillery
bombardments of Russian positions.[365] On 1 September, the Ukrainian army claimed to have captured
Stanislav and Snihurivka, confirmed by local sources.[367] On 4 September, Zelenskyy announced the
liberation of two unnamed villages in Kherson Oblast and one in Donetsk Oblast. Ukrainian authorities
released a photo showing the raising of the Ukrainian flag in Vysokopillia by Ukrainian forces.[368][369]
On 6 September, Ukraine started a second offensive in the Kharkiv area, where it achieved a rapid
breakthrough. Meanwhile, Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports
about territorial changes were largely unverifiable.[370] On 12 September, Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian
forces had retaken a total of 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) from Russia, in both the south and the
east. The BBC stated that it could not verify these claims.[371] By 13 September, that Russian forces had
withdrawn from Kyselivka, a settlement 15 km from Kherson.[372][373]

On the same day, the Russia-backed deputy head of the Kherson Region posted a video from the outskirts
of the settlement in which he claimed that Ukrainian troops have not been able to enter it.[374] The mayor
of Melitopol reported that Russian forces were abandoning the city and were moving to Russian-held
Crimea.[375] Ukraine also claimed to have retaken Oleksandrivka on 13 September.[376] A local official
claimed that Ukraine had retaken Kyselivka, but this had not been confirmed by the Ukrainian military or
outside sources such as the ISW as of 14 September.[377]

In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170
square kilometres (450 sq mi) of territory, with fighting extending to Dudchany.[378][379]

Kharkiv counteroffensive

Meanwhile, Ukrainian forces launched another

surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the
Kharkiv region,[347] beginning near Balakliia.[348] By
7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced some 20
kilometres (12 mi) into Russian occupied territory and
claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square
kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this
was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to
Kherson in response to the Ukrainian offensive
there.[380] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured
Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres
(9.3  mi) of Kupiansk.[381] Military analysts said
Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards
Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting
off the Russian forces at Izium from the north.[382]

On 9 September, the Russian occupation

administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would
"evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk
and Velykyi Burluk. The Institute for the Study of War
said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next
    Controlled by Ukraine

72 hours,[383] while Russian reserve units were sent to

    Occupied by Russia

the area by both road and helicopter.[384] On the

Map of the Kharkiv counteroffensive as of 25
morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to
October 2022
depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in
the centre of Kupiansk,[385] and the Institute for the
Study of War said Ukrainian forces had captured
approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi) by effectively exploiting their breakthrough.[386]

Later in the day, Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of
the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by
the capture of Kupiansk.[387] By 15 September, an assessment by UK's Ministry of Defence confirmed that
Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of Oskil river. The retreating
units had also abandoned various high-value military assets.[388]

The offensive continued pushing east and by 2 October Ukrainian Armed Forces had liberated another key
city in the Second Battle of Lyman (2022).[389]

Dnipro–Zaporizhzhia front

On 3 September 2022, an IAEA delegation visited the nuclear power plant at Zaporizhzhia and on 6
September a report was published documenting damages and threats to the plant security caused by
external shelling and presence of occupational troops in the plant.[390][391] On 11 September, at 3:14 a.m.,
the sixth and final reactor was disconnected from the grid, "completely stopping" the plant. The statement
from Energoatom said that "Preparations are underway for its cooling and transfer to a cold state".[392]

Events in Crimea

On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly
wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol.[393] On 9 August
2022, there were large explosions reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed
that at least eight aircraft were damaged or destroyed. The cause of the explosions is unknown, but may
have been long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident;[394] Ukrainian commander-in-
chief Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed on 7 September that it had been a Ukrainian missile attack.[395]

The base is located near the town of Novofedorivka, which is popular with tourists. Queues to leave the
area formed at the Crimean Bridge after the explosions.[396] A week later there were explosions and a fire
at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea, which Russia blamed on "sabotage". A railway
line and power station were also damaged. According to the Russian regional head, Sergei Aksyonov,
2,000 people were evacuated from the area.[397] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air
Base, north of Sevastopol.[398]

On the morning of 8 October, the Kerch Bridge, which links occupied Crimea with Russia, was hit by a
large explosion which collapsed part of the roadway and caused damage to the railway line.[399]

Missile attacks and air war

On 14 March, Russian forces conducted multiple cruise missile attacks on a military training facility in
Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, close to the Polish border. Local governor Maksym Kozytskyy reported that at least
35 people had been killed.[400][401] On 18 March, Russia expanded the attack to Lviv, with Ukrainian
military officials saying initial information suggested that the missiles which hit Lviv were likely air-
launched cruise missiles originating from warplanes flying over the Black Sea.[402] On 16 May, US
defence officials say that in the previous 24 hours Russians fired long range missiles targeting military
training facility near Lviv.[403]

On 24 February, Russian forces attacked the Chuhuiv air base,[404] which housed Bayraktar TB2 drones.
The attack caused damage to fuel storage areas and infrastructure.[405] The next day, Ukrainian forces
attacked the Millerovo air base.[172][173] On 27 February, Russia reportedly fired 9K720 Iskander missiles
from Belarus at the civilian Zhytomyr Airport.[406][407] Many Ukrainian air defence facilities were
destroyed or damaged in the first days of the invasion by Russian air strikes.[408] In the opening days of the
conflict, Russia fired many cruise and ballistic missiles at the principal Ukrainian ground-based early
warning radars, thereby blinding the Ukrainian Air Force to their
air activity. Craters in the operating surfaces at the major Ukrainian
air bases hindered Ukrainian aircraft movements, and several
Ukrainian long-range S-300P surface-to-air missile batteries were
destroyed.[409]

On 1 March, Russia and the US established a deconfliction line to

avoid any misunderstanding that could cause an unintentional Russian Aerospace Forces
escalation.[410] Russia lost at least ten aircraft on 5 March.[411] On helicopters in a field during the
6 March, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine invasion, March 2022
reported that 88 Russian aircraft had been destroyed since the war
began.[412] However, an anonymous senior US defence official
told Reuters on 7 March that Russia still had the "vast majority" of its fighter jets and helicopters that had
been amassed near Ukraine available to fly.[413] After the first month of the invasion, Justin Bronk, a
British military observer, counted the Russian aircraft losses at 15 fixed-wing aircraft and 35 helicopters,
but noted that the true total was certainly higher.[414] In contrast, according to the United States, 49
Ukrainian fighter aircraft were lost by 18 March.[415]

On 11 March, US officials said that Russian aircraft launched up to 200 sorties a day, most not entering
Ukrainian airspace, instead staying in Russian airspace.[416] On 13 March, Russian forces conducted
multiple cruise missile attacks on a military training facility in Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, close to the Polish
border. Local governor Maksym Kozytskyy reported that at least 35 people had been killed in the
attacks.[417][418] The poor performance of the Russian Air Force has been attributed by The Economist to
Russia's inability to suppress Ukraine's medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries and Russia's
lack of precision-guided bombs. Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites force planes to fly low, making them
vulnerable to Stinger and other shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles, and lack of training and flight
hours for Russian pilots renders them inexperienced for the type of close ground support missions typical of
modern air forces.[419] On 5 May, Forbes magazine reported that Russians had continued air attacks and
"continue to send Su-24 and Su-25 attack planes on treetop-level bombing runs targeting Ukrainian
positions."[420]

By June 2022, Russia had not achieved air superiority, having lost around 165 of its combat aircraft over
Ukraine which amounted to approximately 10% of its frontline combat strength. Western commentators
noted the qualitative and quantitative advantages the Russian Air Force had over its Ukrainian counterpart,
but attributed the poor performance of Russian aviation to the extensive ground-based anti-aircraft
capabilities of the Ukrainians.[421]

An attack on Dnipro proper was carried out by Russian armed forces[422] on 15 July 2022. As a result, 4
people died and 16 were injured.[423] The main target was the largest space plant of Ukraine located within
the city.[424][425] The city was struck by X-101 missiles launched from Tu-95 aircraft in the northern part
of the Caspian Sea.[426] According to preliminary data, eight missiles were launched, of which four were
shot down by the Ukrainian Air Defence Forces.[427] Each missile costs 13 million dollars[428] (8 missiles
cost Russia more than 100 million dollars).[429]

Part of the rockets hit the "Pivdenmash" enterprise.[430] As a result of the impact, the city's water supply
was damaged, and part of the city's residents were left without water supply.[430] More than ten cars were
damaged, doors and windows were destroyed in residential buildings.[431] Four people were killed.[98]
One of the victims was a city bus driver.[422] On the first day, 15 wounded were reported, and the next day
their number increased to 16.[422]
In August the USAF was able to integrate AGM-88 HARM missiles into the Ukrainian Su-27s and MiG-
29s. This effort has taken "some months" to achieve. This does not give the Ukrainian air force the same
"capabilities that it would on an F-16." However US Air Force General James B. Hecker said: "Even
though you don't get a kinetic kill … you can get local air superiority for a period of time where you can do
what you need to do."[432]

On 19 September, US Air Force General James B. Hecker said that 55 Russian military aircraft had been
shot down by Ukrainian air defences since the start of the invasion. He credited this success to the
Ukrainian use of SA-11 and SA-10 air defence systems. As the US does not have these systems, getting
new missiles from European allies is a "big ask" from Kyiv. Russian airplanes increased their operations in
response to the 2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv Oblast counteroffensive. The tally of downed aircraft increased to
55 when the UK MoD stated that it believed that some four Russian jets had been downed by Ukraine over
the previous 10 days. These losses were due to changing front lines (Russia's loss of controlled territory)
and other factors. Also, Russian aviation resources were under pressure to provide closer support to ground
forces. As of 19 September, the Ukrainian Air Force was at "about 80%" of its pre-invasion strength after
seven months of combat.[433][434]

Naval blockade and engagements

Ukraine lies on the Black Sea, which has ocean access only
through the Turkish-held Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. On 28
February, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and
sealed off the straits to Russian warships not registered to Black
Sea home bases and not returning to their ports of origin. This
prevented the passage of four Russian naval vessels through the
The Russian Black Sea flagship
Turkish Straits in late February.[435][436][437] Moskva, 2012, sunk on 14 April
2022, reportedly after being hit by
On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine
two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship
announced that an attack on Snake Island by Russian Navy ships
missiles
had begun.[438] The guided missile cruiser Moskva and patrol boat
Vasily Bykov bombarded the island with their deck guns.[439] When
the Russian warship identified itself and instructed the Ukrainian soldiers stationed on the island to
surrender, their response was "Russian warship, go fuck yourself!"[440][441] After the bombardment, a
detachment of Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island.[442]

Russia stated on 26 February that US drones supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help target
Russian warships in the Black Sea, which the US denied.[443] By 3 March, the Ukrainian frigate Hetman
Sahaidachny, the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, was scuttled in Mykolaiv to prevent its capture by
Russian forces.[444][445][446][447] On 14 March, the Russian source RT reported that the Russian Armed
Forces had captured about a dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdiansk, including the Polnocny-class landing ship
Yuri Olefirenko.[448] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in
Berdiansk – initially reported to be the Orsk and then its sister ship, the Saratov – was destroyed by a
Ukrainian rocket attack.[449][220][232]

In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for
commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports.[450] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles
(130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone, for the transit of merchant
vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters south-east of Odesa.[451][452] Ukraine closed its ports
at MARSEC level 3, with sea mines laid in port approaches, until the end to hostilities.[453]
The Russian cruiser Moskva, the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet, was, according to Ukrainian sources and a
US senior official,[454] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles, setting the ship
on fire. The Russian Defence Ministry confirmed the warship had suffered serious damage due to a
munition explosion caused by a fire, and said that its entire crew had been evacuated.[455] The Pentagon
spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had
suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs and refitting in
Sevastopol.[456]

Later on the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that Moskva had sunk while under tow in
rough weather.[457] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile
strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the
Moskva attack were manufactured and designed.[458] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave
"a range of intelligence" (including real-time battlefield targeting intelligence)[459] to assist in the sinking of
the Russian cruiser Moskva.[460]

In early May, Ukrainian forces launched counterattacks on Snake Island. The Russian Ministry of Defense
claimed to have repelled these counterattacks. Ukraine released footage of a Russian Serna-class landing
craft located in the Black Sea being destroyed near Snake Island by a Ukrainian drone.[461][462] The same
day, a pair of Ukrainian Su-27 conducted a high-speed, low level bombing run on Russian-occupied Snake
Island; the attack was captured on film by a Baykar Bayraktar TB2 drone.[463]

On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own
harbours to impede Russia maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, stating that: "If
Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships
with grain to the Mediterranean Sea."[464] On 30 June 2022, Russia announced that it had withdrawn
troops from the island in a "gesture of goodwill".[289] The withdrawal was later officially confirmed by
Ukraine.[465]

Nuclear threats

Four days into the invasion, President Putin placed Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that
Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine, or a wider escalation of the conflict could occur.
During April, Putin and Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov made a number of threats alluding to the
use of nuclear weapons against Ukraine and the countries supporting Ukraine.[466][467] On 14 April, CIA
director William Burns said that "potential desperation" in the face of defeat could encourage President
Putin to use tactical nuclear weapons.[468]

In response to Russia's disregard of safety precautions during its occupation of the disabled former nuclear
power plant at Chernobyl and its firing of missiles in the vicinity of the active nuclear power plant at
Zaporizhzhia, on 26 April President Zelenskyy called for an international discussion on regulating Russia's
use of nuclear resources, stating: "no one in the world can feel safe knowing how many nuclear facilities,
nuclear weapons and related technologies the Russian state has ... If Russia has forgotten what Chernobyl
is, it means that global control over Russia's nuclear facilities, and nuclear technology is needed."[469] In
August, shelling around the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant developed into a crisis, prompting an
emergency inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Ukraine has described the crisis as an
act of nuclear terrorism by Russia.[470]

On 19 September, CNBC reported that Biden's response to Russian uncertainties about its lack of combat
success in its invasion stating: "President Joe Biden warned of a 'consequential' response from the U.S. if
Russian President Vladimir Putin were to use nuclear or other non-conventional weapons... Asked what he
would say to Putin if he was considering such action, Biden replied, 'Don't. Don't. Don't.'"[471] Following
his statement made on the 19 September, Biden appeared before the United Nations on 21 September and
continued his criticism of Putin's nuclear sabre-rattling, stating that Putin was "overt, reckless and
irresponsible... A nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought."[472]

Ukrainian resistance

Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion, volunteered for

territorial defence units, made Molotov cocktails, donated food,
built barriers such as Czech hedgehogs,[473] and helped to transport
refugees.[474] Responding to a call from Ukraine's transportation
agency, Ukravtodor, civilians dismantled or altered road signs,
constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. Social
media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian
forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal
Civilians in Kyiv preparing Molotov
altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops.[475] By the
cocktails, 26 February 2022
beginning of April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as
guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The
Ukrainian military announced plans to launch a large-scale guerrilla
campaign to complement its conventional defence against the Russian invasion.[476]

People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat.[475][477][478] The
Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the
protesters[475] to firing into the air or directly into crowds.[479] There have been mass detentions of
Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-
taking, extrajudicial killing, and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military.[480] To facilitate
Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia, a
Ukrainian government app previously used by citizens to upload official identity and medical documents.
In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for
smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killing a civilian found with pictures of Russian
tanks.[481]

As of 21 May, President Zelensky indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 servicemembers on active duty
combating the Russian invasion.[482] Throughout 2022, Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment
deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions, such as MONUSCO in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, back to Ukraine.[483]

Foreign involvement

Foreign military sales and aid

Between 2014 and 2021, the UK, US, EU, and NATO provided mostly non-lethal military aid to
Ukraine.[484] Lethal military support was initially limited. The US began to sell weapons including Javelin
anti-tank missiles starting in 2018,[484] and Ukraine agreed to purchase TB2 combat drones from Turkey in
2019.[485] Russia built up equipment and troops on Ukraine's borders in January 2022. In response, the US
worked with other NATO member states to transfer US-produced weapons to Ukraine.[486]

The UK also began to supply Ukraine with NLAW and Javelin anti-tank weapons.[487] After the invasion,
NATO member states including Germany agreed to supply weapons, but NATO as an organisation did
not.[46][488][489] NATO and its members also refused to send troops into Ukraine, or to establish a no fly-
zone, lest this spark a larger-scale war,[490][491] a
decision some labelled appeasement.[492][493]

On 26 February, US Secretary of State Antony

Blinken announced $350  million in lethal military
assistance, including anti-armor and anti-aircraft
systems.[494][495] The next day the EU stated that it
would purchase €450  million (US$502  million) in
lethal assistance and an additional €50  million
   Russia
($56  million) in non-lethal supplies for Ukraine, with
   Ukraine
Poland handling distribution.[496][497] During the first
week of the invasion, NATO member states supplied    Countries sending military aid to Ukraine during
more than 17,000 anti-tank weapons to Ukraine;[498] the 2022 invasion
by mid-March, the number was estimated to be more
than 20,000.[499] In three tranches agreed in February,
March and April 2022, the European Union
committed to €1.5  billion to support the capabilities
and resilience of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the
protection of the Ukrainian civilian population, under
the purview of the European Peace Facility line.[500]

As of 11 April, Ukraine had been provided with

approximately 25,000 anti-air and 60,000 anti-tank
weapon systems by the US and its allies.[501] The    Russia
following day, Russia reportedly received anti-tank    Ukraine
missiles and RPGs from Iran, supplied through    Countries sending any aid, including
undercover networks via Iraq.[502] humanitarian aid, to Ukraine

On 19 April 2022, Romania announced a planned

reform to the government decree that regulates the export of military weapons and national defence
products to provide these weapons not only to NATO allies but also to Ukraine.[503] The Ministry of
Defense developed the draft decree stating that the reason behind this decision was Russia's aggression
against Ukraine.[504] However, on 27 April Defense Minister Vasile Dincu said that his plan had been
discontinued.[505]

On 26 April, the US convened a conference in which representatives of more than 40 countries[d] met at
the Ramstein Air Base to discuss military support for Ukraine.[507]

On 28 April, US President Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion to assist Ukraine, including
$20  billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.[508] On 5 May, Ukraine's Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal
announced that Ukraine had received more than $12  billion worth of weapons and financial aid from
Western countries since the start of Russia's invasion on 24 February.[509] On 10 May, the House passed
legislation that would provide $40 billion in new aid to Ukraine.[510] After the legislation was approved by
the Senate, Biden signed the legislation on 21 May.[511][512]

On 30 May, French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna announced the provision to Ukraine of additional
CAESAR self-propelled howitzer systems,[513] mounted on the Renault Sherpa 5 6×6 chassis. On 25 May,
the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Valery Zaluzhny said that the first batch was
already on the front lines fighting the invader.[514] On 10 June, the AFU demonstrated the combat systems
to representatives from the press; by that date the Ukrainian gunners possessed 18 CAESAR
units.[515][516]
On 31 May, the White House informed the press that the US would be supplying HIMARS multiple
launch rocket systems to Ukraine.[517] Some analysts had said HIMARS could be a "game-changer" in the
war.[518][519] Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Colin Kahl stated that the US would be able to send
more systems as the fighting evolves.[520][521]

On 10 June, an official from the Ukrainian military said that they were using 5,000 to 6,000 artillery rounds
a day and would then be using 155-calibre NATO standard shells because all their Soviet-era guns had
been destroyed. The official said the Russians had transformed the war into an artillery duel focused on the
southeast of the country.[197] On 12 June, a Ukrainian Presidential advisor put on Twitter a list of weapons
that Ukraine needed to achieve "heavy weapons parity". The top item was "1000 howitzers caliber 155
mm".[522]

Ukraine claimed it had enough 155  mm ammunition but lacked the artillery to use it. According to
Oryxspioenkop only 250 howitzers have been promised or delivered.[523] On 13 June, a Deutsche Welle
correspondent said that the Ukrainian supply of Soviet-era ammunition had been exhausted and all they had
was a dwindling supply obtained from friendly ex-Soviet countries.[524]

In June 2022 Germany declassified its list of military aid to Ukraine.[525]

By 21 July 2022, the EUCOM Control Center-Ukraine/International Donor Coordination Centre

(ECCU/IDCC) a joint cell formed in March 2022 had trained 1,500 Ukrainian Armed Forces members on
coalition-donated equipment.[526]

For the 16 US-supplied HIMARS systems in Ukraine (2 August 2022), the US was providing more
munitions (additional HIMARS rocket pods in monthly installments, as well as more 155-mm howitzer
shells) at a cost of $550 million for the 17th Presidential drawdown package.[527]

The 18th US presidential drawdown package was released (8 Aug 2022), a $1 billion package including
additional HIMARS rocket pods, 75,000 rounds of 155mm artillery ammunition, 20 120mm mortar
systems and 20,000 rounds of 120mm mortar ammunition, National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile
Systems (NASAMS),[e] 1000 Javelins and hundreds of AT4 anti-tank weapons, 50 armored medical
treatment vehicles, Claymore mines, C4 explosives, and medical supplies.[529]

The 19th US presidential drawdown package (19 Aug 2022) was a $775 million package which included
additional HIMARS rocket pods, 16 105mm howitzers with 36,000 artillery rounds (this supplements the
UK's past contributions of 105mm howitzers), 1000 anti-armor Javelins, 2000 anti-armor rounds which are
for the Swedish Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle, 1,500 tube-launched, optically tracked, wire guided
anti-tank missiles (BGM-71 TOWs), additional AGM-88 HARM air-launched[530]: 4 :17  anti-radiation
missiles which home on radar sites, 15 ScanEagles (UAVs to guide Ukrainian artillery), 40 mine flail
vehicles to clear out minefields, 50 Humvees, tactical secure communication systems, demolition munitions,
night vision devices, thermal imagery systems, optics and laser rangefinders.[531][532]

The packages since 2021 totaled $10.7 billion by 19 August 2022.[533][529]

As of July 2022, CNN reported on American recent declassified intel suggested that Iranians have given
Shahed 129 UAV combat drones to Russian forces.[534][535]

In 2022, 800 combat drones manufactured by the Taiwanese DronesVision were transferred to Ukraine
through Poland.[536][537]

Ukraine security assistance package

On 24 August 2022, aid for longer-term requirements by Ukraine, $3 billion in US security assistance[538]
was from a congressional funding source (Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative —USAI) rather than by
drawdown from US government stocks; instead the ammunition, and other materiel, such as ScanEagle and
Puma drones, and Vampire counter-drone missiles[539] would be from suppliers.[538] The longer-term
deliveries of materiel will include 6 additional NASAMS air defense units and their attendant rounds (for a
total of 8 units);[e][540] up to 245,000 155mm howitzer shells; up to 65,000 120mm mortar rounds; up to 24
counter-battery radars, and the attendant training, maintenance, and sustainment.[541] By 24 August 2022
US aid since January 2021 exceeded $13.5 billion.[542]

By August 2022, the United Kingdom had provided military aid to the value of £2.3bn ($2.8bn). This
included three M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems, some 5,000 NLAW anti-tank missiles, "hundreds"
of Brimstone missiles, 120 armoured vehicles including Mastiff Protected Patrol Vehicles, and heavy-lift
drones.[543] Additionally, 10,000 Ukrainian soldiers were in an intensive 120-day infantry training course
at four bases in Britain, delivered by a multi-national team of trainers.[544]

On 8 September 2022, US secretary of state Blinken announced $2 billion in aid to Ukraine and eighteen
partners in the defence industrial base.[545] In addition US secretary of defense Austin announced the 20th
drawdown package —up to $675 million for Ukraine military aid at the Ukraine Defense Contact Group
meeting in Germany, as well as discussion of initiatives for the respective industrial bases of the Defense
Contact Group, in order to defend Ukraine's sovereign territory for the long haul.[546][547] On 28
September William LaPlante, US under-secretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment (USD (A&S))
met in Brussels with 40 counterparts in the Ukraine Defense Contact Group. On the agenda was the
identification of industrial suppliers of replacement materiel such as gun barrels, ball bearings, steel casings,
and microchips, without which the existing military aid will eventually cease to function due to heavy use
on the battlefield.[548]

On 15 September 2022, US president Biden announced his 21st drawdown package, worth $600 million in
military aid to Ukraine in light of the 2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive.[549]

On 28 September 2022 the US department of defense announced a USAI (Ukraine Security Assistance
Initiative) package worth up to $1.1 billion which will purchase 18 additional HIMARS systems and their
associated rockets from vendors in the future.[550] By 28 September 16 HIMARS systems drawn from the
US and an additional 10 equivalent systems from the allies were in service in Ukraine. This USAI package
was also to include 150 Humvees (HMMWVs), 150 tactical vehicles, 20 multi-mission radars, explosive
ordnance disposal equipment, body armor and tactical secure communications systems, surveillance
systems and optics.[550] Training for Ukrainian troops, maintenance, and sustainment were included in this
long-term package, totaling $16.2 billion in aid since the beginning of the 2022 invasion.[550]

Proposal for a Kyiv Security Compact

In September 2022, former NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen delivered a proposal for a
long lasting Kyiv Security Compact to President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, on legally binding security
guarantees for Ukraine from a coalition of Western countries to bolster its ability to fend off Russian attacks
through extensive joint training, the provision of advanced defense weapons systems, and support to
develop the country's own defense industrial base.[551]

Lend-Lease for Ukraine

On 1 October 2022 Lend-Lease for Ukraine came into effect.[f] A proposal to administer US security
assistance as part of EUCOM is under consideration at the Pentagon.[553] This plan would systematise the
services currently being provided to Ukraine on an ad hoc basis, and would provide a long-term vehicle for
countering Russian plans under the provisions of the Lend-Lease act,[553] and for coordinating Allied aid
for Ukraine's defense with Ukrainian requests at a single point of contact in Wiesbaden, Germany.[553]

On 4 October 2022 the 22nd Presidential drawdown from US stocks to Ukraine, $625 million in security
assistance, included a tailored package: 4 more HIMARS systems and their associated rockets; 16 more
M777 155mm howitzers and 75,000 155mm rounds; 500 M982 Excalibur precision-guided 155mm
rounds; 1,000 155mm rounds of remote anti-armor mine systems; 16 more 105mm M119 howitzers; 30,000
120 mm mortar rounds; 200 mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles (MRAPs); 200,000 rounds of small
arms ammunition; and Claymore mines. The package responds to current Ukrainian ammunition
consumption rates during their latest offensives; more aid is forthcoming according to Laura Cooper, a US
DoD deputy assistant secretary of defense.[554] So far, the security assistance has totalled $16.8 billion to
Ukraine.[554]

On 14 October 2022 the 23rd Presidential drawdown from US stocks provided Ukraine $725 million in
security assistance, including`additional rounds for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS);
23,000 155mm howitzer rounds; 500 precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds; 5,000 155mm rounds of
Remote Anti-Armor Mine (RAAM) Systems; 5,000 anti-tank weapons; High-speed Anti-radiation missiles
(HARMs); more than 200 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs); small arms and
more than 2,000,000 rounds of small arms ammunition; and medical supplies.[555] So far, the security
assistance has totalled $18.2 billion to Ukraine since January 2021.[555]

On 17 October 2022 the European Union approved €500 million ($486 million) in weapons for
Ukraine,[556] and a two-year training mission under the command of Vice Adm. Herve Blejean (France)
for 15,000 Ukrainian troops, initially.[556] The training, at the "individual, collective and specialized" levels
would be held in Germany and Poland, and would be open to other nations as well. The planned training
cost would be nearly €107 million.[556]

Aid in construction of a missile defence system

Missile defence of Ukraine was arriving piecemeal;[g] in Brussels on 12 October 2022, US Army General
Mark Milley suggested to the Ukraine Defense Contact Group[d] that the allies of Ukraine "chip in to help
Ukraine rebuild and sustain an integrated air and missile defense system" from the contributed air and
missile defence system materiel.[559] Specifically, Ukraine would need to link together and integrate their
existing materiel and radars with "command and control and communication
systems". [559][560]: 
m inute 20:25 

Foreign military involvement

Although NATO and the EU have publicly taken a strict policy of "no boots on the ground" in support
against the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[561] the United States has significantly increased the secret
involvement of special operations military and CIA operatives in support of Ukrainian forces since the
beginning of the invasion.[562] In addition, Ukraine has actively sought volunteers from other countries. On
1 March, Ukraine temporarily lifted visa requirements for foreign volunteers who wished to join the fight
against Russian forces. The move came after Zelenskyy created the International Legion of Territorial
Defense of Ukraine and called on volunteers to "join the defence of Ukraine, Europe and the world".[563]

Ukraine's foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba stated that as of 6 March, approximately 20,000 foreign
nationals from 52 countries have volunteered to fight.[564] Most of these volunteers joined the newly
created International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine.[564] On 9 June, the Donetsk People's
Republic sentenced three foreign volunteers to death. Two of them were British citizens and one was a
Moroccan national.[565][566] The foreign prisoners were later released.[567]
On 3 March, Russian Defence Ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov warned that mercenaries are not
entitled to protection under the Geneva Conventions, and captured foreign fighters would not be considered
prisoners of war, but prosecuted as criminals.[568] Shortly thereafter, however, on 11 March, Moscow
announced that 16,000 volunteers from the Middle East were ready to join other pro-Russian foreign
fighters alongside the Donbas separatists.[569] A video uploaded online showed armed Central African
paramilitaries preparing to fight in Ukraine with Russian troops.[570]

On 21 October, a White House press release stated that Iranian troops were in Crimea assisting Russia in
launching drone attacks.[571]

Foreign sanctions and ramifications

Western countries and others imposed limited sanctions on Russia

when it recognised Donbas as an independent nation. When the
attack began, many other countries applied sanctions intended to
cripple the Russian economy.[572] The sanctions targeted
individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, bank transfers,
exports, and imports.[573][574] The sanctions cut major Russian
banks from SWIFT, the global messaging network for international US president Joe Biden's statements
payments, but left some limited accessibility to ensure the continued and a short question and answer
ability to pay for gas shipments.[575] Sanctions also included asset session on 24 February 2022
freezes on the Russian Central Bank, which holds $630  billion in
foreign-exchange reserves,[576] to prevent it from offsetting the
impact of sanctions[577][578] and froze the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline.[579] By 1 March, total Russian
assets frozen by sanctions amounted to $1 trillion.[580]

Kristalina Georgieva, managing director of the

International Monetary Fund (IMF), warned that the
conflict posed a substantial economic risk both
regionally and internationally. The IMF could help
other countries affected, she said, in addition to the EUR/Ruble exchange rate (Rubles per Euro)
$2.2 billion loan package for Ukraine. David Malpass,
president of the World Bank Group, warned of far-
reaching economic and social effects, and reported that
the bank was preparing options for significant
economic and fiscal support to Ukraine and the
region.[581]
   Russian inflation rate
Economic sanctions affected Russia from the first day
 Central Bank of Russia key interest rate
of the invasion, with its stock market falling by up to  
39% (RTS Index). The Russian ruble fell to record
lows, and Russians rushed to exchange currency.[582][583][584] Stock exchanges in Moscow and Saint
Petersburg closed until at least 18 March,[585] the longest closure in Russia's history.[586] On 26 February,
S&P Global Ratings downgraded the Russian government credit rating to "junk", causing funds that
require investment-grade bonds to dump Russian debt, making further borrowing very difficult for
Russia.[587] On 11 April, S&P Global placed Russia under "selective default" on its foreign debt for
insisting on payments in rubles.[588] Dozens of corporations, including Unilever, McDonald's, Coca-Cola,
Starbucks, Hermès, Chanel, and Prada ceased trading in Russia.[589]

Peace talks and stability of international borders were discussed during the week of 9 May within both
Sweden and Finland when their parliaments applied to become full members of NATO.[590]
On 24 March, Joe Biden's administration issued an
executive order, which barred the sale of Russian gold
reserves in the international market.[591] Gold has
been one of Russia's major avenues to protect its
economy from the impact of the sanctions imposed
Russian bonds, Inverted yield curves to tame
since the 2014 annexation of Crimea.[592] In April
inflation during their wars (Russo-Georgian War,
2022, Russia supplied 45% of EU's natural gas
Russo-Ukrainian War, 2022 Russian invasion of
imports, earning $900 million a day.[593] Russia is the
Ukraine)
world's largest exporter of natural gas,[594] grains, and  20 year bond
fertilisers, and among the world's largest suppliers of  
 10 year bond
crude oil, coal, steel and metals,[595] including  
 1 year bond
palladium, platinum, gold, cobalt, nickel, and  
 3 month bond
aluminium.[596][597]  

In May 2022, the European Commission proposed a

ban on oil imports from Russia.[598] With European
policy-makers deciding to replace Russian fossil fuel
imports with other fossil fuels imports and European
coal energy production,[599][600] as well as due to Ukraine bond rates
Russia being "a key supplier" of materials used for  1 year bond
"clean energy technologies", the reactions to the war  
 2 year bond
may also have an overall negative impact on the  
 3 year bond
climate emissions pathway. [601] Due to the sanctions  
imposed on Russia, Moscow is now looking to
capitalise on alternative trade routes as the country has practically broken all logistic corridors for trade.[602]

The Russia–EU gas dispute flared up in March 2022.[603] On 14 June, Russia's Gazprom announced that it
would be slashing gas flow via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline, due to what it claimed to be Siemens' failure to
return on time compressor units that had been sent off to Canada for repair. The explanation was challenged
by Germany's energy regulator.[604]

On 17 June, president Putin spoke to investors at St. Petersburg International Economic Forum about
economic sanctions, saying that "the economic blitzkrieg against Russia had no chance of succeeding from
the very beginning". He further claimed that the sanctions would hurt the countries imposing them more
than they would hurt Russia, calling the restrictions "mad and thoughtless". He said to the investors: "Invest
here. It's safer in your own house. Those who didn't want to listen to this have lost millions abroad".[605]

In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Estonia has removed a remaining Soviet era monument
from a square in Narva.[606] After its removal Estonia was subject to "the most extensive cyberattack"
since the 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia.[607]

On 25 August 2022, president Zelensky thanked president Biden for the $3 billion USAI security aid
package (24 August 2022), as well as the $3 billion World Bank financial aid package for Ukraine.[608] On
2 September, president Biden requested $13.7 billion "for equipment, intelligence support and direct
budgetary support" to Ukraine from Congress.[609][610]

Foreign condemnation and protest

The invasion received widespread international condemnation and protests occurred around the world. On
2 March, the United Nations General Assembly passed UNGA resolution ES-11/1 condemning the
invasion and demanding a full withdrawal of Russian forces.[44] The International Court of Justice ordered
Russia to suspend military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed
sanctions on Russia, which have affected the economies of Russia and the world,[45] and provided
humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine.[46] The International Criminal Court opened an investigation into
crimes against humanity in Ukraine since 2013, as well as war crimes in the 2022 invasion.[51]

Casualties and refugee crisis

Field casualties and injuries

Combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery and video footage of
military actions.[611] Both Russian and Ukrainian sources are widely considered to inflate casualty numbers
in opposing forces, while downplaying their own losses for the sake of morale. Russian news outlets have
largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll.[612][613][614][615] Russia and Ukraine admitted to
suffering "significant" and "considerable" losses, respectively.[614][615] BBC News reported in April 2022
that Ukrainian claims of Russian fatalities included the injured as well.[616][617] Agence France-Presse, as
well as independent conflict monitors, reported that they had not been able to verify Russian and Ukrainian
claims of enemy losses, but suspected they were inflated.[618]

The number of civilian and military deaths is impossible to determine with precision given the fog of
war.[619][611] On 12 October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories reported that more than
90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded or gone missing in Ukraine, citing sources
close to the Kremlin.[620] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR) considers the number of civilian casualties to be considerably higher than the figure the United
Nations has been able to certify.[621] On 16 June, the Ukrainian Minister of Defense told CNN that he
believed tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, adding that he hoped that the true death toll was below
100,000.[622] In the destroyed city of Mariupol alone, Ukrainian officials believe at least 22,000 have been
killed,[623] but investigations of morgue records indicate many more,[624] while still more bodies remain
uncollected.[625] According to the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights, 5 Syrian fighters were killed in
Kherson.[626]

Breakdown Confirmed casualties Time period Source

6,306 killed, 9,602 wounded[h] 24 February – 16

Civilians (411 killed and 1,419 injured in October 2022 United Nations[627]
DPR/LPR areas)

Ukrainian forces (ZSU, 24 February – 3 June Ukrainian

10,000 killed, 30,000 wounded
NGU, SBGS) 2022 government[628][629]

24 February – 21 Ukrainian
Ukrainian forces (ZSU) ≈9,000 killed
August 2022 government[630]
Russian forces BBC News Russian &
6,476 killed (confirmed 24 February – 7
(VSRF, Rosgvardiya,
by names) October 2022 Mediazona[631]
FSB)
24 February – 21
Russian forces (VSRF) 5,937 killed Russian government[632]
September 2022

Donetsk People's 26 February – 6 Donetsk People's

3,272 killed, 13,924 wounded
Republic forces October 2022 Republic[i]
Luhansk People's 24 February – 5 April
500–600 killed Russian government[j]
Republic forces 2022
 Estimated & claimed
Breakdown Time period Source
casualties
24 February – 11
7,000–29,125+ killed[637][k] Ukrainian government
October 2022
Civilians
17 February – 6 October
1,081 killed, 3,433 wounded DPR[l] and LPR[639]
2022

Ukrainian forces 61,207 killed and 49,368 24 February – 21 Russian

(ZSU, NGU, SBGS) wounded September 2022 government[640][641][642]

15,000 killed, 45,000 24 February – 20 July US, UK & Estonian

Russian and other wounded 2022 estimates[643][644][645]
forces
(VSRF, 20,000 killed, 50,000–60,000 24 February – 8 August
Rosgvardiya, FSB, US estimate[646]
wounded 2022
PMC Wagner, DPR
& LPR) 68,420 killed, 98,000– 24 February – 25
Ukrainian government[647][648]
117,000 wounded October 2022

Prisoners of war

Official statistics and estimates of prisoners of war (POW) have varied.[649] In the initial stages of the
invasion, on 24 February, Oksana Markarova, Ukraine's ambassador to the US, said that a platoon of the
74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade from Kemerovo Oblast surrendered, saying they were unaware that they
had been brought to Ukraine and tasked with killing Ukrainians.[650] Russia claimed to have captured 572
Ukrainian soldiers by 2 March 2022,[651] while Ukraine claimed 562 Russian soldiers were being held as
prisoners as of 20 March,[652] with 10 previously reported released in a prisoner exchange for five
Ukrainian soldiers and the mayor of Melitopol.[653][654]

A report by The Independent on 9 June cited an intelligence report estimating that more than 5,600
Ukrainian soldiers had been captured, while the number of Russian servicemen being held as prisoners had
fallen to 550, from 900 in April, following several prisoner exchanges. In contrast, the Ukrayinska Pravda
newspaper claimed 1,000 Russian soldiers were being held as prisoners as of 20 June.[655]

The first large prisoner exchange took place on 24 March, when 10 Russian and 10 Ukrainian soldiers, as
well as 11 Russian and 19 Ukrainian civilian sailors, were exchanged.[656][657] On 1 April, 86 Ukrainian
servicemen were exchanged[658] for an unknown number of Russian troops.[659]

On 25 August, research conducted by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health
and the Conflict Observatory was published which reported the identification of some 21 filtration camps in
and around Russian-controlled Donetsk oblast, run by Russian and Russian allied forces and used for
Ukrainian "civilians, POWs, and other personnel". These camps were allegedly used for four main
purposes: as registration points; as camps and other holding facilities for those awaiting registration; as
interrogation centers; and as "correctional colonies" (i.e., prisons). At Olenivka prison, one of the identified
camps, the disturbed earth seen in imagery was said by researchers to be consistent with graves. Kaveh
Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is
more than a violation of international humanitarian law — it represents a threat to the public health of those
currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies. The conditions of confinement documented in this report
allegedly include insufficient sanitation, shortages of food and water, cramped conditions, and reported acts
consistent with torture."[660]

Refugee crisis
The war caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis within
Europe since the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s;[661][662] the UN
described it as the fastest-growing such crisis since World War
II.[663] As Russia built up military forces along the Ukrainian
border, many neighbouring governments and aid organisations
prepared for a mass displacement event in the weeks before the
invasion. In December 2021, the Ukrainian defence minister
estimated that an invasion could force three to five million people to Refugees crossing into Poland,
flee their homes.[664] March 2022

In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million

refugees had fled Ukraine; this subsequently rose to over 7,405,590
by 24 September, a reduction from over eight million due to some
refugees' return.[665][666] On 20 May, NPR reported that,
following a significant influx of foreign military equipment into
Ukraine, a significant number of refugees are seeking to return to
regions of Ukraine which are relatively isolated from the invasion
front in south-eastern Ukraine.[667] However, by 3 May, another
8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine.[668]
Ukrainian refugees in Kraków protest
Most refugees were women, children, the elderly, or people with against the war, 6 March 2022
disabilities.[669][670] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60
were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory
conscription,[671][672] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children,
single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities.[673] Many Ukrainian men, including
teenagers, in any case opted to remain in Ukraine to join the resistance.[674]

Regarding destinations, according to the UN High Commission for Refugees, as of 13 May, there were
3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in
Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees.[675] As of
23 March, over 300,000 refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic.[676] Turkey has been another
significant destination, registering more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of 22 March, and more than
58,000 as of 25 April.[677][678] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time in its
history, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years.[679]

According to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), “massive deportation" of
over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians by Russia have occurred, potentially constituting constitute crimes
against humanity.[680][681] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to
"filtration centers" in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this
policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of
Independence.[682][683] For instance, as of 8 April, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000
Mariupol residents to Russia.[683] Also, on October 19, Russia announced the forced deportation of 60,000
civilians from areas around the line of contact in Kherson oblast.[684] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials
said that thousands were dispatched to various centers in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied
Ukraine,[685] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia.[686] In April,
Ukraine's National Security and Defence Council secretary Oleksiy Danilov said Russia planned to build
"concentration camps" for Ukrainians in western Siberia, and that it likely planned to force prisoners build
new cities in Siberia.[687][688][m]
A second refugee crisis created by the invasion and by the Russian government's suppression of human
rights has been the flight of more than 300,000 Russian political refugees and economic migrants, the
largest exodus from Russia since the October Revolution of 1917,[690][16] to countries such as the Baltic
states, Finland, Georgia, Turkey, and Central Asia.[691][692] By 22 March, it was estimated that between
50,000 and 70,000 high-tech workers had left the country, and that 70,000 to 100,000 more might follow.
Fears arose in Russia over the effect of this flight of talent on economic development.[693] Some Russian
refugees sought to oppose Putin and help Ukraine from outside their country,[694] and some faced
discrimination for being Russian.[695][696] There has also been an exodus of millionaires.[697] On 6 May,
The Moscow Times, citing data from the FSB, reported that almost four million Russians had left the
country, although this figure included travellers for business or tourism.[698] Russia's partial mobilization of
300,000 men in September prompted an initial 200,000 more Russians to flee the country,[699] rising to
400,000 by early October, double the number of those conscripted.[700]

As of 3 October 2022, the invasion has likely resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides and
caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II,[10][11] with an estimated 8 million people being
displaced within the country by late May as well as 7.6 million Ukrainians fleeing the country as of 3
October 2022.[12][13][14][15]

Humanitarian impact
The humanitarian impact of the invasion has been extensive and has included negative impacts on
international food supplies and the 2022 food crises.[701] The invasion has also had a negative impact upon
the cultural heritage of Ukraine.[702]

Reactions
The invasion received widespread international condemnation from
governments and intergovernmental organisations, with political
reactions including new sanctions imposed on Russia, which
triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world
economies.[45] The European Union and other Western
governments financed and delivered humanitarian and military aid
to Ukraine. The bloc also implemented various economic sanctions, UN General Assembly Resolution
including a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace,[703] a ES-11/1 vote on 2 March 2022
SWIFT ban on certain Russian banks, and a ban on certain Russian condemning the invasion of Ukraine
media outlets.[704] Reactions to the invasion have varied and demanding a complete
considerably across a broad spectrum of concerns including public withdrawal of Russian troops.
response, media responses, peace efforts, and the examination of    In favour
the legal implications of the invasion.    Against
   Abstained
The invasion received widespread public condemnation    Absent
internationally, while in some countries, certain sectors expressed    Non-member
sympathy or outright support for Russia due in part to distrust of
US foreign policy.[705] Protests and demonstrations were held
worldwide, including some in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia.[706] Calls for a boycott of
Russian goods spread on social media platforms,[707] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly
those operated by the Russian government.[708] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad
surged after the invasion.[709][710]
See also
2020s commodities boom
2022 in Russia
2022 in Ukraine
2022 Russian and Ukrainian tornado outbreak
List of interstate wars since 1945
List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine
List of military engagements during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
List of ongoing armed conflicts
List of wars between Russia and Ukraine
Post-Soviet conflicts
Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Notes
a. The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic were Russian-
controlled puppet states that declared their independence in May 2014. They received
international recognition from each other, Russia, Syria and North Korea, and some other
partially recognised states. On 30 September 2022, Russia declared it had formally annexed
both entities.
b. Russian forces were permitted to stage part of the invasion from Belarusian territory.[1][2]
Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko also stated that Belarusian troops could take
part in the invasion if needed,[3] and Belarusian territory was used to launch missiles into
Ukraine.[4] Ukrainian officials have claimed that Belarusian troops have entered Ukraine.[5]
See also: Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
c. Including regions held by Russian or pro-Russian forces since 2014 like Crimea or Donetsk
city; the war has also affected a number of localities in western Russia.
d. Denoted the Ukraine Contact Group[506][507]
e. The first NASAMS is coming to Ukraine (17 October 2022), now that NASAMS training is
nearly complete.[528]
f. First day of the fiscal year of the US government.[552]
g. After the 8 October § Crimean Bridge explosion Ukraine suffered widespread missile attacks
(10 October 2022).[557] Russia made over 190 strikes in 12 days.[558][559]
h. Confirmed figure by source, not final (confirmations ongoing), estimates are higher.
i. The DPR stated 3,285 of its servicemen were killed and 13,974 wounded between 1
January and 6 October 2022,[633] of which 13 died and 50 were wounded between 1
January and 25 February 2022,[634] leaving a total of 3,272 killed and 13,924 wounded in
the period of the Russian invasion.
j. Russia stated 1,500 DPR and LPR servicemen were killed 24 Feb.–5 April 2022.[635] Taking
into account that officially confirmed DPR losses were 979 killed 26 Feb.–7 April
2022,[636][634] it can be estimated 500–600 LPR servicemen died 24 Feb.–5 April 2022.
k. See table here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian
authorities.
 l. The DPR stated 988 of its civilians were killed and 3,142 wounded between 1 January and
6 October 2022,[638] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25
February 2022,[634] leaving a total of 980 killed and 3,119 wounded in the period of the
Russian invasion.
m. Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which
were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021.[689]

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Further reading
Derix, Steven. Zelensky: Ukraine's President and His Country (2022) excerpt (https://www.a
mazon.com/Zelensky-Ukraines-President-His-Country-ebook/dp/B0B24B6HP3/)
D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil
War (https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs6vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1). Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5.
Marples, David R. ed. The War in Ukraine's Donbas: Origins, Contexts, and the Future
(2022) excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/War-Ukraines-Donbas-Origins-Contexts/dp/96338
65972/)
 Menon, Rajan; Rumer, Eugene B. (6 February 2015). Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of
the Post-Cold War Order (https://books.google.com/books?id=3L34DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1).
MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53629-5. OCLC 1029335958 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/102
9335958).
Smith, Christopher M. (15 March 2022). Ukraine's Revolt, Russia's Revenge (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=HxUWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1). Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-
0-8157-3925-8. OCLC 1287616684 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287616684).
Watling, Jack; Reynolds, Nick (22 April 2022). Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial
Delusion (https://static.rusi.org/special-report-202204-operation-z-web.pdf) (PDF) (Report).
Royal United Services Institute.
Wood, Elizabeth A.; Pomeranz, William E.; Merry, E. Wayne; Trudolyubov, Maxim (15
December 2015). Roots of Russia's War in Ukraine (https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy
DyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-80138-6.
OCLC 1008637056 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1008637056).

External links
The UN and the war in Ukraine (https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-ukraine-key-infor
mation/) at the United Nations
Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine (https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documen
ts-publications/library/library-blog/posts/think-tank-reports-on-the-invasion-of-ukraine/) at the
Council of the European Union
Ukraine conflict updates (https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-u
pdates) by the Institute for the Study of War
Russia invades Ukraine (https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/zdpxokdxzvx/) at
Reuters
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine (https://news.google.com/topics/CAAqKAgKIiJDQkFTRX
dvTkwyY3ZNVEZ5Y0dSaWNXcDZjeElDWlc0b0FBUAE) at Google News

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