Ms.

Samreen Syed
Topic: Nationhood 1947–49
S.no Questions Past Papers
Important seven (7) Mark Questions
1 Why was the division of the armed forces and military Nov 2003
assets a problem for Pakistan in 1947?
2 Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947? June 2007 , 2010, 2014

3 Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in June 2013 , Nov 2006, 2017
1947?
4 Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and June 2012
1999?

Challenging Questions [Not in Past papers]

1 Why was the Canal water dispute a problem for
Pakistan?
2 Why did the Indians reject the Radcliff Awards?
3 Explain why the war over Kashmir started in 1947.
Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

1 The government of Pakistan was totally successful in June 2005, 2012, 2016
solving the problems of Partition during1947 and
1948.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. Nov 2013

‘How successful was Quaid-e-Azam in establishing

the new Pakistan in 1947? Explain your answer.

2 Was the refugee issue the most important problem June 2004, 2007
facing the newly formed government of Pakistan in
1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

‘The formation of a government was the most

important problem facing the newly established Nov 2009
country of Pakistan in 1947.’ Do you agree? Give
reasons for your answer.

By 1948 Pakistan had solved the challenges created by

Partition.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Nov 2021
Explain your answer. [14]

NO Questions : June 2003, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019
Nov 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Important seven (7) Mark Questions and Answers

1- Why was the division of the armed forces and military assets a problem for Pakistan
in 1947?

Firstly, it was a problem for Pakistan because Pakistan was a newly established country and had
to defend its borders with the help of strong military force. It needed arms and ammunition to
establish its strong defense. Moreover, due to Kashmir issue Pakistan needed a strong well trained
army. However, due to shortage of financial resources Pakistan could not establish its own army
and had to start its life with a seriously under-resourced military force. That was a reason Pakistan
was unable to resist Indian occupation of Hyderabad and Junagarh in 1948.

Secondly, the unfair division of the army assets created great difficulties for Pakistan. Agreed
division of military assets was to be at the ratio of 65 to India and 35 to Pakistan which meant that
Pakistan was getting too less. Moreover, Pakistan did not even receive half of its military
equipment as India thought that it would be used against her due to Kashmir issue. Pakistan was
given no laboratory to make and test weapons. Out of 116 arm factories Pakistan received none.
Most of the military equipment given to Pakistan was damaged or unusable. This gave Pakistan a
weak military force since its establishment.

Lastly, there was also a shortage of Muslim officers. It was impossible to split army on the basis
of Muslim and non Muslim forces. As British Indian army favored Hindus, Pakistan faced great
shortage of trained Muslim officers. Pakistan needed 4000 officers but had only 2500 trained
Muslims so Jinnah had to temporarily rely on British officers and took 500 of them. This had
turned into a great problem when the Acting Commander in chief, Douglas Gracy refused to
comply with Jinnah’s orders over Kashmir.

Pakistan
2- Whyjoined the UNOjoin
did Pakistan in September
the United1947. There
Nations were several reasons for this.
in 1947?

Firstly, as a new-born independent country, Pakistan was anxious to be recognized as an

independent country in the world. Moreover, since India was already a member of UNO even
before 1947, Pakistan was also keen to get its membership. As a sovereign state, it was important
for Pakistan to join UNO to make its identity accepted by the world.

Secondly, just after the partition Pakistan was faced with the problem of the accession of the states
of Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir. It was vital for Pakistan to seek the membership in order to
present her case before the Security Council effectively. Furthermore, on 1st April 1948, India had
shut off the water supplies to Pakistan (Canal Water Dispute). So to find a solutions to such
problems, Pakistan joined UNO. UNO supported Pakistan by helping it draw a treaty with India
(Indus Water Treaty, 1960) with the help of World Bank.

Thirdly, Pakistan was keen to play its role in supporting the independence struggle of several Asian
and African countries. So to play its role as a peaceful nation against colonization, racial
discrimination, territorial and regional aggression, Pakistan joined the UNO in 1947.

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3- Explain why the subcontinent/ Pakistan was faced with a refugee problem in 1947.
During 1947, even before partition, Hindu Muslim violence spread in many parts of India. For
Muslims the partition was unavoidable. But the Congress and Hindus strongly opposed it.
Therefore bitterness and tension went on increasing and violence erupted as the partition date drew
near. Hindus and Sikh militants started organized killings of Muslims and they were supported by
Indian police and army of Sikh states of Punjab and Kashmir. In India-side Punjab Violence
increased dramatically. There were reports that local Indian authorities were also supporting the
violent Hindu mobs. Under such circumstances, the Muslims had no option except to seek refuge
in a safe place and therefore they migrated to Pakistan on large scale to escape the brutalities of
Hindus. Muslims from riot affected areas left their homes and decided to take shelter in Pakistan.

The unfair Boundary Commission Award made the matters worse when several Muslim majority
districts (Gurdaspur, Ferozepur, Jullundar) were given to India. Muslims of these districts were
fearful of being killed. They were forced to leave their homes and possessions and crossed over to
Pakistan in large numbers to seek shelter. So much so that riots took place in Delhi and nearby
districts and the Congress government could not protect the Muslim minority there. There was a
sudden influx of refugees in Pakistan.

Moreover, Muslims decided to migrate to Pakistan by their own choice. They saw better prospects
for themselves in the newly formed state. This further increased the number of refugees. Most of
the refugees who came to Pakistan in such large numbers were penniless, jobless and homeless.
Pakistan government had very meager resources to face the problem. It has been also argued that
India deliberately created difficulties for Pakistan by forcing Muslims from across the border.
[However, the Govt of Pakistan and public organizations set up camps for refugees and provided
food, shelter, and medical care for several months then they were gradually settled in different
parts of Pakistan.

4- Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999?

Pakistan was a new country and it had many economic problems. Unemployment rate was quite
high and the country did not have enough resources to bring rapid changes. Due to migration many
people were displaced and needed rehabilitation. Refugees who came to Pakistanis were jobless
and penniless. So they migrated from Pakistan to a developed country such as Britain to raise their
standard of living.

Britain needed lots of workers after World War Two, especially unskilled workers and offered
well paid jobs which Pakistanis wanted. Britain needed workers for reconstruction and textile
industry. Pakistanis were considered as reliable, hard working and ambitious to succeed. As
Pakistan was the member of commonwealth, Britain government welcomed Pakistani immigrants
Thousands of Pakistanis were displaced from the Mangla Dam area in the 1960s and some used
compensation money to move to Britain to join relatives and seek work. The Commonwealth
Immigration Act of 1962 introduced a voucher scheme which gave Pakistanis in Britain the
opportunity to arrange jobs and vouchers for friends and family to move here.

Many Pakistanis went to work in the Middle East where jobs were becoming freely available
during times of economic growth especially in the construction and service industries.

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Answer- 14 Mark Question

The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of Partition during1947
and 1948.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.

‘The formation of a government was the most important problem facing the newly established
At the time of independence Pakistan was faced with so many problems that could threaten its
country of Pakistan in 1947.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
survival.

Geographically, Pakistan was comprised of a semi-arid, barren land. Agriculture was not
developed in this part of the sub-continent which could create food shortages. There were no
natural borders between India and Pakistan. This meant that Pakistan had to secure its border by
deployment of troops. Moreover, east and West Pakistan were separated with the distance of 1000
miles. This made communication and administration difficult. The government of Pakistan could
not do much to solve these issues.

Boundaries were not distributed fairly. According to the Radcliff awards Ferozpor and Gordaspur
were given to India. Due to this India got the head works of Ravi and Sutlej and access to Kashmir.
So when Kashmir issue began India stooped water supply from its headwork which endangered
the agriculture of Pakistan. However, the government of Pakistan appealed to UNO and a
temporary agreement was reached on water dispute in 1948.

Pakistan was a land of five provinces which were of different nature. Each had its own language,
culture, tradition and dwelling habits. Their religion was the only binding force. East and West
Pakistan were totally different from each other. East Pakistanis were generally considered as poor
by West Pakistan. They were highly influenced by the Indian culture. Therefore, they could not
mix as social equals. Jinnah wanted all these people to live in peace and harmony. He declared
Urdu as the national language hoping that it would be a uniting force. He also toured many areas
and tried to persuade people though his speeches to live as Pakistanis.

Politicians in Pakistan were not very experienced. Most of them had never contested elections nor
had any experience of running the country. The country did not have its own constitution and
following the govt. of India Act after some amendments. Pakistan even did not have govt. buildings
and office machinery. All remained in India. Jinnah knew that strong government was needed for
efficient administration so he himself became the governor general and appointed Liaquat Ali
Khan as the Prime minister. He also appointed cabinet and formed the constituent assembly of
Pakistan. Army barracks were hired as office buildings. Civil servants were brought to Pakistan
from India in special planes.

Economically, Pakistan was a poor country. It did not have any large scale industry. Only one of
the top 57 companies before partition was in Muslim ownership. Pakistan did not have any steel
mill. Jute was a major export but unfortunately Pakistan did not receive a single jute mill
Agriculture was not producing surplus. Provision of electricity was another challenge to the
country. Pakistan also faced cash crisis. The new government only had enough cash to pay one
month’s salary to their employees. Pakistan also depended on the reserve bank of India for money
supply. At the time of independence it was decide that India would 700 million rupees to Pakistan.
However, India tried to delay the process and did not pay the full amount. This created more
financial problems. Jinnah knew that Pakistan’s survival was only possible with its economic
growth. He announced the Industrial policy and designated SITE area for industrial activities. He
also established state bank of Pakistan in 1948.

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At the time of independence it was decided that financial and military resources would be divided
between India and Pakistan. The division of assets was to be at the Raito of 17 (India): 5 (Pakistan).
Military assets were to be divided at the ratio of 65 to India and 35 to Pakistan. However, India
refused to hand over the agreed share. Most of the military equipment given to Pakistan was
unusable and damaged. Pakistan was also short of Muslim officers and had to rely on British
officers and had to take 500 of them. This led to a problem when the commander in chief Douglas
Gracy refused to comply with Jinnah’s order over Kashmir. In spite of these difficulties, Pakistan
took command of its own Armed Forces on 1st December 1947.

Pakistan received millions of refugees coming from India after partition. Nearly seven million
people entered West Pakistan. They left their homes and belongings in India and reached Pakistan
empty handed. These people were the target of Indian hostility. Their caravans were attacked and
robbed. Their beloved ones were killed brutally during the journey. The trains were attacked and
derailed. This took the lives of nearly a million people. This was a difficult and expensive problem.
The govt. had to provide them food, shelter and other necessities but the government was short of
funds. Jinnah immediately set relief fund and requested wealthy people to donate generously. He
also hired army barracks to rehabilitate there distressed people.

Accession of princely state was another important issue that the country had to deal with. Rulers
of the states of Hyderabad and Junagarh wanted to accede to Pakistan. They proposed referendum
in their areas which India refused to hold. India occupied both the states militarily and the
government of Pakistan failed to stop. In Kashmir the situation was different. Muslim population
in Kashmir which was about 70% wanted to accede to Pakistan. But the ruler signed the instrument
of accession with India. Kashimiris rebelled and this also led to the first war between India and
Pakistan. However, cease fire was agreed to stop the war in 1948. Pakistan lost 3/5 of Kashmir to
India.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the government of Pakistan was not very successful in solving
the initial problems because the problem were too great and could not be addressed in such a short
span of one year. Moreover, sudden death of Jinnah further depressed the new nation.

Student’s Notes
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Ms. Samreen Syed
Four Mark Past Paper Questions
[Note: Following answers are directly taken from Mark Scheme. However, students are always
advised to write their own answers referring to the Mark scheme
Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. Allow a second mark for a developed statement.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question will be rewarded NO marks

1. Describe the refugee problem. Nov 12 , Nov 2018

Summer (1947) saw rioting and violence between Muslim and non-Muslim communities across
India. After the Boundary Award, millions of people found themselves in the ‘wrong’ country and
vulnerable to attacks. Migration then took place with Muslims moving into Pakistan and non-Muslims
moving into India. Over 10 million people were involved in this migration. Communal violence lead to
many deaths. Up to 1 million people may have been killed as a result of the migration or attacks .20 million
people were made homeless. Karachi received 2 million refugees.

2. What was the Canal Water Dispute? J-2010

Threatened agriculture in the Punjab, irrigation system depended on 6 rivers and 30 canals, some
of which were in India. April 1948 India shut off waters flowing into Pakistan from Firozpur
headworks, threatening millions of acres of agricultural land in Pakistan. Some waters reinstated
in May 1948 but not permanently until 1959 and Indus Water Treaty.

Student’s Notes
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Topic: Ministries from 1948-1958

S.no Questions Past Papers

Important seven (7) Mark Questions

1 Why was Martial Law declared in 1958? Nov 2009, 2012, 2013
June 2016
2 Why was it so difficult to agree on a new Constitution in Nov 2011
1950?
3 Why were there so many governments between 1951 and Nov 2014
1958? June 2019
June 2021

4 Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and Nov 2016
1955?
5 Explain why the subcontinent was faced with a refugee Nov 2017
problem in 1947.
6 Explain why there was a constitutional crisis in 1958. June 2018

Challenging Questions [Not in Past papers]

1 Why was the one Unit Scheme adopted in 1955?

2 Why was the one unit scheme opposed?

Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

1
Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s June 2013[ 1st attempt]
domestic policies between 1948 and
1958:
(i) Liaquat Ali Khan;
(ii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad;
(iii) Iskander Mirza?
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.

2 Which of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s

domestic policies between 1948
and 1958? [14]
(i) Khwaja Nazimuddin June 2017
(ii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad
(iii) Iskander Mirza
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.

NO Questions : June 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015 , Nov 2010, 2015

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Important seven (7) Mark Questions and Answers

1- Why was Martial Law declared in 1958?

Ayub Khan declared Martial Law in 1958 because he believed that political leadership had
become dishonest, selfish and corrupt and failed to control the county. There were five Prime
Ministers between 1955 and 1958 that brought problems to the government. Ayub Khan
personally did not like the politicians because of their criticism on Pakistan army. General Ayub
Khan felt that system of democracy had failed so army should take over to restore stability.

Moreover, politicians in East Pakistan’s wanted more say in the running of the central
government which increased tension. They were not happy with the one unit scheme. In 1958,
Suharwardy tried to unite the political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against Iskandar Mirza
which was a very alarming situation for him. Iskandar Mirza also promised to hold elections but
did not because of the fear of losing it. This meant that since independence no elections were
held. He also lost the support of many of the leading politicians. Therefore, he turned to Ayub
Khan and the military for help.

There were also serious economic problems. Political instability undermined the economic
development. In East Pakistan severe floods caused food shortages and great distress. There were
constant threats by India over the issue of Kashmir. He believed that the army was the only
properly functioning institution in the country. Therefore Ayub Khan and the military decided to
take over by imposing Martial Law in 1958.

2- Why was it so difficult to agree on a new Constitution in 1950?

First draft proposals for the new constitution of Pakistan met with criticism in 1950. Firstly, East
Pakistan objected on equal representation given to the two wings in the Assembly. They
demanded more seats as they were more than 54 % of the total population whereas West
Pakistan insisted on equal seats for both wings. They also refused to accept Urdu as the national
language. Since Bengali was a developed language and there were no regional languages in East
Pakistan they believed that Bengali should be given the same status as it was spoken by the
majority.

Secondly there was opposition from local and provincial politicians as most powers were vested
to the central government and to the head of the state. For the provincial parties, powers of the
President and the central government had to be reduced in order to guarantee provincial
autonomy. Thirdly Religious groups also objected, as the new constitution wouldn’t put enough
emphasis on Islam and they argued that Pakistan should be governed on Islamic principles
(Sharia'). Finally, Liaquat Ali Khan had to withdraw the constitutional proposals and Pakistan
would have to wait another six years to have its own constitution.

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3- Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958?

Jinnah had died in 1948 and Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951. This created a huge
problem as the country was struggling to establish itself without these two experienced figures.

Pakistan also lacked an effective cabinet and a PM with stable majority in the assembly. The
Govt. was weak and corrupt. Moreover, due to constant criticism Pakistan did not have its own
constitution. There was no coordination between the governor general and his Prime ministers.
They used to dismiss the PMs in case of any disagreements which led to the change in
government.

India had also created problem in the distribution of joint assets. Due to this the governments
lacked capital which created administrative issues as well as affected the economic development.
The problems associated with managing the Kashmir issue and relations with India over it were
very difficult with no agreement on its future. Political leadership completely failed to tackle
these issues so once again the government changed and martial law was imposed.

The formation of East Pakistan brought with it problems relating to the capital being located in
West Pakistan, and the refusal to have Bengali as the main language was a source of discontent
and conflict. East Pakistan also resented the equal seats in the assembly as they had greater
population. Together with a plethora of assassinations of leading figures, inexperienced
politicians were having great difficulty running the country, and as a result there was a lack of
stability in governing and this led to many different governments being formed during these
years.

4- Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and 1955?

After independence the most important task that the government had to do was to frame a
constitution for the new country. But due to early death of Jinnah and later the assassination of
Liaquat Ali Khan the process delayed. There was also political instability in the country. After
the dismissal of Khwaja Nazimuddin the constitution making process further delayed. Bogra,
who succeeded Nazimuddin was inexperienced.

During 1954-1955 the government fell in the hand of bureaucrats who neither had the experience
of framing a constitution nor had good terms with politicians. It was often seen that they had
been criticizing and accusing each other in certain government related issues. For example one
unit scheme was also not approved by politicians. Constituent Assembly was not happy with the
ever increasing role of the Governor-Genera lin day to day affairs of the government. They also
disliked the power of the Governor-General to dissolve the government. Hence it tried to curb his
power.

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Till 1954, the country was governed under the terms of Government of India Act of 1935 as it
did not have its own constuition. The assembly under Bogra unanimously agreed to make
amendments in the Act of 1935 to limit the power of the Governor General. This was done when
Ghulam Muhammad was out of the country. Ghulam Muhammad cut short his tour and
immediately retuned back to Karachi. He dissolved the assembly on the ground that it had lost the
confidence of the people of Pakistan. He imposed press censorship and promised fresh elections. The
speaker of the dissolved assembly Maulvi Tameezuddin challenged his decision but the federal court
ruled in favor of Ghulam Muhammad. This power struggle led to the constitutional crisis in Pakistan.

5- Why was the one Unit Scheme adopted in 1955?

Even after eight years of existence, Pakistan was without a constitution. The main reason was
believed to be the fact that there were two unequal wings of Pakistan separated from each other
by more than a thousand miles. To diminish the differences between the two regions, the
Government of Pakistan decided that all the four provinces and states of West Pakistan should be
merged into one unit.

West Pakistan had formerly comprised three Governor's provinces, one Chief Commissioner's
province, a number of states that had acceded to Pakistan, and the tribal areas. Geographically,
they formed a homogenous block with easy communication, but with marked linguistic and
ethnic distinctions. The result of the new bill was to unify these various units into one province
to be known as West Pakistan. It was likely to reduce the administrative expenditure. It was
claimed that one unit of West Pakistan would eliminate the curse of provincial prejudices.

The problem of representation of various units in the proposed Federal Legislature had been a
big hurdle in the way of making a Constitution and it was said that with the removal of this
hurdle, the formation of the Constitution would now speed up.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Answer- 14 Mark Question

Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies between 1948
and 1958:
(i) Liaquat Ali Khan;
(ii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad;
(iii) Iskander Mirza?

Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.

Since 1948, after Jinnah’s death future leaders of Pakistan contributed towards Pakistan domestic
policy significantly.

Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1947. He took steps
towards constitutional development with his Objectives Resolution in 1949. This focused on the
principles of Islam and human rights. It was designed to deflect criticism from religious leaders
who said the new state was not Islamic enough. This was then followed by the drafting of a
constitution which suggested bi-cameral legislature. Liaquat Ali Khan also met the Indian PM
Jawaharlal Nehru to avoid the danger of war and solve the minority problems. He also appointed
Ayub khan as the first Pakistani army chief. He also managed to keep the economy going and
produced surplus budgets for the new state. He also established the national Bank of Pakistan.

However, he faced certain failures. His draft constitution was highly criticized by East Pakistan
who resented the equal powers / representation and Urdu being declared as the official language.
He was also blamed to produce un-Islamic proposals. He also failed to prevent Indian occupation
over Kashmir and Hyderabad. Army leaders went against him and planned a coup which was
fortunately discovered. He was assassinated in 1951.

After his death Ghulam Muhammad took the office as the Governor General and persuaded
Khwaja Nazimuddin to become the PM. Malik Ghulam Muhammad as Governor General was
responsible for the 6 Year Plan for Pakistan that covered agriculture, power, industry and
transport. Under these plans jute mill was set up in East Pakistan and natural gas was explored at
Sui, Baluchistan. Under the premiership of Bogra, who Ghulam Muhammad appointed as the
PM after the dismissal of Khwaja Nazimuddin, Pakistan signed SEATO and CENTO ( trade
treaties). It played an important part in bringing about economic development in Pakistan.

However, there were severe problems in Pakistan that hampered development at this time such
as food shortages and a drought. Rioting followed and the government found difficulty in dealing
with these matters. Little constitutional development could take place because of these problems.
Moreover, Bogra tried to curb the power of the governor general and had a bill passed by the
assembly. Ghulam Muhammad in retaliation dismissed Bogra and dissolved the assembly using
his emergency powers. However, Malik Ghulam Muhammad had to resign in 1955 due to ill
health.

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Ghulam Muhammad was succeeded by Iskandar Mirza who introduced the new Constitution in
1956, under which he was able to become the first President of Pakistan. He did introduce the
One Unit policy in 1955 which he claimed would bring about greater efficiency and development
in West Pakistan. He also started modernization programs and publicized health and education.
He also made housing schemes for refugees. Karachi airport was completed and railway was
given a boost.

However, his govt. faced great difficulties. One unit scheme was criticized generally by
everyone, and particularly by east Pakistan who considered it a deliberate attempt to reduce their
majority. There was political instability in his government. He changed five PMs in three years.
He did not hold the elections though he promised. His rule became increasingly unpopular and
lost the support of many leading politicians. So he turned to army for help. Ayub Kahn took over
Iskandar Mirza, dissolved the assembly and abolished the constitution of 1956. He also forced
Mirza to resign.

I think Liaquat Ali Khan was the person who contributed more as there was political stability
during his time at he addressed number of problems promptly and got desired results.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Four Mark Past Paper Questions
[Note: Following answers are directly taken from Mark Scheme. However, students are always
advised to write their own answers referring to the Mark scheme
Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. Allow a second mark for a developed statement.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question will be rewarded NO marks

1. What was the ‘One Unit’ Scheme? June 2016

Iskander Mirza (Acting Governor-General) introduced it in 1955 to unify all of West Pakistan.
He claimed it would bring about greater efficiency and enable more rapid development. West
Pakistan politicians and administrators feared their influence may be challenged if they did not
do this, especially as there were 10 million more people in East Pakistan. By unifying West
Pakistan and making West Pakistan and East Pakistan official with equal representation in the
Assembly, the One Unit Scheme prevented East Pakistan from gaining a majority in the
Assembly. This was very unpopular in East Pakistan.

2. Describe the 1956 Constitution. Nov 2013. June 2022

Adopted by 2nd Constituent Assembly, a compromise between Muslim League and United Front,
Islamic Republic of Pakistan pronounced, Mirza became President who could choose the Prime
Minister. President had to be a Muslim and had emergency powers and could dissolve National
Assembly. There was a cabinet (advisory only) and a National and Provincial Assembly.
Constitution scrapped in 1958 and martial law declared.

3. Describe the constitutional crisis of 1954–55. June 2012

Bogra the PM had little political experience, and GG Ghulam Mohammad expected him to
support his authority – do as he was told. Bogra wanted to curb power of GG. GM out of country
so Bogra introduced an amendment to 1935 GoI Act, trying to take away some power. Caused a
political crisis, GM declared state of emergency and dissolved Assembly. Legal challenges were
made against GG who eventually won through.

More Four Mark Questions - [Do it yourself ]

1. Who was Liaquat Ali Khan/ Khwaja Nazimudin? [ and others]
2. What was the Objectives Resolution?
3. Describe the Minorities Pact.
4. What was PRODA?
5. Describe Rawalpindi Conspiracy.
6. Who was Rana Liaquat Ali Khan?
7. Describe the main achievements of Malik Ghulam Muhammad. [ and others]
8. How did Iskandar Mirza fall from the office?

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Topic: Ayub Khan 1958-1969

S.no Questions Past Papers

Important seven (7) Mark Questions
1 Why was Martial Law declared in 1958? Nov 2009, 2012, 2013
Explain why there was a constitutional crisis in 1958. [7 June 2016
June 2018
2 Why the years 1958 to 1969 were called the ‘Decade of June 2008
Progress’? June 2010

Challenging Questions [Not in Past papers]

3 Why was Ayub Khan forced to resign?

Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

4 Constitutional/social reforms were the most important of Nov 2003

Ayub Khan’s domestic policies during the ‘Decade of June 2005
Progress’ between 1958 and 1969.’ Do you agree? Give Nov 2007
reasons for your answer. June 2012
June 2014
Were the economic reforms of Ayub Khan the most
important of his domestic policies in the ‘Decade of
Progress’ between 1958 and 1969? Explain your answer. June 2019
June 2021

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Muhammad Ayub Khan

 Born on May 14, 1907, in the village of Rehana near Haripur, in Hazara District. (N.W.F.P)
 enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, later he was shifted to a school in Haripur
 After passing his Matriculation Examination in 1922, Ayub was sent to Aligarh University
where he spent four years.
 selected for the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. He sailed for England in 1926.
 got commissioned in the Indian Army in 1928.
 fought at different fronts during World War II
 At the time of Independence, Ayub Khan opted to join the Pakistan Army
 Was appointed as the first local Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1951
 Was inducted into Muhammad Ali Bogra’s Federal Cabinet in 1954, , and was given the
portfolio of Defense.
 On October 7, 1958, was designated as the Chief Martial Law Administrator.

Ayub Khan’s Take over 1958-69

How?
On 7 October 1958 martial law was declared by President Iskandar Mirza. It was to remain in force
until 1962. The constitution was abrogated. On October 24, he appointed Ayub khan as Prime
Minister. On 27 October he removed Iskandar Mirza from the office and exiled him to England.
His supporters called this event ‘Glorious revolution.’

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Why?
System of democracy failed, politicians had become dishonest, selfish and corrupt. Ayub’s dislike
for politicians increased due to their frequent criticism on army and his leadership. There were
five Prime Ministers between 1955 and 1958 that brought problems to the government. East
Pakistan’s politicians wanted more say in the running of the central government which increased
tension. Iskander Mirza had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was alarmed at
a plan by Suharwardy to unite the political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him. Since
independence no elections held.

There also serious economic problems. Political instability undermined the economic
development. In East Pakistan severe floods caused food shortages and great distress. There were
constant threats by India over the issue of Kashmir. The army was the only properly functioning
institution in the country. Therefore Ayub Khan and the military decided to take over.

Democracy with Discipline

On taking power Ayub Khan,
 annulled the 1956 constitution
 dismissed the National and provincial assemblies
 arrested huge number of politicians
 banned political parties
 made Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO)
 introduced Basic Democracies Order on 26 October 1959. [provincial level]
 announced the new constitution 1962
 on 1st March 1962. Ayub described it as combining democracy with discipline. [central]

Salient features of 1962 constitution

 written constitution
 rigid constitution. Can only be amended by at least two-third majority of the parliament
 federal system of government was introduced, consisted of Central government and two
provincial governments.
 presidential form of government with president having most of the powers.
 Powers of the president were, to nominate his cabinet members, heads of judiciary and
provincial governors, power of veto
 Unicameral legislature and indirect method of election.
 Islamic law and fundamental rights
 Urdu and Bengali as national languages.

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1965 Election
Elections were held on January 2, 1965. Two main candidates were Ayub Khan and Miss Fatima
Jinnah. On the indirect ballot, Ayub Khan defeated Fatima Jinnah by taking 64% of the vote. It is
believed that had the elections been held via the direct method, Fatima Jinnah would have won.
The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats, who were easily manipulated.
The importance of this election lay in the fact that a woman was contesting the highest political
office of the country. The orthodox religious political parties, had repeatedly declared that a
woman could not hold the highest office of a Muslim country. However, the election showed that
the people had no prejudice against women holding high offices, and they could be key players in
politics of the country.

Ayub Khan’s era - The decade of development 1958-1968

Agricultural Reforms / Land Reforms

Immediately on taking power, Ayub Khan set up the Land Reform Commission in 1958. First agricultural
reforms were introduced in Jan 24, 1959.
 A limit was set for individual landowners. No farm should be less than 12.5 acres and more than 500
acres irrigated and 1000 acres of un-irrigated land (i.e. 200 hectares of irrigated and 400 hectares of
un-irrigated)
 The remaining land (called the resumed land) was sold to those tenants who actually farmed it or was
sold at auction.
 Loans were given to build tube wells, three major dams were built to help irrigation
 Indus water Treaty was signed
 Mangla, Terbela dams were constructed.
crop yield increased at a record rate, Ayub called it Green Revolution
mechanization was not affordable by most farmers, powerful landlords managed to hang on their huge
land holdings, given up lands were poor and unusable.

Educational reforms

 Were made to raise the literacy level and trained manpower in Pakistan.
 made technical education mandatory. Two year degree program was extended to three years.
 Civil Defense training was made mandatory in the schools and colleges
 Schools and colleges were built, new curricula was designed, text books were published for the
schools, education up to class V was made compulsory and free
 Secondary boards were set up and extensive literacy programs were started improve education in
Pakistan
improvement in scientific education and research
great student anger at the decision to extend degree courses

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Social Reforms

A legal commission was set up to suggest reforms of the family and marriage laws. Ayub Khan examined
its report and issued the Family Laws Ordinance in 1961.
 It restricted polygamy. Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by a court.
 Minimum age for marriages was set at 16 for women and 18 for men.
It was a humane measure supported by women’s organizations in Pakistan.
 More medical and nursing training schools were set up
 Set up the family planning program
This law like family planning was relatively mild and did not seriously transform the patriarchal
pattern of society.
A new housing scheme was started by General Azam Khan at Korangi for the people who had been
displaced by partition

Economic and Industrial reforms

 Shortly after taking power, the government fixed prices of milk, vegetables and ghee to stop traders
from hoarding and making too much profit.
 The third Five Year Paln was prepared which proposed 5.3 million jobs.
However, military conflict with India, rising inflation, food shortages caused by floods and droughts,
all knocked Ayub’s economic plans off course.
 Loans and grants were given to Pakistan from western countries like USA, UK, etc.
The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incentives stimulated new industrial
entrepreneurs and exporters.
 Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreign exchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw
materials.
 Tax concessions were offered for investment in less-developed areas.
These measures had important consequences in bringing industry to Punjab and gave rise to a new
class of small industrialists.
 In 1962 national oil refinery was set up in Karachi.
 In 1964 Regional co-operation for Development (RCD) was signed with Iran and Turkey to improve
trade, commerce and industry.
Export bonus schemes were started to increase exports. GDP rose by 7% .

Ayub khan introduced labor reforms.

but inflation also rose.
It was revealed that just 22 families controlled 66% of Pakistan’s industrial assets.
Almost all these families were in west Pakistan.
It increased resentment in east Pakistan
With industrial growth, dependence on foreign aid increased.
Many ordinary Pakistanis saw little improvement in their standard of living

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Ayub Khan’s Foreign Policy
 retained the alliance with the United States, emphasized his preference for friendship, not
subordination, and bargained hard for higher returns to Pakistan.
A compromise to resolve the issue of canal water was reached during the 1960; called “Indus Water
Treaty”.
In 1965, Pakistan lost the war with India over Kashmir. Tashkent Treaty was signed.
 Ayub blamed Bhutto for failing in the war.
Conclusion:
Ayub Khan’s period is credited with Green Revolution and economic and industrial growth. By 1968, the
protest and riots were impossible to control. On 17 March he imposed martial law and a week later he
resigned.

Important seven (7) Mark Questions and Answers

1. Why was Islamabad chosen as the Capital of Pakistan?

In 1960 the government decided to move the Capital from Karachi to Islamabad due to several reasons.

Karachi had become very populated and highly commercialized. This might have a strong influence on
political activities. Therefore the government decided to save the government officials from such an
influence. It was also seen as an attempt to move the power base from the industrially and commercially
developed south to the Punjab in the north. Therefore, it was decided to move the capital from Karachi to
Islamabad.

As a port city, Karachi did not fulfill the needs of a capital city as the existing buildings were not adequate
in number or up to the standards required by a capital. The layout and structure of the existing port city
did not allow it to take on the functions of a modern capital. Huge influx of refugees in Karachi further
intensified the problems. With its position on the coast, it was considered vulnerable to attacks from the
Arabian Sea. However, Islamabad was considered as a favorable location as it did not have buildings or
population. The government thought that it would be easier to construct new buildings and infrastructure
without disturbing the population.

Another important reason for choosing Islamabad was its beautiful location, greenery and pleasant climate
whereas the climate of Karachi was warm and humid. Moreover it is said that Ayub khan had moved the
capital because as a leader of government and Army it was necessary for him to remain closer to the Army
bases located in Rawalpindi. This was also essential for him during the period of martial law.

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Ms. Samreen Syed
2. Why were the years 1958 to 1969 called the ‘Decade of Progress’?
Ayub Khan brought many successful reforms during 1958-1969 and called his era as the decade of
progress. Due to Green Revolution such as the use of HVYs, chemical fertilizers etc. crop production
increased at a very high rate. Mechanization increased the efficiency in cultivation processes. Ayub khan
also fixed the price of milk, vegetables and ghee to stop traders making too much profit. Construction of
Terbela and Mangla Dams was also another big achievement during the same time period.

Ayub Khan also initiated many social uplift programs. Thousands of displaced refugees of partition were
rehabilitated by an enormous housing scheme at Korangi in Karachi. There was also great development
in Education. Secondary education boards were setup and education up to class V was made compulsory
and free. He passed Muslim Family Laws Ordinance which helped improve the position of women.

Economic development was Ayub’s priority. His policies were so successful that businessmen and leaders
began to praise it as Pakistan Miracle. Pakistan achieved faster economic growth rate than India. He
encouraged the private investors by giving them tax concession. During the Second Five year plan (1960-
65) manufacturing output grew at a very high rate and people's income went up by 14 percent. In 1962
national oil refinery was set up in Karachi. In 1964 Regional co-operation for Development (RCD) was
signed with Iran and Turkey to improve trade, commerce and industry. Due to all these achievements
Ayub Khan called this era as the decade of development.

3. Why was Ayub Khan forced to resign in 1969?

Ayub khan started to face trouble after 1965 and he resigned from the post in 1969. Pakistan lost war to
India and had to sign a humiliating Tashkent treaty against the advice of Foreign minister Zulifqar Ali
Bhutto. Due to this Bhutto resigned in anger. This had a very negative effect on Ayub’s popularity. He
was also accused for vote rigging in the elections of 1965which damaged his reputation badly .

In general, people of Pakistan did not like his rule and dictative policies. People were burdened with taxes
and they saw very little improvement in their lives. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of only 22
families and this further angered the people. Moreover, Ayub Khan moved the capital to Islamabad and
spent huge sum of money in its construction. Govt. also celebrated decade of progress and again huge
sums of money were wasted. People even did not have an y political voice. This frustrated the people who
wanted Ayub to resign.

Ayub Khan resumed political activities in 1966. This seemed to be his major mistake. New political parties
such as PPP and Awami league emerged and criticized Ayub’s government at large scale. Other opposition
parties formed Democratic Action committee and wanted to resume a democratic government. Even his
very own Basic Democrats started to resign in great number. Thus Ayub Khan found himself in a very
difficult situation and had to resign.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Four Mark Past Paper Questions
[Note: Following answers are directly taken from Mark Scheme. However, students are always advised
to write their own answers referring to the Mark scheme]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. Allow a second mark for a developed statement.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question will be rewarded NO marks

1. How did Ayub Khan achieve power? June 2013

1958, martial law imposed by Iskander Mirza, Laws Order passed and constitution was repealed. Ayub
Khan already a powerful figure as Commander in Chief of army, took role of Chief Martial Law
Administrator and then removed Iskander Mirza from office. Power now totally with Ayub Khan and took
role of President. Event known as ‘Glorious Revolution’.

2. What were the Basic Democracies? Nov 11/ June 2017

In 1959 local committees were named Basic Democrats (BD).

•80 000 BD’s.
• No political parties to take place in the elections held December 1959 to January 1960.
• Newly elected BD’s able to vote in referendum on Ayub Khan remaining President, 95% voted yes.
Note:Allow a second mark for a developed statement.

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Answer- 14 Mark Question

Topic: Emergence of Bangladesh

S.no Questions Past Papers

Important seven (7) Mark Questions
1 Explain why East Pakistan wished to become independent June 2003
of West Pakistan. Nov 2008
June 2013

2 Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 June 2016
elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional crisis?

Challenging Questions [Not in Past papers]

3 Explain why the operation search light was launched?

Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

4 Were economic/political factors more important than any June 2004
other factor in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971? June 2006
Explain your answer. Nov 2007
June 2009
June 2011
June 2014

COMPULSORY QUESTION

1 Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the

questions which follow.

(a) According to Source A, what problems were caused

by Cyclone Bhola in 1970? [3] June 2016

(b) What does Source B tell us about the outcome of the

conflict between East Pakistan and West Pakistan? [5]

(c) Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970
elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional crisis? [7]
.
(d) How successful have relations between Pakistan and
Bangladesh been from 1971 to 1999? Explain your
answer. [10]

NO Questions : June 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015 , Nov 2010, 2015

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Q. 1 Six points of Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman was the most important factor behind the
formation of Bangladesh in 1971. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Since 1947, there had been resentment in East Pakistan which led to the formation of
Bangladesh. Socially, both wings were different from each other. East Pakistanis were mostly
influenced by Indian culture. Their food, attire, dwelling habits, festivals and culture were totally
different from the west. Their language, national heroes and sports were also different.
Moreover, it was believed that West Pakistanis considered East Pakistanis as inferior and poor
people. East Pakistanis also resented Urdu being declared as the national language. These social
disparities widened the gap between the two wings which led to the creation of Bangladesh.

There were some economic problems. East Pakistanis had been given a poor region. Since
independence, no major economic development took place. Earning from jute export was also
spent on the development of West Pakistan. During 1960s it was revealed that 60% of the
financial assets and businesses were controlled by 22 families from the west. Thus, the per capita
income of East Pakistan declined. They were almost 15% poorer than the west. Moreover, East
Pakistan was deprived of basic medical and educational facilities. Taxes paid by the East
Pakistanis were often used to fund Pakistan Army for the protection of borders with India.
Therefore, East Pakistanis wanted to become independent so that they could develop their
economy.

Since independence, less political role was given to East Pakistan. They always complained
about more representation which was never given. They also objected Urdu being adopted as the
official language which was hardly spoken by 6% of the population. There was no major post
given to East Pakistanis in government except Nazimuddin and Suharwardy, there was no Prime
Minister appointed from the East and both were dismissed before their tenure ended. Therefore,
East Pakistanis believed that they were governed by the politicians of the West. They also
objected One-Unit Scheme and called it deliberate attempt to reduce their majority. They also
resented the choice of Islamabad as a new capital and wanted Dhaka to be considered for the
same. These political disparities led to the formation of a separate government in East Pakistan in
1971.

Six points of Mujib-ur-Rehman played a very important role in the creation of Bangladesh. In his
six points agenda he demanded for a properly elected government, more political autonomy,
separate currency and troops for each wing. This developed a feeling of separatism in East
Pakistanis. Due to his six point agenda, Mujib was able to win elections of 1970 by huge votes.
So, this paved the way for an independent government and eventually the State of East Pakistan.

The result of the elections of 1970 was very devastating for the wings. Awami League won
160/162 seats and was in a position to form the government. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) of
Bhutto emerged as the leading party in the West. This led to the conflict of formation of the

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Ms. Samreen Syed

government. When Yahya Khan offered the post of President to Sheikh Mujib, people of East
Pakistan believed that they were betrayed. In retaliation, they declared independence in a secret
broadcast due to which Yahya Khan started the military operation in East Pakistan that
ultimately led to a civil war. This proved that the East Pakistanis no longer wanted to remain
united with the West.

Role of India could not be forgotten in the creation of Bangladesh. Since 1947, India was trying
to separate the two wings. When in 1971, the civil war broke out, India took advantage. India
supplied arms and ammunition to the Bengali rebel forces, Mukhti Bahini. It also provided them
with funds and training due to which the war was prolonged, and many people migrated to India.
This gave India an excuse and it warned the government of Pakistan to stop military intervention.
In reaction Pakistan attacked India from the north which led to a full-fledged war between the
countries. When Yahya saw his defeat, he ordered his soldiers to surrender to end the war.
Eventually, East Pakistanis became an independent country of Bangladesh

2- Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a
constitutional crisis? [7]

Firstly Awami League contested the elections on the agenda of ‘six points’ in which it demanded
political and economic independence for East Pakistan. Many believed that the six point agenda
was a step towards separatism but this had become a major reason for the overwhelming victory
of the Awami league in the elections. However, the politicians from the West Pakistan were not
prepared to see the six points to be put into action. Therefore, president Yahya Khan did not
allow the Awami league to form the government in the Center alone even though it had got the
mandate. Due this the constitutional crisis began.

Secondly, Awami league had won a large victory in 1971 elections by winning 162 seats out of
300 in the national assembly and was in a strong position to form the government on its own.
This meant that future Prime Minister and the entire cabinet could come from East Pakistan.
Even though Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan People’s Party had won an overwhelming
victory in West Pakistan, it was likely it would have no role in the future government. Therefore,
the politicians of West Pakistan did not want to handover government to Mujib ur Rahman.
Moreover, Yahya Khan could not allow the traditional dominance of West Pakistan to be
overturned.

Thirdly, the Awami League had won the elections on a program limiting the power of the central
government over the provinces. The call for the provinces to have control of their foreign
exchange earned from trade would greatly reduce the funds available to the central govt. in West
Pakistan. Yahya Khan hoped to reach a compromise with Mujib ur Rahman and offered him the
post of the next President of Pakistan but Mujib refused it due to the pressure of east Bengalis
who were frustrated by the unfair attitude of the government controlled by the west since 1947.
This made the situation worse and Yahya Kthf2han postponed the opening of the assembly and
no govt. was formed.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Four Mark Past Paper Questions

1- What was Operation Searchlight? [4] Nov 2015

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement.
Candidates might refer to:

A planned military operation carried out by the Pakistan Army to put down the Bengali
nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971. Ordered by the central government in
West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to "Operation Blitz" which had been launched in
November 1970. The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on March 26,
and then eliminating all opposition, political or military within one month. Bengali resistance
was not expected by the Pakistani army and led to many atrocities taking place that caused some
10 million refugees to flee to India. These atrocities enraged the Bengalis, who declared
independence from Pakistan, and led to the creation of Bangladesh

2- Who was Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman? [4] June 2013

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates might refer to:

Believed in self government of East Pakistan, helped to found Awami League in 1949 and led it
in 1960s, drafted Six Point Plan in 1966 which demanded separation in effect. 1970 elections
meant that Awami League was largest party in Pakistan but not allowed to take power and
Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman become PM. Military crackdown against Awami League supporters,
Civil War, Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman first PM of Bangladesh. Murdered in 1975 in a military
takeover.

More Four Mark Questions - [Do it yourself ]

1. Who was Yahya Khan?
2. Describe the LFO of 1970. [Legal Framework Order]
3. What was the Cyclone Bhola?
4. What were the outcomes of the elections of 1970?
5. What was the Mukti Bahini?

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Topic: Zulfiqar Ali Bhuto 1971-1977

S.no Questions Past Papers

Important seven (7) Mark Questions
1 Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in Nov 2009
1971?

2 Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto fall from power in June 2003
1977?
Nov 2007
Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto executed in 1979? June 2014

3 Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto reformed Nov 2021

education between 1971 and 1977.

Challenging Questions [Not in Past papers]

Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

3 Constitutional reforms were the most
important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s domestic June 2004
policies between 1971 and 1977.’ Do you agree June 2006
or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. Nov 2008
Nov 2011
June 2015
Nov 2018
June 2022

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Ministry of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1971-1977
Introduction
Z.A Bhutto was Born in 1928 in Larkana, Sindh. He graduated in Law from California and Oxford
universities. He became well known for his strong criticism of India and as a campaigner on behalf of the
poor. He entered politics as a member of Iskandar Mirza’s Cabinet and was given a portfolio of foreign
minister in Ayub Khan’s Cabinet in 1963. He formed Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in 1966. He assumed
the role of first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator [CMLA] on 20th Dec 1971. He proposed the
policy of Islamic Socialism. He was arrested in 1977 by a military coup and was executed in 1979.

How did Bhutto Come to Power? [ 4 Mark]

Yahya Khan held elections in 1970. Bhutto had founded PPP in 1966 and contested the elections. Bhutto's party
won a large number of seats from constituencies in West-Pakistan. This enabled him to form his government in
western wing. On 16 December 1971 Pakistan was defeated in the war against Bangladesh-allied India, Bhutto was
handed the presidency in December 1971.

Political Reforms

Formation of Government 1971-1972

PPP was dominant in the Provincial Assemblies of Sindh and Punjab however; NAP (National Awami
Party) and JUI (Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Islam) had the Majority in Balochistan and N.W.F.P respectively. The
two parties supported Bhutto in the National Assembly on a promise that central government would not
interfere in provincial matters.

But in 1973 Bhutto ordered the Pakistan Armed Forces to suppress a rising insurgency in the province of
Balochistan and dismissed the governments in Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province. This
resulted in great unrest.

Constitution of 1973
Bhutto is considered the main architect of 1973 constitution. The Assembly was summoned in April 1972
and new constitution came into force on 14 August 1973 and Bhutto was elected as the Prime Minister
(PM) of Pakistan after he had secured 108 votes in a house of 146 members. Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was
elected as the President under the new constitution. It was one of the major achievements in Bhutto's life
as he was successful in drafting of Pakistan's first ever consensus constitution to the country.

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Features of the Constitution of 1973

 Pakistan to be a federal republic with a parliamentary system of government.

 Prime Minister to be the head of government [Cabinet]
 PM and President must be Muslims
 Pakistan to be an Islamic republic and Islam to be the state religion.
 Fundamental Human rights to be guaranteed.
 In an emergency federal govt. to have the authority to pass any law or to suspend fundamental freedom.

However, during his period in office the government carried out seven major amendments to the 1973
Constitution.

Administrative Policies

President Bhutto was keen to reduce the political influence of the army. He added a clause in the
constitution of 1973 where army officers were expected to take an oath that they would not take part in
the politics. He removed several senior generals and restructured army. He set up Federal Security Force
under his direct command and gave it huge power. It was also observed that he lost his control over FSF
later.

Policy of Nationalization

Economic Reforms

The Economic Reform Order was passed in January 1972 for nationalization and improvement of workers'
rights. In the first phase in 1972, thirty large firms and ten important industries like steel, chemical and
cement were nationalized. A Federal Ministry of Production supervised the industries. In March 1972 life
insurance companies were nationalized. In January 1974, Bhutto nationalized all banks. The last step in
the series was the nationalization of all flour, rice and cotton mills throughout the country. Trade Unions
were Recognized.

Bhutto also established the , Pakistan Steel Mills, the Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC) and
several cement factories.
Inflation fell from 25% in 1972 to 6% in 1976
benefited the poor and working class when the level of absolute poverty was sharply reduced
development spending was substantially increased, particularly on health and education.
Aids form US declined which affected the economy adversely, foreign investment declined
Allegations were made of mismanagement of the nationalized industries.
Entrepreneurs lost their interest in businesses.
devastating effects on Pakistan's economy shrunk Bhutto's credibility.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Land Reforms
In 1972 maximum amount of land holding was set at 250 acres of irrigated and 500 acres of un irrigated
land. Established Federal Flood Commission (FFC), and was tasked to prepare national flood protection
plans, and flood forecasting and research to harness floodwater. The Government initiated schemes for
combating water logging and salinity. Tax exceptions were also introduced for small landowners to
encourage the growth of agriculture. Tenants were given the first right to buy the land they farmed.
Landlords could not eject the tenants without any reason.

His nationalization of Sindh-based industries heavily benefited the poor

The land reform program provided increased economic support to landless tenants
Upset the landowners, who found ways to get round the new regulation
Bhutto also felt to act slowly due to the power of the landlords
Tenants could not raise their voice against their landlords when evicted

Social Reforms

Education:
On 1 September 1972 Bhutto nationalized nearly all schools and colleges. He believed that Pakistan could
not make progress in other sectors if there was not a rapid improvement in education.
Government's Education Policy provides for the remission of fees and the grant of a number of
scholarships for higher education to the children of low-paid employees
Bhutto is credited for establishing the world class Quaid-e-Azam University and Allama Iqbal Open
University in Islamabad in 1974, as well as establishing Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan in 1973.
The Bhutto government established a large number of rural and urban schools, including around 6,500
elementary schools, 900 middle schools, 407 high schools, 51 intermediate colleges and 21 junior
colleges.
Made primary education free
abandoned the Western education system instead encouraged the local academicians to publish books
His government made Islamic and Pakistan studies compulsory in schools.
School became overcrowded and inefficient
Standard of education declined
Literacy rate rose by 1%only
Many people in rural areas did not send their kids to school.

Health
Health was the most neglected sector and it was necessary to bring immediate reforms to improve medical
facilities for common people.
In 1972 Drug Act was enacted which prohibited the manufacture and import of any medicine under
brand name and their sale after 31 March 1973. Bhutto Introduced Rural Health Centers
( RHCs) and Basic Health Units (BHUs).
Training colleges for doctors and nurses were opened. Medical colleges were opened in Karachi,
Larkana, Quetta etc.
Pharmaceutical companies closed their businesses.

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Foreign policies

Bhutto signed Simla agreement with the Indian PM Indra Gandhi and freed 90000 prisoners of war of
1971. However, the govt. agreed to discuss Kashmir issue bilaterally not on the international level.
In 1974 Bhutto organized the meeting of 35 Islamic Countries and the head of Palestinian Liberation
Organization (PLO) in Lahore. This led to Oslo peace talks of the Palestinian authority. Bhutto also
established relations with Russia and visited USSR in 1972. He left SEATO which resented the west.

Downfall

People did not like many of his style of govt. and often called him authoritarian. They disliked his
reforms such as education. Religious groups criticized his anti- Islamic Activities. Businessmen and
landowners turned against him.

Elections of 1977

On 7th January Bhutto unexpectedly called elections.

Nine Political parties joined together to present a united opposition under the name of Pakistan National
Alliance (PNA). It received a welcoming support from public in meetings and rallies. To prevent this
government imposed restrictions on Public meetings. The elections were held on 7 March 1977 and PPP
managed to win 155 out of 200 seats in the National assembly. This was surprising for PNA who was
unable to win any seat in Lahore and Rawalpindi where they got overwhelming support during their
campaigns.

The Unrest

PNA accused Bhutto for vote rigging and refused to accept the results. This created law and order situation
in the country and govt. imposed Martial law in Karachi Lahore and Hyderabad. On 20th April Operation
Wheel Jam blocked Karachi’s streets and thousands of bus and truck drivers went on strike. The PNA
refused to negotiate Bhutto.

Operation Fair Play

On 5th July 1977 a military staged a coup code named Fair Play headed by General Zia ul Haq. He accused
Bhutto of ruining the economy and bringing Pakistan to the brink of the civil war and overthrew his
government and arrested him and other important political leaders.

Execution

Bhutto was trail on an old allegation- a murder of the political opponent Nawab Ahmed Khan. His trial
lasted for about two years and eventually the Supreme Court decided the death sentence. On 4th April
Bhutto was executed.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Important seven (7) Mark Questions and Answers

1- Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto executed in 1979?

One of the main weaknesses of his government was that the focal point of political power lay with the
party leadership and Bhutto in particular. When things went wrong the blame was clearly laid at his feet.
The changes in education led to overcrowding in existing schools whilst new ones could be built. The
reforms were not very successful since the building of new schools and the recruitment of new teachers
could not be achieved quickly and was also very expensive. His policy of nationalization proved to be a
big loss to country in terms of foreign investments. Moreover many land and business owners turned
against him. He was also accused of vote rigging in the elections of 1977. When the things got worse army
got and excuse and staged a coup and arrested Bhutto.

Bhutto was finally accused of conspiracy to murder a political opponent Nawab Ahmad Khan by FSF. It
was an old allegation that had been dismissed by the high court .But after Zia’s take over the matter was
brought up again. Bhutto was found guilty on 18 March 1978 at the Lahore high court and was sentenced
to death. . As president Zia had the power to commute the sentence to death to life imprisonment but
Bhutto refused to defend himself and to plea for clemency to the President.

Another reason for Bhutto’s execution was Zia’s take over. Many army officers thought that Zia was not
capable enough to be chief of Army Staff but Bhutto had appointed him even though he was junior to
many generals. When Zia took over he had to prove himself as a determined and competent ruler while
dealing Bhutto’s case. Zia wanted to get rid of Bhutto to demonstrate his growing power and his lack of
weakness to the army in particular. Zia wanted to discredit Bhutto and wanted to remove him and his party
from any political activities. Zia used this execution as a tool to show people that he was not a weak ruler.

2- Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971?

After Ayub Khan’s resignation, General Yahya Khan held elections in 1970. Bhutto had founded PPP in
1966 and contested the elections. His programme of reform was attractive and appealed to the electorate.
Bhutto attracted the leftist and ultra-leftist forces, who gathered under his leadership, intensified its
support in Muhajir and poor farming communities in West Pakistan, working through educating people to
cast their vote for their better future. Gathering and uniting the scattered people in one single center was
considered Bhutto's greatest political achievements and as its result, the leftist and Bhutto's party won a
large number of seats from constituencies in West-Pakistan. This enabled him to form his government in
western wing.

The East Pakistani party, the Awami League, surprisingly won an absolute majority in the legislature,
receiving more than twice as many votes as Bhutto's PPP in 1970 but neither Yahya nor Bhutto were ready
to cede power to them. Bhutto refused to accept an Awami League government and demanded that Sheikh
Mujib form a coalition with the PPP. This outraged East Pakistanis and Sheikh Mujib declared the
independence of "Bangladesh". This led to the outbreak of civil war in East Pakistan. Yayha Khan and the
army were blamed for mishandling the situation – and Bhutto took advantage.

The army had been defeated by India and was at a low ebb. The Indian intervention in East Pakistan led
to the very bitter defeat of Pakistani forces, who surrendered on 16 December 1971. As Pakistan was
defeated in a war against Bangladesh-allied India, Bhutto was handed the presidency in December 1971

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Ms. Samreen Syed

and an emergency was imposed. Bhutto and others condemned Yahya for failing to protect Pakistan's
unity. Isolated, Yahya resigned on 20 December and transferred power to Bhutto, who became president,
commander-in-chief and the first civilian chief martial law administrator. He was also able to establish
power by taking control of the army and appointing his own leaders. The FSF (secret police) further
established his power base.

3- Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto reformed education between 1971 and 1977. [7]

Provision of Education

Question: Why did Pakistan face so many problems with the provision of education between 1947
and 1999? June 2013

At the time of independence Pakistan was the least developed region of the sub-continent. Hence literacy
rate was too low. Jinnah announced the educational policy but it could not be implemented due to large
number of refugees coming to Pakistan. In 1950 literacy rate was 14 percent only. However, due to severe
financial crisis the government could not spend more on educational projects.

Due to wars with India since 1947 the government had to allocate huge budget for defense therefore there
was little left to spend on education. Public expenditure on education lies on the fringes of 2 percent of
GDP of this nation. Moreover, due to political instability many of the educational reforms could bear fruit.

Another important factor is low turnout of children in primary schools. Many children are not enrolled
due to poverty and child labor. Education is quite expensive for them as they have to purchase their own
books and other accessories so they drop out of school. Many children do not complete their primary
schooling due to poor quality of instructions harsh attitude of teachers and lack of physical facilities.

Pakistani education system faces is the gender disparity in enrollment levels. There is great difference in
the rates of enrollment of boys, as compared to girls in Pakistan. One of the reasons is orthodox religious
views which do not allow female education. According to UNESCO figures, primary school enrolment
for girls stands at 60 per cent as compared to 84 percent for boys. The secondary school enrolment rate
stands at a lower rate of 32 percent for females and 46 per cent males. In such scenario it has been difficult
for the government to implement educational policies successfully.

Important Past Paper Questions:

1. Describe Simla Agreement. [4] June 2013, Nov 2010

2. Describe Bhutto’s Downfall from power. [4] Nov 2012
3. Describe the terms of the constitution of 1973. [4] Nov 2014
4. Describe Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s health reforms of 1972. [4] June 2016

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Topic: Zia ul Haq from 1977- 1988

S.no Questions Past Papers

Important seven (7) Mark Questions
1 Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his package of Islamic June 2006
laws between 1979 and 1988? June 2011
June 2018
2 Why did Zia-ul-Haq find it difficult to rule Pakistan June 2016
during the late 1980s? Nov 2020

Challenging Questions [Not in Past papers]

3 Why did Zia ul Haq launch the Operation Fair play?

Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

June 2003
3 Islamic/economic reforms were the most important Nov 2005
of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies between 1977 and June 2007
1988.’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your June 2010
answer Nov 2012
Nov 2014
Nov 2021

COMPULSORY QUESTION
Answer the following question

This question is about Zia-ul-Haq, President of Pakistan

1978–1988.
1 Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer
the questions which follow.

(a) According to Source A, what were the effects of the June 2018
High Court judgement regarding Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on
the people of Pakistan? [3]

(b) How does Source B help us to understand the way

Zia-ul-Haq governed Pakistan? [5]

(c) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his Islamisation

reforms? [7]

(d) How successful was Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy

between 1978 and 1988? Explain your answer. [10]

NO Questions : June 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015 , Nov 2010, 2015

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Important seven (7) Mark Questions and Answers

1. Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his package of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7]

Zia believed that Pakistan was created in the name of Islam and implementation of Islamic laws was necessary
to have a strong government. Therefore he started his package of Islamic laws.

Zia introduced the Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable government managed by people
committed to Islamic values. He ignored the political process because he felt that Pakistan was weaker as a
result of these. He therefore made the Islamic laws very strict in order to produce a strong government by
imposing a strict legal code. He revived Islamic Ideology Council to enforce the Islamization program.

Zia wanted to counter the socialist views of Bhutto. Islam provided an excellent anti socialist ideology Zia
wanted to portray his government as pro-Islamic government and wanted to counter anti west ideas of Bhutto.
In this way he was able to win the support of religious group particularly Jamat e Islami who had opposed
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

He also wanted to implement laws which punished people for showing disrespect towards the Holy Prophet and
ensured that Islamic education was implemented in schools so as to raise Islamic awareness amongst students.
He also tried to enforce Islamic Principles in economic filed by replacing the payment of interest by profit
sharing. He also wanted to distribute some wealth to the poor and needy by introducing Islamic taxes.

2- Why did Zia-ul-Haq find it difficult to rule Pakistan during the late 1980s?

Zia-ul-Haq found difficulty in managing the breakdown of law and order. Due to Afghan Miracle US freely
supplied guns to Pakistan. These weapons became common in the streets of Pakistan. This spread killing,
kidnapping and violence in cities like Karachi. Zia failed to control these activities. Drug trafficking grew.
Pakistan became one of the world’s leading countries in drug smuggling. This damaged Pakistan’s international
image. There was an increase in levels of corruption in society.

The provinces became more difficult to administer. Sindh had regular outbreaks of violence and become almost
ungovernable. There was a movement to break away from Pakistan. The NWFP was also becoming more
critical of Zia’s rule. Even in Baluchistan there was still a strong anti central government ethos. The explosion
at the arms dump at Camp Ojhri in 1988 led to Prime Minister Junejo setting up an inquiry. Zia-ul-Haq could
not tolerate this, so dismissed him and dissolved the National Assembly. This led to a political crisis for Zia-ul-
Haq.

Generally people were not happy with Zia’s military rule and wanted to restore democracy. After Junejo’s
dismissal Zia announced next elections in October 1988 however, no one knew whether he would honour the
date. In 1986 Benazir returned to Pakistan and received overwhelming public support and welcome. This
showed that people wanted to get rid of military rule. Later many political groups turned against Martial law.

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Q1. The process of Islamization was Zia’s most important contribution during the years from 1977-1988.
Do you agree? Give reasons.

Zia believed that Pakistan was formed in the name of Islam so Islamic reforms should be introduced and
implemented to make it the Islamic republic. So he started his program of ISLAMIZATION. He introduced
Hudood ordinance, according to which punishments for certain crimes such as theft, adultery, drinking of
alcohol were given as suggested by Islam. Showing disrespect to Holy Prophet was punished by fine or
sentence or both. Sanctity of Ramadan was assured by imposing strict laws. Selling of eatables, eating and
drinking publically were strictly banned during Ramadhan.

Zia also established Federal Shariat Courts to bring laws into the conformity to Islam. He revived Islamic
ideology council and appointed Ulemas to support him in his process of ISLAMIZATION. He also established
Majlis-e-Shura (Assembly). He set up Shariat Appellate bench in Supreme Court in order to support decisions
in the light of Shariah. Directives were made and dress code for public offices were defined. Friday was
declared as a public holiday. Azan was broadcast on Radio and Television. Female T.V announcers were
supposed to cover their heads. Restrictions were imposed on women on certain occupation and sports.

Zia funded Madaris and promoted religious education. Additional marks were given to Hafiz-E-Quran and
special Quotas were fixed for them in Government jobs. Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory
subjects. Zia also introduced Zakat and Ushr ordinances. The money collected through Zakat was used for the
welfare of people. He also introduced Profit loss sharing (PLS) account which was an interest free banking
system.

However, Zia’s process of Islamization was not very successful. It was observed that Federal Shariat court
became inefficient and still Anglo Indian Laws were followed. There were huge opposition from Women
Organization on Zia’s discriminatory Policies. His support to Sunnis angered Shia sect who believed that
Madaris were promoted at their expense. This led to Shia- Sunni disputes. Shia also rejected payment of Zakat
and were then exempted. Even ordinary people did not like Zia’s strict policies and Islamic regime. That is why
when Zia held referendum in 1984 for his Islamization program the turnover was more than just 10%.

Zia started the program of denationalization. He slowly returned some companies to former owners, others were
sold to private investors. Private investors were encouraged to reinvest in business. However, this process was
slow and gradual. Interest free loans were made available for farmers. Economy of Pakistan grew at record rate
due to remittances sent by overseas Pakistanis. Pakistan became the largest workforce in the middle east with
over two million workers in the mid 1980’s. GNP growth rate was highest in the world that is 6%. Zia also took
advantage of Soviet invasion to Afghanistan in 1979 and sent troops to support Afghan militants. Zia received
huge funds and grants from USA and increased defense budget. Pakistan became the 2nd largest supplier of
military man power in third world. However, civil services were in undated with military officers.

After taking power, Zia promised elections within 90 days. However, he did not hold the elections, instead
postponed them twice. In 1984, Zia held referendum and became the President for the next five years. After
securing his position Zia held elections in 1985 on non-party basis. Although he faced great opposition from
MRD (Movement for Restoration of Democracy) Zia continued his plan. Muhammad Khan Junejo became the
Prime Minister. Zia lifted Martial law but forced Junejo to pass Eighth Amendment to the constitution which
made President the most powerful person. However, in 1987 Zia dismissed Junejo when asked for inquiry for

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Ojhri Camp Incident. Another problem that Zia faced just after taking power in 1977 was the uprising for
Baloch insurgents Zia declared amnesty for those who gave up the arms and also banned FSF.

Therefore it can be conclude that his process of Islamization was not a great achievement as it received huge
opposition and could not be implemented completely. It did not fulfil Zia’s desire to make the country a pure
Islamic state.

2- How successful have governments been in the Islamization of Pakistan between 1947 and 1988?
Explain your answer. [14] (Past Paper, November 2009: Q5/c)

The Objectives Resolution, passed in March 1949, made it clear that the constitution of Pakistan would be
based on Islamic laws of social justice, equality and religious freedom. These provisions were not enough to
satisfy the religious wings of the country. They wanted complete implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together
with other reasons, the resolution was withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.

When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of Pakistan to Islamic
Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was retained for monitoring the legislation. The religious
scholars would ensure conformity of new laws with the Quran and Sunnah.

Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to which marriages and
divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were defined for marriage. In spite of opposition from
religious wings, these laws were imposed. He established Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to advise him
the religious aspects of policies. He also founded Islamic Research Institute. But these institutes were just
symbolic; he never welcomed their proposals.

In the 1973 constitution, Islam was declared to be state religion. The President and the Prime Minister were to
be Muslims and they must believe in the finality of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). But no consideration was
given to full implementation of Shariah Laws. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National Alliance was
protesting on the roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious factions by banning gambling,
restricting sale of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the weekly holiday. These were just desperate actions.

General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established Federal Shariat Court in 1979 to consider
conformity of existing laws and judgments with Islamic laws. He introduced Hudood Ordinances giving Islamic
punishments to people involved in drinking, gambling, theft and adultery. He also introduced the Council of
Islamic Ideology to suggest ways for bringing the legal system closer to Islamic ideology. Zakat and Ushr
Ordinance was introduced imposing 2.5% wealth tax and 5% tax on agricultural income respectively. To give
an Islamic color to Pakistan’s society, Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory subjects in the
schools and colleges. Memorizers of the Holy Quran were given extra marks in the Civil Service examinations.
Arabic language was promoted through TV and Radio programs. No woman was allowed to appear on the TV
without scarf.

But there were a number of weak sides of Zia’s Islamisation program. Only a small part of Islamic Legal
System was enforced. There were misappropriations of Zakat fund, the Federal Shariat Court could not replace
the Pakistan Penal Code, Ushr was not taken from landowners and Islamic punishments were rarely
exercised.When it comes to conclusion, it can be said that the governments have not been successful in the
Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and 1988. Some laws seem to be implemented under pressure from
certain circles, and once announced, no serious efforts have been made to implement them in true sense.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Four Mark Past Paper Questions
[Note: Following answers are directly taken from Mark Scheme. However, students are always advised to write
their own answers referring to the Mark scheme
Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. Allow a second mark for a developed statement.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question will be rewarded NO marks

1. What were the Hudood Ordinances? Nov 2013

Part of his Islamisation programme, 1977 onwards, including Offences against Property, Zina, Qafq and
Prohibition Ordinances. Islamic punishments for gambling, drinking, theft and adultery, e.g. amputation of
right hand for theft and 80 stripes of the cane for drinking alcohol. 1980 Zakat Ordinance imposed a 2.5%
wealth tax to be given to the poor, Ushr Ordinance 5% tax on agricultural income which supported Zakat.

2. What was the ‘Afghan Miracle’? June 2015

USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to an immediate impact on Pakistan’s relationship with other
countries. Zia was seen as leader of a Muslim nation on the frontline against communist forces. Economic
and military support came from the West and Pakistan became an important base against the Soviets.
Pakistan became a leading country in world politics and this led to huge sums of money coming into the
country to pay for the care of refugees and the armed forces. Zia was able to use some of the funds to make
economic progress and reform the economy.

3. What is the Karakoram Highway? Nov 2015

1966 joint China-Pakistan project to construct an 800 mile highway, opened in 1978. Known as the
Friendship Highway in China .Financed with Chinese money and built by its engineers. Very difficult and
dangerous road to build and claimed many lives. Follows the Silk Road route from China.

4. What was the Eighth amendment [Article 58 2(b)]? Nov 2018

Introduced by Zia in 1985 after lifting of martial law. It confirmed all previous acts of the martial law period
with no right of appeal. President could appoint Prime Minister, Governors of Provinces and other officials
President could dismiss Prime Minister and National Assembly . Firmly established Presidential rule.

5. Describe the Zakat Ordinance. June 2019

In 1980, Zia-ul-Haq imposed a 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a certain amount. Money raised was given
to Zakat committees in villages and towns for the poor. Some Muslim groups protested against this since
their view of Islamic law was that giving should be voluntary. In 1984, these groups held demonstrations in
Islamabad forcing Zia-ulHaq to accept their objections and exempt them from paying the tax.

6. Describe the ‘cricket diplomacy’ of 1987. [4] Nov 2021

Zia-ul-Haq attended a test match between Pakistan and India [1] inJaipur, [1] where he met with Rajiv
Gandhi [1] to discuss Indian army exercises in the Rajasthan desert, [1] which were of concern to Pakistan
[1] the meeting helped to lessen frictions between Pakistan and India at the time [1]

Other relevant responses should also be credited.

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Other Four Mark Questions

7. Who was Zia- ul- Haq ?

General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was the one who enforced Martial Law for the third time in the brief
history of Pakistan. Zia-ul-Haq was born on August 12, 1924, at Jalandhar. He was commissioned in the
British Army in 1943 and served in Burma, Malaya and Indonesia during World War II. During the
1965 War, he acted as the Assistant Quarter Master of 101 Infantry Division. He was appointed as Corps
Commander of Multan in 1975. On April 1, 1976, in a surprise move the then Prime Minister of
Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, appointed Zia-ul-Haq as Chief of Army Staff, superseding five senior
Generals. When political tension reached its climax due to the deadlock between Bhutto and the
leadership of Pakistan National Alliance on the issue of general elections, Zia-ul-Haq took advantage of
the situation. On July 5, 1977, he carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing Bhutto’s government and
enforced Martial Law in the country.

8. What was the Majlis e Shoora ?

In the absence of a Parliament, Zia-ul-Haq decided to set up an alternative system. He introduced

Majlis-i-Shoora in 1980. Most of the members of the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema,
journalists, economists and professionals belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to act as a
board of advisors to the President. The idea of establishing this institution was not bad but the main
problem was that all 284 members of the Shoora were to be nominated by the President and thus there
was no room for dissention.

9. What was the Larkana Plan?

When martial law was imposed by Zia –ul –Haq appointed a committee to inquire into the alleged
rigging of the National Assembly polls. The committees found out a blueprint of a plan from the PM
house. The committee alleged that Bhutto had prepared this plan as early as April 1976 under the title of
‘Model Election Plan’ or ‘Larkana Plan’. Following activities could be considered as a part of the plan:

• Blockading polling for hours, in the areas where PNA candidates were strong.
• Removal of Ballot boxes by PPP armed personnel in police uniform
• Marked ballot papers [found in the streets of Karachi later on ]
• Voting figures exceeded the actual turn over.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
10. Who was Muhammad Khan Junejo? June 2021

Mohammad Khan Junejo was born 18 August 1932. He gained public notice when he joined the Ayub
administration and subsequently held cabinet portfolio of railways, health, communications and labour from
1963–69. President Zia-ul-Haq nominated Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister of Pakistan on
March 20, 1985. After being sworn in as the Prime Minister, he carried out his promise of lifting the Martial
Law and the restoration of fundamental rights. Muhammad Khan Junejo introduced a five-point program in
December 1985 to induct a new and progressive civilian order, establish institutions of social justice,
introduce an egalitarian economy, increase employment opportunities, strike hard at corruption and other
social evils. , liberate at least 50 percent of the people from illiteracy, and to start socio-economic
development of the country. Junejo’s regime met its sudden and unexpected end while he was returning
from a visit to South Korea on May 29, 1988. General Zia dismissed Junejo’s Government when he asked
for inquiry on Ojhri camp incident.

11. Describe the Ojhri Camp incident.

Ojhri Camp disaster occurred on April 10, 1988 at a military storage centre located in Rawalpindi.
It was used as an ammunition depot for Afghan Mujahidin fighting against USSR. The camp exploded
on April 10 killing more than 1300 civilians and several wounded as a result of rockets and other
munitions expelled by the blast. Prime Minister Junejo announced an immediate inquiry however, he
was dismissed.

12. Describe Zia’s plane crash conspiracy.

General Zia ul Haq was killed in an air crash on August 17, 1988. He had gone to Bahawalpur to see a
demonstration of tanks where he was accompanied by a number of generals as well as US Ambassador.
On his return journey, C-130 lost contact from control tower, flew for a further two minutes then
bounced up and down violently. Then it finally hit the ground and blown into pieces. All 31 people on
board died. A Board of Inquiry set up to consider the cause declared it as a criminal act of sabotage. It
suggested that perhaps poisonous gas was released and it incapacitated the passengers and crew.

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Topic: Benazir Bhutto

S.no Questions Past Papers

Important seven (7) Mark Questions
1 Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office in 1990? Nov 2010

2 Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office for a second time Nov 2012, 2015
in 1996?

Explain why Benazir Bhutto’s government ended in 1996. June 2020

Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

1
How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of June 2013
Pakistan in the years 1988–90 and 1993–96?

2
Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in Sindh the June 2018
main reason why she left office in 1990? Explain your
answer.

To what extent did Benazir Bhutto’s privatisation policy

contribute to the government being replaced in 1996?
Nov 2020
Explain your answer. [14]

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Benazir Bhutto
Introduction:
 Benazir Bhutto, the eldest child of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was born on June 21, 1953, at Karachi.
 In July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq imposed Martial Law and Benazir was allowed to proceed abroad on medical
grounds in January 1984, after spending nearly six and a half years in jail.
 She went into exile in England for two years.
 In July 1984, her younger brother Shah Nawaz died under mysterious circumstances in Paris. She came back to
Pakistan to attend his burial ceremony.
 On December 18, 1987, Benazir married Asif Ali Zardari in Karachi.
 She served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November
1988 until October 1990, and 1993 until her final dismissal on November 1996.
 In 1988, she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state and was also Pakistan's first (and thus far,
only) female prime minister.
 After nine years of self-exile, she returned to Pakistan on 18 October 2007
 Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in a bombing on 27 December 2007, after leaving PPP's last rally in the city
of Rawalpindi.

Benazir Bhutto as the Prime Minister - First term (1988–1990)

Elections 1988

 The PPP won 94 out of 207 seats in the National Assembly and formed coalition Government with MQM.
 Benazir Bhutto became Prime Minister(PM) and Ghulam Ishaq Khan was the President of Pakistan.

Successes

Domestic Policies

 Ended ban on political parties, trade unions, released political prisoners and restored students’ unions.
 First Women’s Bank was opened.
 Announced plans to establish women’s police stations, courts
 Women were appointed as Judges and other important civil service posts.
 Took first step towards rural electrification
 started aerospace projects such as Project Sabre II, Project PAC, Ghauri project under Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in
1990

Foreign Policies

 In 1988 , she met Indian Prime Minister in Islamad who vivsted Pkaistna for the forst time
In 1989, two agreemnts were signed between the ocutnries over Nulcear and Kahim,sir issue
 Took Pakistan to commonwealth
 Hosted the forth SAARC Summit Conference
 As a result Pakistan and India signed three peace agreements.
 Visited USA and restored good relations between two countries

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Problems

Problems within Govt.

 Could not reduce the influence of military and intelligence from the politics
 had to agree that important decisions were to be taken by troika
 had to face confrontation from provinces specially IJI led Punjab administration
 Major opposition came from Nawaz Sharif.
 In October 1989 opposition parties organized no-confidence motion.
 Had disagreements over appointments of military and judiciary with Ghulam Ishaque Khan.

Alleged Corruption

 Accused for corruption

 Loans were being given to party supporters
 Benazir ‘s husband and father in law were accused of corruption
 Asif Ali Zardari was arrested on charges of black mail

Economic crisis

 Unable to implement employment and economic development program

 Inflation and unemployment were high
 Health and education system could not cope up with rapid increase in country’s population
 Failed to deal with country’s growing drug abuse

Problems in Sindh ( MQM)

 Sindhi was made compulsory in schools and reserved posts for Sindhis
 MQM (Urdu speakers) opposed special rights for Sindhis
 Tension between Muhajirs and Sindhis continued which led to violence in Sindh
 On September 1989 gunmen on motor bikes , believed to be Sindhi militant fired into a crowd in Hyderabad killing
around 250 Muhajirs
 MQM ended its alliance with PPP in 1989 and violence spread in Karachi
 Govt.took actions to control the violence – curfew and police operation began
 Pucca Qila Massacre led to more deaths and violence in 1990

Dismissal

 In August 1990 President Ghulam Ishaque Khan declared Benazir government incompetent and corrupt and dismissed
the government.
 Caretaker Government was formed by Ghulam Mustufa Jatoi

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Benazir Bhutto as the Prime Minister - Second Term (1993-1996)
Elections 1993

 Won 86 out of 202 seats (38.1%) which meant that she was not in a position to form the government.
 PPP formed government in coalition with independent parties- (MQM boycotted the elections)
 Benazir became the PM and Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari was the President
 Done well in the p[rovincial elctions in al lfour provinces.

Successes
Foreign Policies
 In April 1994, Benazir visited the U. S. and projected Pakistan’s stance on the F-16 fighter planes withheld
by the U. S. despite payments.
 Her visit resulted in the passing of the Brown Amendment by the U. S. Senate on September 21, 1995,
easing restrictions on Pakistan.
 The U. S. first Lady Hillary Clinton and her daughter Chelsea visited Pakistan in 1995 and Pakistan’s image
improved at international level.
 Entered into co-operative arrangements with United States re United Nations’ peacekeeping operations.
 Sent 5000 troops to Somalia

Problems
 Threats from India and heavy clashes along the line of control
 In January 1996, Indian rockets killed 19 people in Kashmir and destroyed a mosque.

Economic crisis

 United bank scandal damaged her reputation and created financial crisis
 Confrontation with India causes military budget to spiral upwards.
 Govt. had to pay heavy interests on huge loans and there was trade deficit.
 Terrible floods and serious plant diseases affected agricultural output.
 In 1995 , Pakistan desperately needed loan form the IMF
 The govt. had to increase taxes as per IMF instructions and rupee was devalued
 Cost of living increased and people angrily blamed government for that
 Protests and strikes followed as unemployment and inflation increased

Opposition from Nawaz Sharif

 Nawaz Sharif mobilized opposition with rallies and demonstration in Peshawar when Benazir installed PPP
government in NWFP
 In 1994 Sharif began a train march and delivered critical speeches against PPP govt.
 Sharif organized strikes throughout the country which led to violence
 Assassinations and bombings were commonplace
 Bhutto arrested many political leaders of opposition

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Problems within Bhutto’s family

 There had been disagreement over control of PPP after Z.A. Bhutto’s death which led to conflicts between
Benazir and her mother Nusrat Bhutto
 Mir Murtuza (brother) won a seat as an anti-Bhutto candidate in 1993 elections but was arrested and spent few
months in prison on charges for corruption
 Benazir removed her mother from a leading position in PPP
 Murtuza was killed in a police ambush at his residence in Karachi
 The high-profile killing of her brother in her tenure damaged her political career.

Problems with MQM

 She continued facing problems with MQM.

 In spite of all her political endeavors, a smooth relationship could not be established between the Government and
M QM.
Dismissal

 In March 1996, the Supreme court dismissed 20 judges appointed by the government including three women
Judges. The govt. refusal to carry out supreme court’s decision caused crisis
 Group of army officers was planning to remove her government
 Asif Ali Zardari was accused of receiving pay backs on government deals and being involved on political murders
 Relations between the president and PM deteriorated and in November Leghari dismissed Bhutto’s government
claiming misgovernment and corruption
 Benazir went on voluntary exile , Zardari remained in prison from 1997-2004

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
7 Mark Questions

1 - Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office in 1990? [7]

Benazir was considered as weak ruler as she did not have an overall majority in the Assembly so when she assumed
power she had to agree that important decisions were to be taken by troika (of herself, President and the chief of army
staff). She also faced opposition from provinces as they wanted greater autonomy to run their own affairs. Benazir got a
strong opposition and its leader, Nawaz Sharif posed serious threats to her government. He tabled a motion of no
confidence against her government but it was defeated by just twelve votes. The endless confrontation between Benazir
Bhutto and IJI led Punjab Administration undermined her ability to govern. Many people doubted that democracy could
not work in Pakistan.

Secondly, She had formed coalition government with MQM and promised them to give their rights. However, she made
Sindhi a compulsory subjects in schools in Sindh and reserved seats for Siddhis in government jobs. This led to
disagreements between MQM and Benazir. The incidents of violence between Sindhis and Muhajirs created law and order
situation. Benazir took action and arrested Muhajirs. After Pucca Qila Massacre MQM ended alliance with Benazir in
1989. This meant that she would not have majority in the National Assembly. This weakened her government.

Benazir’s government was blamed and accused for alleged corruption. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari and her father in law
were accused of taking rake-offs on deals. Asif Ali Zardari was arrested and sent to jail for two year on the charges of
blackmail. Further corruption by PPP leaders weakened her position and ruined her own reputation. She alos ahd
disagreements over appointments of military and judiciary with Ghulam Ishaque Khan. Moreover , she was not able to
reduce unemployment, control growing drug abuse and violence. This gave an excuse to Ghulam Ishaque Khan who
declared Benazir ‘unfit for office e’ and dismissed her by exercising his power under Eighth Amendment.

2- Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office for a second time in 1996? [7]

Benazir faced tough time with Nawaz Sharif. He mounted a personal attack on Bhutto focusing on her business interests
and political methods and also held rallies and demonstrations in several cities. He also started train march and delivered
critical speeches. Zardari was rumored to be involved in shady business dealings and Nawaz took advantage of it to
further deteriorate Benazir’s reputation. Despite her constant efforts, she was not able to establish good relations with
MQM.

The country fell into serious economic crisis and Pakistan had to request for a loan from the IMF which led to strict
financial controls including high taxes and inflation that were blamed on the government. The government failed to
reduce unemployment and people were frustrated as cost living increased. GDP fell by 4%. In March 1996, the
Supreme Court dismissed 20 judges appointed by the government including three women Judges. The govt.
refused to carry out Supreme Court’s decision which caused crisis and a group of army officers was planning to
remove her government.

Benazir faced many problems which weakened her position and eventually led to her downfall. She could not solve her
internal problems and was opposed by her own party the PPP. She removed her mother from a high position and was
involved in a murder of her own brother who was killed in a police ambush in Karachi. This damaged her reputation badly
and was considered as the last straw for the president who dismissed her government eventually.

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Ms. Samreen Syed
4 Mark Questions

1. What was the PuccaQila massacre? W 17

 May 1990, in Hyderabad, supporters of Muhajir Quami Movement (MQM)

 killed by police
 • Including women and children who held copies of the Quran over their heads
 as they faced the police
 • The violence led to the President (Ghulam Ishaq Khan) dismissing the
 government in August 1990

2. Describe the problems caused by family feuds that faced the Benazir Bhutto governments.

 There had been disagreement over control of PPP after Z.A. Bhutto’s death which led to conflicts
between Benazir and her mother Nusrat Bhutto
 Mir Murtuza (brother) won a seat as an anti-Bhutto candidate in 1993 elections but was arrested and
spent few months in prison on charges for corruption
 Benazir removed her mother from a leading position in PPP
 Murtuza was killed in a police ambush at his residence in Karachi
 The high-profile killing of her brother in her tenure damaged her political career.

Pressler amendment
The Pressler Amendment, passed by the US Congress senator, Larry Pressler in August 1985 which banned
most economic and military assistance to Pakistan unless the president certified on an annual basis that Pakistan
did not possess a nuclear explosive device. Its terms suggested that no military or technology equipment was to
be provided to Pakistan unless the American president certified that Pakistan did not “possess” a nuclear
explosive device and that it was neither “developing” nor “acquiring” a nuclear explosive device.

Brown Amendment
To solve a five-year-old impasse over arms that Pakistan has paid for but the U.S. has not yet delivered, the
House-Senate conference committee approved the Brown Amendment in 1990 passed by Senator Hank Brown,
that sought a one-time waiver to the Pressler Amendment. Credit for this grand victory goes to Prime Minister
Benazir Bhutto, who, at the time of her visit of USA, succeeded to bring round a number of Senators to support
amendment. The Brown Amendment not only provided a one-time waiver of $368 million worth embargoed
military equipment as foresaid, but also enabled President Clinton to sell the 28 F-16 aircrafts, which had
already been paid for by Pakistan in 1989, and to reimburse the proceeds to Pakistan

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari Ghulam Ishaq Khan
29 May 1940 – 20 October 2010 20 January 1915 – 27 October 2006

 A Pakistani politician who served as the  Was a Pakistani bureaucrat who served as
eighth president of Pakistan from 14 the seventh president of Pakistan, elected in
November 1993 until resigning on 2 1988 until his resignation in 1993.
December 1997.  Raised in Bannu, Ghulam Ishaq graduated
 He is the first Baloch to have been elected as from Peshawar University and entered
president. the Indian Civil Service, opting
 Born into a Baloch tribal and for Pakistan after the independence in 1947.
influential feudal family, Leghari was  Appointed the first chairman of the Water
educated at Aitchison College, the Forman and Power Development Authority by
Christian College in Pakistan, and St President Ayub Khan in 1961,
Catherine's College, Oxford in United  Ghulam Ishaq also served as Finance
Kingdom. Secretary from 1966 to 1970.
 His credential and reputation eventually led  A year later, he was appointed Governor of
him to secure a nomination for the State Bank by President Zulfikar Ali
the presidency by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, before being made Defence
Bhutto and was elected as President in 1993. Secretary in 1975, assisting with Pakistan's
 However, he began receiving criticism over atomic bomb programme.
the controversial appointments of Senior
 He was retained by President Zia-ul-
Justices of the Supreme Court of
Haq as Finance Minister in 1977, overseeing
Pakistan and was implicated in Mehran
the country's highest GDP growth average.
Bank scandal.
 Differences began to emerge with Prime  Elected Chairman of the Senate in 1985,
Minister Benazir Bhutto on policy issues in Ghulam Ishaq was elevated to the
1995 and he surprisingly dismissed his presidency after Zia's death in an air
leader's government in 1996. crash on 17 August 1988. He was elected
 His political ambitions later clashed with president on 13 December, as the consensus
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and his candidate of the Islami Jamhoori
intervention to retain Justice Sajjad Ali Ittehad and Pakistan People's Party.
Shah as Chief Justice finally led to his  He was the founder of his namesake Ghulam
resignation in 1997. Ishaq Khan Institute.

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Topic: Nawaz Sharif

S.no Questions Past Papers

Important seven (7) Mark Questions
1 Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from office in 1993? Nov 2013

Why did General Musharraf come to power in 1999? Nov 2011

June 2015
June 2022

Challenging Questions [Not in Past papers]

How successful was Nawaz Sharif as Prime Minister of

Pakistan in the years 1990- 1993 and 1997-99?

Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

1
Was the Co-operative Societies scandal the most June 2016
important reason why Nawaz Sharif fell from office in
1993? Explain your answer.

Was the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce

International (BCCI) the main reason for the government June 2020
ending in 1993? Explain your answer.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Ministry of Nawaz Sharif 1990-93 and 1997-1999

Biography:

 Sharif was born in Lahore on 25 December 1949 to a family of Kashmiri immigrants, who had
settled in Punjab in the late 19th century.
 His father, Mian Mohammad Sharif, was the owner of a relatively modest cast-iron parts business
who later became a prominent industrialist and a joint owner of the Ittefaq Group of Industries.
 Nawaz Sharif became politically prominent after General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq declared martial
law over Pakistan in 1977.
 Sharif served as finance minister of the province of the Punjab under the dispensation of General
Zia, and was later the provincial (Punjab) chief minister.
 His party is the Pakistan Muslim League N (Nawaz group).

First Term 1990-1993 Second Term 1997-1999

Elections of 1990 Elections of 1997

After the ouster of Benazir’s Government, After the dismissal of Benazir’s Govt., Malik
elections for the National and Provincial Meraj Khalid, then caretaker PM held elections.
Assemblies were held on October 24 and 27, 1990. Pakistan Muslim League won an overwhelming
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, the ex-Chief victory and Nawaz Sharif resumed power.
Minister of Punjab, was elected as the Prime
Minister on November 1, 1990.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of

During his tenure as the Prime Minister, Nawaz Pakistan was passed. The President could no
Sharif made efforts to strengthen the industrial longer dismiss the Prime Minister. The President
sector with the help of the private sector. He set also lost the power to appoint the Heads of the
out to privatize eighty- nine state-owned Armed forces and the provincial governors.
enterprises including shipping, electricity supply,
airlines and telecommunications. The Anti Defection Bill / The Fourteenth
Amendment imposed so-called party discipline on
Exchange controls on foreign currency coming to members of Parliament.
Pakistan were lifted. This encouraged foreign
businesses to invest. It made it unlawful for members of the assembly
ot change parties.
He fixed a minimum wage of Rs. 1500 in July
1992. Party leaders now had unlimited power to dismiss
any of their legislators if they failed to vote as they
He started projects like Ghazi Brotha Power were told. This made it impossible to dismiss a
Project and the Gwadar Miniport. prime minister by a motion of no confidence.

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Ms. Samreen Syed

Land was distributed among landless peasants in In effect, the two amendments removed nearly all
Sindh. checks on the Prime Minister's power, since they
removed all legal remedies to dismiss him.
Under the Self- Employment scheme 40000
households were given loans to purchase taxis and
trucks. This was known as the Yellow Cab Nawaz Sharif completed the construction of South
Scheme. West Asia's first motorway, the 367 km M2,
linking Lahore and Islamabad.

The Motorway project was initiated that was

completed during his second tenure. The peak of his popularity came when his
government undertook nuclear tests on 28 May
To control growing terrorism and violence, the 1998 in response to India's nuclear tests two weeks
Speedy Trail Courts were given the job of fast – earlier.
track justice in cases of murder and drug dealing.
Nawaz Sharif signed a treaty with the Indian Prime
Relations with the Central Asian Muslim republics
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee on February 21,
were strengthened and E. C. O. was given a boost.
1999. It was the second nuclear control treaty
signed by both countries and pledged to continue
In an attempt to end the Afghan crisis, the
the use of the first treaty, NNAA (Non-Nuclear
“Islamabad Accord” was reached between various
Aggression Agreement)
Afghan factions
was signed in 1988.

Due to his privatization policy, the new owners

made huge profits and prices increased. His .
opponent called it a policy of loot and plunder. He was accused of cronyism and being too
supportive of Punjabi candidates for office, which
His government also faced financial pressure and marginalized his party in the south.
shortage of funds due to loss of US aid. USA put
pressure on Pakistan to end nuclear program. Journalists who wrote critical articles about Sharif
were arrested and unexpected tax inspections of
Investors lost huge Sums due to the closure of the affairs of newspaper editors were carried out.
BCCI.
[see four mark question] He opposed the independence of the judiciary,
clashing with the Chief Justice, Sajjad Ali Shah.
Sharif also lost support because of the cooperative The Supreme Court was stormed by Sharif's party
Societies Scandal. More than two million people loyalists on November 28, 1997, and the Chief
lost their savings and the government was blamed. Justice was forced to resign.
[see four mark question]
After the nuclear tests, matter started going
downhill. He suspended many civil liberties,
The government was also not successful in dismissed the Sindh provincial government and set
dealing with crime and terrorism. Kidnappings, up military courts when the stability of the

Page.50
 Ms. Samreen Syed
bombing and murders became common. government was threatened.

Due to Afghan support Kalashnikov culture spread Pakistan economy was close to collapses and fuel
and drug addiction spiralled. prices raised.

In 1991 Shariat bill was passed but federal Shariat Sharif removed Jahangir Karamat 1998 with
courts were not was not successful. Pervez Musharraf when Karamat asked for a post
in the National Security council.

Sharif lost the support of his own political allies

due to his stance over Gulf war.
[see four mark question]
The Kargil War took place between May and July
Operation Clean-Up in Sindh was started by army 1999. Sharif was persuaded by US president,
against MQM which badly damaged the Clinton to withdraw forces from Kargil which was
democratic government.
very damaging for his government.
Nawaz Sharif also came into conflict with the
President over the appointment of Chief Justice End:
and Army chief.
His rule came to an abrupt end following the
He also wanted to revoke Eight Amendment to overthrow of his government by the General
reduce the power of the president. Pervez Musharraf-led military coup in 1999
months after the Kargil War.
End:
Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s coup.
Nawaz Sharif’s Government remained in power till June 2013, Nov 2016
April 18 1993, when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan
dissolved the National Assembly, once again Sharif feared a coup led by General Musharraf and
exercising his power through the Eighth
decided to replace him. As Musharraf returned
Amendment.
from a visit to Sri Lanka on 12 October1999,
He accused Sharif’s government for corruption and Sharif ordered the Civil Aviation Authority not to
economic mismanagement. give permission for his plane to land. He then
appointed the head of ISI the new army chief. The
The Supreme Court ruled that the dismissal was army refused to accept this appointment and took
against the constitution. However, due to the over Karachi airport and enabled Musharraf’s
strong position of the army, both Nawaz Sharif and
plane to land. At the same time soldiers also
Ghulam Ishaq Khan were forced to resign.
arrested the prime minister.
From July to October 1993, Moeen Qureshi , a
retired World Bank Vice-president served as
caretaker Prime Minister.

Ishaque Khan was replaced by the chairman of

senate, Wasim Sajjad.

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Ms. Samreen Syed

7 mark questions

1- Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from office in 1993?

Nawaz Sharif had an intention to boost the economy with his national reconstruction program but most
of his economic reforms were undermined due to lack of funds. After Soviet Afghan war, US aid
stopped. Pakistan also had pressure to stop its nuclear program. The closure of BCCI (Bank of Credit
and Commerce International) due to and manipulation, brought defame to the country and further
increased financial problems.
Moreover, due to the collapse of Cooperative Society, millions of people lost their savings and
pressurized Nawaz Sharif to return their money as these societies gave most of loans to Sharif’s family
business. This damaged his prestige.

Nawaz Sharif’s Shariat Bill was also not much popular. It was disliked many opponents and the
fundamentalists also criticized the bill. The Kalashnikov culture spread due to Afghanis which
increased robbery , kidnappings etc. Terrorism, smuggling, drug addition, street crimes and increasing
violence especially in Sindh and Punjab, all increased problems for Nawaz Sharif. Relation with MQM
was poor and Sharif lost his support in Sindh completely.

Sharif lost the support of his own political allies due to his stance over Gulf war. Huge protests took
place against Nawaz Sharif unpopular support for the American led war. This also disappointed many of
his own supporters. He also had clashes with President Ghulam Ishaque Khan over the appointment of
chief Justice and Army chief. He also wanted to revoke 8th Amendment which brought him in more
conflict with the president. Due to this Ishaque Khan used his power and dismissed his government.

2- Why did General Musharraf come to power in 1999?

Nawaz Sharif damaged his reputation and deteriorated relations with other countries due to which he
faced great criticism. Moreover he removed all checks on him by passing Thirteenth and Fourteenth
Amendments so only army could overthrow him. Sharif was giving support for the Taliban in
Afghanistan and these damaged his relations with USA as they refused to hand over Osama bin Laden,
suspected of bombing of US embassy in Kenya. Pakistan also tested nuclear weapons which angered a
number of countries which then halted aid to Pakistan and brought Sharif much criticism.
Secondly, he lost the support of the army for the high handling way in which he treated Jahangir
Karamat. Sharif forced him to resign when he demanded the post in National Security Council. Through
this he removed the potential threat and appointed General Pervez Musharraf which was the first step
towards Musharraf coming to power.
The final nail in the coffin of Sharif’s government was the failure of Pakistan-Supported forces in the
Kargil Conflict in Kashmir. Due to Nawaz Sharif’s order Pakistan army retreated from the Kargil and
he blamed Musharraf for the embarrassing retreat. The army refused to accept this. Sharif feared a coup
planned by General Pervez Musharraf and decided to replace him. Sharif tried to sack Musharraf whilst
he returning from his visit from Sri Lanka this infuriated the army and as a result the army decided to
intervene in the government and overthrew Sharif and General Pervez Musharraf got the control.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
Four Mark Questions

1- What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the 1990s? June 2011

His government faced financial pressure and shortage of funds due to loss of US aid. USA put
pressure on Pakistan to end nuclear program. Sharif also lost support because of the cooperative
Societies Scandal. More than two million people lost their savings and the government was blamed.
The government was also not successful in dealing with crime and terrorism. Kidnappings, bombing
and murders became common.
Due to Afghan support Kalashnikov culture spread and drug addiction spiralled. Operation Clean-Up
in Sindh was started by army against MQM which badly damaged the democratic government.

2- What was the Co-operative Societies scandal? June 2014

The Societies accepted deposits from members and could also make loans to members. In 1991 four
financial cooperatives in the Punjab, the Pakistan Cooperative Societies, collapsed. More than two
million people lost their money. Perhaps, as much as, Rs. 23 billion was lost. Two of the
cooperatives were controlled by relatives of Nawaz Sharif. It was discovered that these societies had
granted millions of loans to Mr. Sharif family business, the Ittefaq Group.

3- What was the BCCI scandal?

The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) had been set up in 1972 by Pakistani
Banker, Agha Hassan Abedi. It had close links to many prominent people. Nawaz Sharif‘s
family company, Ittefaq Industries was a major customer. Despite being a worldwide bank, it
remained essentially Pakistani institution employing many Pakistanis. BCCI collapsed in 1991
when the Bank of England closed their operations with allegation of massive losses, fraud and
money laundering. Investors lost huge Sums due to the closure of BCCI.

4- What was the Yellow Cab Scheme?

Nawaz Sharif started the Yellow Cab Scheme under the Self- Employment scheme. 40000
households were given loans to purchase taxis and trucks. HBL, UBL and NBL were tasked with
provision of interest-based loans for the scheme. Carmakers Hyundai and Daewoo were selected
for provision of vehicles against 10% down payment of the total cost. The scheme was very
successful.

5- What was the Kargil Conflict? June 2014 [See Pakistan and India notes ]

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Relations and Role in International Affairs

S.no Questions Past Papers

Important seven (7) Mark Questions
1 Why was membership of the United Nations important to S5
Pakistan between 1947 and 1988? S 10
S 14
Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947? W 19

2 Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972? S4

3 Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 S7
and 1988? W3
W 14
4 Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for S 22
Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s?

5 Explain why Pakistan has given continued support to the W8

Palestinian cause. W5
W 15
S 18

6 Why was India successful in the 1965 and 1971 wars S6

against Pakistan S 12
Challenging Questions [Not in Past papers]

7 Explain why there have been wars between India and

Pakistan from 1947- 1999?

Important Fourteen (14) Marks Questions

1 How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with W 10

China between 1947 and 1999? W 18

2 How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with

Great Britain and the Commonwealth between 1947 and S 13
1999? Explain your answer. W 16

3 W4
How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the W6
Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1999?Explain your W 11
answer. W 15

4 How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with W8

India between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. W 13

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
5 How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the W6
USSR between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. W 12

To what extent was the relationship between Pakistan and W 17

USSR successful from 1947 to 1999? Explain your answer.
6 How effective has Pakistan been as a member of world S3
organizations between 1947 and 1999? Explain your S7
answer June 2013 Paper 41
W 17
7 To what extent was the relationship between Pakistan and W4
its neighbour Afghanistan successful from 1947 to 1999? S 10
W 14
S 17
8 How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the W3
U.S.A. between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer S8
S 15
9 How successful have relations between Pakistan and S 16
Bangladesh been from 1971 to 1999? Explain your answer.
[10]
10 Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision of W4
education between 1947 and W7
1988? June 2013 Paper 41
Why did educational reform become such an important
issue between 1947 and 1988?/1999 W 18

11 How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new W 15

constitution between 1947 and 1973?
Explain your answer.
W 19
To what extent did Pakistan achieve a new constitution
between 1949 and 1973?
Explain your answer. [14]

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Ms. Samreen Syed
Relation with India - 1947-1999
Q.1- How successful was the government of Pakistan in establishing its relation with India since 1947?
Explain. 14 Marks

In 1947, Pakistan was formed against the wishes of Indians National Congress. Therefore, Indian government
created many problems for Pakistan deliberately, which could threaten its survival. Due to this both the
countries could not establish good relations. India did not give fair financial and military assets to Pakistan and
also stopped water supply from its headworks of Ravi and Sutlej. This would have negative impact on
Pakistan’s economy. Moreover, India occupied princely states like Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir. In 1947
both the countries even faced the first war over Kashmir issue which further deteriorated the relations.
However, relations improved to some extent when Jinnah made a temporary agreement on water dispute and
ceasefire was achieved on Kashmir issue in 1948.

In 1950, both the countries signed Liaquat Nehru Pact (Minorities Pact) to solve refugee crisis. This improved
the relations. However, during 1950-57 the relations remained strained due to Kashmir issue. In 1952 India
started integration in Kashmir which was clear violation of ceasefire. Pakistan complained to UNO which
reconfirmed Kashmir as a disputed terriotry. Moreover, UN also sent mediators during 1954-1955 for
negotiation but India refused to talk. UN then decided to hold referendum (plebiscite) in Kashmir under UN
supervision but India did not hold any such referendum. Therefore, all the diplomatic efforts made by the
government of Pakistan to establish government relation failed due to Indians rigid attitude.

In 1960, both the countries signed Indus water treaty and Pakistan got exclusive right of Indus, Jhelum and
Chanab. This improved relations between the two countries. In 1962, the government of Pakistan was
enocuraged to librete KAshmir through a war due to Indai’s defeat in Indo China war. Moreover, in 1965
Pakistan was able to force India to accept an independent tribunal to settle the borders of the Runn of Kutch. So
Pakistan army decided to launch a secret operation in Kashmir. In retaliation India attacked Pakistan from the
East on 6th September. This led to a full fledged war between the two countries and destroyed the relations.
However, in 1966, both the countries signed Tashkent Treaty and promised to maintain peaceful relations.

In 1970, the relations between Pakistan and India deteriorated because India supported East Pakistan by
funding and providing arms and ammunition to the rebel forces Mukti Bahini. In retaliation Pakistan attacked
India from north which led tio the third war between India and Pakistan. However, in 1972, signing of Simla
agreement improved the relations and Indai realesed 9000 POWs. Another important issue which became a
hurdle in good relation was the nuclear issue. Both the countries were asked to sign Non Proliferation Treaty
but initially India refused to sign so Pakistan did not sign it either. In 1974 India tested nuclear device which
upset Pakistan. Bhutto responded quickly and set up Engineering Research Laboratories in Kahuta. So there
were tensed relations throughout 1970s.

In 1980, Sikhs started uprising in India for a separate state called Khalistan Movement. India blamed Pakistan
for providing arm and financial supports to sikh insurgents. In 1984, Indian Prime Minister Indhra Gandhi was
assassinated by her Sikh guard. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi accused Pakistan for the murder. Zia declared the day of
national mourning on her death which calmed the situation. In 1985 the relations strianed due to Siachen glacier
issue. In 1987, Rajiv Gandhi began exercise on Rajhistan Desert. Zia tackled the situation diplomatically. He
flew to Jaipur to watch a cricket match. He met Rajiv Gandhi who called off the exercise. Therefore, the
relations remained under control during 1980s.

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 Ms. Samreen Syed
In 1998, India tested her nuclear devices in Rajhistan dessert which threatned Pakistan’s security. Pakistan
government reponded and tested its nuclear devices near Chagai Hills. This alarmed the world as both the
countries had become nuclear power. The UN asked them to sign Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty(CTBT) to
avoid further nuclear testing. In 1999, Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Lahore and met Nawaz Sharif
(PM). This led to the signing of Lahore Declaration. This marked good relations between the two. However,
relations deteriorated due to Kargil conflict in 1999 when India asked US government to force Pakistan to
withdraw its forces.

Therfore, it can be concluded that the governem,nt of PAkistna was not very successful in establsihng good
relations with India. Though it tried , the wars, Kashmir issue and India’s rigid attitude over certain matters
worsened the situation.

2- How successfully did Pakistan and India handle the Kashmir issue since 1947-1999? (14 marks)

Pakistan and India signed treaties and agreements to seek the solution of Kashmir issue. In 1948 after the war
over Kashmir both countries accepted the ceasefire arranged by UNO. Another attempt was made in 1966 when
Ayub Khan signed Tashkent Declaration with Indian PM Lal Bahadur Shastri and agreed to maintain peace.
Moreover, in 1972 Bhutto agreed to discuss Kashmir issue bilaterally with India not on international forum in
Simla Agreement.

Pakistan was also successful in persuading UNO to force India to hold plebiscite and to solve Kashmir issue
through negotiations. During 1953- 1955 UN sent several mediators for negotiations. In 1957, UN also
reinstated its declaration that Kashmir was a disputed territory. Pakistan always wanted to seek a peaceful
solution for the issue of Kashmir hence more agreements such as Lahore declarations and Agra declaration were
signed.

However, both the governments were not able to come to any permanent solution to Kashmir Issue. After
independence the ruler of Kashmir signed the instrument of accession with India which gave it right to claim
over Kashmir and India set its troops to suppress Kashmiri rebels. But the government of Pakistan could not
leave Kashmiris at the mercy of India so it also sent forces. This led to first war between India and Pakistan.
This deteriorated the relations and made it difficult to reach any agreement over Kashmir.

Moreover, War of 1965, 1971 and the Kargil conflict further worsened the matter. India also refused to accept
any resolution passed by UNO Security Council nor did she hold plebiscite in Kashmir. Pakistan also failed to
pressurize India to stop integration in Kashmir due to its military weaknesses as well as lack of support from
world powers such as USA , USSR.

In 1980, inspired by Afghan freedom fighters, Kashmiri people took up arms and started Guerilla wars.
However, India destroyed 700,000 troops to suppress the Kashmiris but it failed. In 1984, Indian occupation
over Siachen Glaciers reduced any hope of peaceful negotiation over Kashmir. Both the countries have now
become nuclear powers and there has always been a pressure from world powers to tackle Kashmir issue
peacefully.

Therefore, it can be concluded that both the countries were not very successful in solving the Kashmir issue
mainly because of the stubborn ant unfair attitude of Indian government and lack of support from world
organizations and OIC to Pakistan.

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7 mark question
1 - Why was India successful in the 1965 and 1971 wars against Pakistan? 7 Marks

India was successful in the wars because of weaknesses of Pakistan army.

Since independence Pakistan had remained a weaker side in terms of military and warfare. Pakistan received
obsolete and unusable ammunition after independence. During the war of 1965 Pakistan army heavily relied on
arms aids from USA and UK. Instead of providing support the US and UK imposed arm embargo on both the
countries which heavily damaged Pakistan side than India.

Pakistan army had never expected a full scale war with India. In 1965 their plan was to ignite uprising in Indian
occupied Kashmir. What they did not think of was that Indian retaliation would come from eastern border
instead of north. When India attacked Lahore, Pakistan army was found unprepared and the borders were
undefended. Therefore Pakistan had to deploy its army to defend its border and failed to occupy Kashmir.

In 1971, things were not much different. Pakistan once again depended on arm support from UK and USA who
again did not show any enthusiasm to support Pakistan. Whereas, India had signed the treaty of Trade,
Friendship and commerce with USSR and was likely to have been supported by USSR. Moreover, Pakistan
army was busy in crushing civil war in East Pakistan. People of EastPakistan were much determined to resist
and Pakistan army knew that they were trying to force East Pakistan to stay apart on Pakistan.On contrary India
was more determined and to take advantage of Pakistan’s weak position. It provided arms and training to East
Pakistan rebel forces and also made quick attacks on Pakistani borders. Once again India proved to be much
stronger side than Pakistan.

2- Why did Pakistan distrust India so much between 1971 and 1999? 7 Marks

The feeling of distrust grew due to Indian involvement in independence movement in east Pakistan. In 1971
India supported Mukti Bahini forces which offended Pakistan and it attacked Indian air bases. This led to a war
between the two countries. Pakistan was unhappy with the Simla agreement signed with India following the war.
In return for the release of 90000 prisoners of war, Pakistan agreed not to pursue a solution to the Kashmir
problem in international forums. This annoyed Pakistan which had sought a solution through the United Nations.

Pakistan was also shocked at India’s nuclear test programme in 1974. It raised real fears that its neighbor had a
nuclear capability. Pakistan knew that India could always use or threaten Pakistan with her nuclear devices. So
the government decided to pursue its own nuclear program. In 1998 India tested her nuclear weapons second
time. Pakistan had to respond promptly to ensure its security and tested nuclear device too. Due to this nuclear
race it was difficult for both the countries to trust each other fully.

Moreover, Siachen glacier issue was another cause of bad relations when Pakistan found 300 soldiers on the
mountains. Relations became even worse when India suspected that Pakistan was training Sikh extremists and
when Indhra Gandhi was assassinated by a Sikh in 1984. To seek the solution of Saichen glacier Pakistan army
launches operation Koh – e – Paima in 1999 which led to Kargil war. When Pakistani forces were forced to
withdraw its forces the relation became worse. Hence the two countries could no longer trust each other.

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3 – Why did Pakistan start its nuclear program in 1970s?

Pakistan started its nuclear program in 1972 in response to India’s nuclear development. Pakistan had recently
lost the war with India in 1971 and knew about India’s military superiority in conventional forces. So Bhutto
felt that nuclear program was needed to ensure Pakistan’s survival and to make its defence stronger. In 1974,
India tested three nuclear devices but Pakistan had none. This proved that Pakistan needed nuclear devices to
protect herself from Indian nuclear aggression.

Secondly, since 1947 Pakistan had a weaker military force that India so it had to develop its military strength.
Pakistan had also faced three wars with India from 1947-1971. Moreover due to Kashmir issue Pakistan always
had a threat of war with India. Therefore, to reduce any potential threat of war in future it was necessary that
Pakistan should have its own nuclear program. This would also enhance Pakistan’s national pride by becoming
the first Muslim country having nuclear power.

Thirdly political leadership wanted to see Pakistan as a nuclear country to project Pakistan on the world stage.
They also wanted to modernize Pakistan and develop its economy. Pakistan would use its nuclear energy to
increase its power generating capacity which would encourage industrial development in long run. This would
open new doors for the economic development of the country.

4- Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s

Pakistan started its nuclear program in response to India’s nuclear development. Pakistan had to ensure that its
defence was strong enough to reduce any potential threat of war with India. Moreover, it would also encourage
Pakistan’s industrial development. However, Pakistan faced many problems by being a nuclear power as its
relations deteriorated with other countries especially with the USA. Many countries condemned Pakistan’s
nuclear policy as they feared that Pakistan would use it against the countries which did not have it. They
believed that it might make the region less stable if the two rivals would use it in their wars. Due to its nuclear
program, Pakistan always remained the issue of debate on international forums. Neither country had ever used
nuclear weapons in conflict but Pakistan had to suffer more than India due to nuclear race.

In 1980, US tried both the countries to sign the Nuclear Non- proliferation Treaty (NPT) but failed. In 1985, US
imposed Pressler Amendment due to which Pakistan could not make purchase of any arms and ammunition
form the USA if it possessed nuclear weapons though Pakistan had always denied to have them. In 1998 when
Pakistan tested nuclear devices in response to India’s nuclear tests, US imposed financial sanctions. Loans from
IMF and the World Bank were put off. This created huge financial crisis in Pakistan and led the country to
bankruptcy. US also wanted Pakistan of sign Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) which Pakistan
agreed to sign if India signed it too. However, it encouraged co-operation between Pakistan and India in the
1990s over the nuclear threat and both the countries signed Lahore Declaration.

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Pakistan and India - War and Peace

1. War of 1948

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India
and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. On 22 October 1947, Muslim
tribal militias crossed the border of the state claiming that they were needed to suppress a rebellion in the
southeast of the kingdom. The war was initially fought by the J&K State Forces led by Major-General Scott and
by tribal militias from the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the Federally
Administered Tribal Areas. Facing the assault and a Muslim revolution in the western borders of the state, the
ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, who was a Hindu, signed an Instrument of Accession to the
Union of India. The Indian and Pakistani armies entered the war after this. A formal cease-fire was declared at
23:59 on the night of 1 January 1949.

Ceasefire in 1948

After protracted negotiations a cease-fire was agreed to by both countries, which came into effect. The terms of
the cease-fire as laid out in a United Nations resolution of 13 August 1948, were adopted by the UN on 5
January 1949. This required Pakistan to withdraw its forces, both regular and irregular, while allowing India to
maintain minimum strength of its forces in the state to preserve law and order. On compliance of these
conditions a plebiscite was to be held to determine the future of the territory. Pakistan was able to acquire
roughly two-fifths of Kashmir, while India maintained the remaining three fifths of Kashmir, including the most
populous and fertile region

2. War of 1965

On 5 August 1965 between 26,000 and 33,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control dressed as
Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within Kashmir. Indian forces, tipped off by the local populace,
crossed the cease fire line on 15 August. On 1 September 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called
Operation Grand Slam, with the objective to capture the vital town of Akhnoor in Jammu, which would sever
communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops. On 6 September Indian retaliated by crossing the
official border at Lahore. After only a few days of fighting, UN persuaded both sides to agree on a ceasefire.

Tashkent Declaration

The Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and the Pakistan’s President Ayub khan met on 4th January
1966 in Tashkent. Both the leaders signed a pact which is called the Tashkent Declaration of 1966. The
President of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India agreed to:

 cultivate good friendly and neighborly relations and withdraw from the war
 that Higher Commissioners of Pakistan and India should come back to their posts and make efforts for
future developments of both countries.
 make efforts for increasing bilateral trade and strengthening economic ties between the two countries.
 enhance communication and cultural information with each other.
 make some law of repatriation for the prisoners of war.
 discuss the problems of refugees also to return the property taken by the either side because of the conflict

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3.War of 1971

The third war between India and Pakistan took place between November 22 (when the Indian's began providing
active artillery support to the separatists in East Pakistan) and Dec 17, 1971.Unable to deter India's activities in
the eastern sector, on December 3, 1971, Pakistan launched an air attack in the western sector on a number of
Indian airfields, including Ambala in Haryana, Amritsar in Punjab, and Udhampur in Jammu and Kashmir. The
attacks did not succeed in inflicting substantial damage. The Indian air force retaliated the next day and quickly
achieved air superiority.The Indian air force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put
the Dhaka airfield out of commission. In the meantime, the Indian navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan.
Dhaka fell to combined Indian and Mukti Bahini forces on December 16, bringing a quick end to the war.

Simla Agreement

After the 1971 war, India held the prisoners of war (POW) around 93,000 Pakistani troops and civilians. In
Pakistan there was a growing demand to get these prisoners released. A Summit Conference between Pakistani
President, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Indian leader, Mrs. Gandhi, was held at Simla from June 28 to July 2,
1972. The two countries reached an agreement on July 2. Both the countries agreed to settle their differences by
mutual agreement. India agreed to release prisoners of wars on a promise that Pakistan would not raise the
Kashmir issue internationally.

4. Lahore Declaration

In order to normalize relations between India and Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif undertook a major initiative in
February 1999. This initiative culminated in a visit by the Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee to
Lahore via bus, across the Wagah border, in 1999. Nawaz Sharif met him at the Wagah border and a joint
communiqué, known as the “Lahore Declaration”, was signed between the two leaders. Under the terms of the
treaty, a mutual understanding was reached towards the development of atomic arsenals and to avoid accidental
and unauthorized operational use of nuclear weapons. he Lahore Declaration signaled a major breakthrough in
overcoming the historically strained relations between the two nations in the aftermath of the publicly
performed atomic tests carried out by both nations in May 1998. The relations would soon lose became impetus
with the outbreak of the highly condemned in Pakistan, and controversial Kargil debacle in May 1999.

Kargil Conflict

The Kargil Conflict was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July
1999 in the Kargil district of Occupied Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). The conflict is
also referred to as “Operation Koh-e-Paima”.The cause of the conflict was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers
and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC .In the spring of 1999, on the orders of
Pakistan Army Chief, General Pervez Musharraf, Pakistani soldiers climbed up the snow-bound passes and
occupied some high positions, including Tiger Hill and Point 5353, in the vacant area and infiltrated almost 10
km into the Indian territory ( still short of International Border). These positions overlooked Indian National
Highway. Pakistan was in a strong position to cut off supplies and winter dumping and thus force Indians to
withdraw from the Siachin Glacier. Indians ultimately complained to the International community and finally
on pressure by the USA, Pakistani Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, ordered the withdrawal of troops. Most of the
casualties of “Operation Koh-e-Paima” were inflicted during the withdrawal. In General Musharraf’s words “A
military victory was converted into a political defeat.”

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RELATION WITH USA - 1947-1999

1- How successful was the government of Pakistan in establishing its relation with USA since 1947?
Explain. 14 Marks

Since 1947, Pakistan was looking for an alliance with one of the superpower for economic and military
support. USA however did not seem to be interested in developing relations with Pakistan and was more
enthusiastic towards India. Pakistan, due to its ideological differences could not show its support to USSR
and was frustrated on cold attitude of USA so the relations between both the countries could not be establish
till 1949.

Liaquat Ali Khan in 1950 received an invitation from USSR, Immediately an invitation was sent from USA
and Liaquat Ali khan chose to visit USA and setup Pakistan Embassy. The USA insisted Pakistan to be a
part of anti-communist pact therefore Pakistan signed three anti communities treaties namely
SEATO(1954),mutual defence agreement(1953),and CENTO(1955) which confirmed Pakistan as a loyal
ally of USA. Both the countries developed friendly relations.

In 1960s the relations between both the countries strained due to U2 affairs. US spy plane flew from
Peshawar to USSR where it was shot down. USSR blamed Pakistan and Ayub Khan closed airplane for
USA. Moreover, in 1962 Pakistan was offended when USA supported India, Pakistan wanted USA to
pressurize India to negotiate on Kashmir issue in return of support. In 1965 war, USA did not provide any
support to Pakistan rather they imposed arm embargo on both the countries. Relations further deteriorated
when Ayub Khan paid official visit to communist USSR and China. However, relations saw little
improvement in the early 1960s when Ayub Khan paid official visit to USA (1961) and US lady Jacqueline
Kennedy visited to Pakistan.

In the war of 1971, US once again did not provide any support to Pakistan which worsened the relations and
in 1972, Bhutto Pakistan’s membership from SEATO. During 1970s Pakistan started establishing relation
with communist countries which offended USA when Zia took over in 1977,USA did not like his military
rule and also considered him Pro-Islamic and anti-west leader. In 1979, US embassy was burnt in Islamabad
and this was the turning point in the relations of the two countries. However, the relations changed
overnight due to Afghan miracle when USSR attacked Afghanistan. USA wanted Pakistan to stop the soviet
aggression.

In 1980 Pakistan started receiving arm and financial support from USA which strengthened the relations.
However, in 1985, US imposed Pressler Amendment according to which US decided not to sell weapons to
Pakistan. But this was ignored due to Afghan crises and US continued its support. In 1986 Americans
packages worth of $4.2 billion made Pakistan the third largest recipient of US grants which helped to
developed Pakistan’s economy. However in 1989, Russia withdraw its forces from Afghanistan and US aids
immediately stopped.

During 1990s, Gulf war, Pakistan supported USA and Britain and even send several thousands of troops to
the region but the relations strained when USA stopped the supply of arms and ammunition imposing the
Pressler Amendments. However, after Benazir’s visit to US Brown Amendment which revoked the Pressler
Amendment and US supplied F-16 fighters that Pakistan had paid for. In 1998, US condemned Pakistan’s
nuclear testing and asked to sign comprehension test treaty ban. The relations further deteriorated when US
sided India and forced Pakistan withdrew its forces from Kargil.

Therefore the Govt. of Pakistan was very welcoming but US most of the time used Pakistan for its benefit
due to which the relations most of the time worsened.

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Pakistan and USSR - 1947-49
After independence Pakistan was looking for an alliance with USA and did not want to establish relations with
USSR due to its communist ideology.

1949: Soviet Union Sent invitation to Liaquat Ali Khan to visit Moscow. Immediately an invitation arrived
from USA and Liaquat Ali Khan chose to visit USA. This displeased Soviet Union and relations between the
two countries suffered.

1950:

By 1950 Soviet Union was clearly backing India over Kashmir. When in 1954Pakistanjoined SEATO and
CENTO Soviet Union was offended and relations further deteriorated. In 1955 Soviet Union officially backed
India in Kashmir and soviet leaders visited India. In the same year Soviet Union began to press Pakistan over
the Afghan claim for Paktoonistan. However, in 1956 Soviet Union offered to establish Steel Mill in Pakistan if
Pakistan broke its alliance with USA. But Pakistan refused.

1960s:

In May 1960 relations reached a low point due to U2 affairs. However, due to this Pakistan’s relations with
USA deteriorated and little improvement was seen in relations of the two. In 1961, Soviet started exploring oil
in Pakistan. In 1962 when India took aids from US in Indo China war , Soviet Union was offended. In 1963
Soviet loaned £11 million to Pakistan and shifted to neutral stance over Kashmir issue. In 1965 Ayub khan
visited USSR and further agreements on trade and oil exploration were reached. In 1966 Soviet also hosted
peace treaty between India Pakistan. In 1968 USA closed airbase in Peshawer and this brought Soviet Union
and Pakistan Closer.

1970s:

In 1971 when Pakistan helped to arrange China –US agreement Soviet Union was offended and signed a treaty
of Peace, Friendship and cooperation with India and guaranteed Soviet help in any war with Pakistan. This was
the low point in the relations. In 1972 Bhutto left SEATO and visited USSR and established good relations.
Soviet Union agreed to help to set up Steel mill. However, in 1979 due soviet invasions in Afghanistan
deteriorated relations.

1980s.

Throughout 1980s Pakistan was receiving aids from USA to stop Russian invasion to Afghanistan. Pakistan was
providing weapons to Afghan Mujahedeen. In retaliation Soviet forces attacked bases in Pakistan. One of these
raids led to 100 deaths in Pakistan. When in 1984 Zia visited Moscow to attend the funeral of Andropov he got
a cold reception. However, in 1989 Soviet union accepted its defeat and withdrew its forces from Afghanistan.

1990s

In 1991 communism collapsed in USSR and now Pakistan did not have any ideological differences with USSR.
The relations restored but both the countries could not forget the bitter marks of Afghan war. In 1998 USSR
condemned Pakistan ‘s nuclear tests and did not support Pakistan’s invasion to Kargil.

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Pakistan and China
At the time of independence of Pakistan, China was engaged in a civil war. In 1949 the civil war in China
ended. Indiaenthusiastically supported Chinese government to take seats in the UN Security Council. Pakistan
did not take any interest in China’s affairs.

In 1950 Pakistan adopted a friendly attitude with China. In 1952Pakistan voted for China to take up seats in
UNO. In 1953 Pakistan also objected to an American policy of blockading Chinese Coast. This improved
relations with China. However, in 1954-55 Pakistan signed anti-communist treaties and came closer to USA,this
deteriorated relations with China. 1959 Pakistan voted against China’s admission in UNO. Ayub Khan visited
China on border settlement.

When China and India went to war in 1962 Pakistan and China came closer. In 1963 Pakistan China border
dispute was finally settled. Pakistan and China announced a series of trade agreements. China granted Pakistan
a $60million interest free loan and soon became the world’s largest purchaser of Pakistani cotton. China also
agreed to help Pakistan in any war with India. PIA began regular flights to china which helped to increase
movement and trade between the two counties.

In 1964Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai made an eight day visit to Pakistan. Hecommitted to supporting
Pakistan’sproposalsfor a referendum for the people of Kashmir. China supportedPakistan’s policy in Kashmir.
Pakistan supported China’s entry to UNO. In 1965 war China provided military including air crafts and
financial support and also put pressure on India to withdraw its forces. Throughout 1960s both the countrieshad
been in very good terms.

in the war of 1971 China could not support Pakistan because of USSR’s pressure , however, economic aid was
given and loans made during 1965 war were written off. (Diplomatic support). In 1972 Bhutto visited China and
was successful in getting loan grants. China had proved to be a loyal ally of Pakistan during wars and economic
crisis and also had been an important trading partner and a vital weapon supplier. During 1970s China supplied
with 5000 tanks, 25 Navy vessels and 300 air crafts. In 1978 the friendship and relations between the two
countriesfurther cemented by the opening of the Karakoram highway.

Zia chose China during 1980s Zia chose Chia as the first country to visit. In 1986 China and Pakistan signed a
cooperation treaty concerning the civil se of Nuclear power. Chashma Nuclear Power Plant was set up in
collaboration with China . Zia had always been very friendly and welcoming to Chinese delegations, tourists,
pilgrims, entertainers and sportsman. Many Chinese students came toPakistan for higher studies. Throughout
1980s trade increased and relations improved.

During 1990s the relations had cooled. China was keen to develop good relations around the world especially
with India. China also tried to convince Pakistan to consider a compromise over Kashmir. In 1993 India and
China signed a peace agreement. China was also concerned that some peoplein Pakistan might stir up the
Muslimsliving just across the border of China. However, the trade with China continued.

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Commonwealth
Commonwealth is the name of an international organization. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of this organization.
The total members of this organization are 54 in numbers including the United Kingdom.The total members of
this organization are 54 in numbers including the United Kingdom.The member states are not bound to join it.
They can join it or withdraw from it. The member states are from different races, cultures, traditions and from
different economic backgrounds but all share a common language, to some extent similar administrative as well
as judicial systems. Almost all the members of this organization were once the colonies of Britain. This
organization has certain principles although it has no constitutional structure and those principles are the
promotion of democracy, rule of law, individual liberty, free trade, human rights and multilateralism. All the
member states work with each other within a frame work of these principles.

Why did Pakistan remain the member of commonwealth after partition? [7]

After independence Pakistan decided to remain a member of commonwealth due to its weak position.

At the time of independence Pakistan was faced with so many problems. Boundaries were not dividedfairly
andallocation of resources was not equal either. Pakistanis were bitter over the way they had been treated by
Mountbatten. However, the government believed that the problems that Pakistanwas facing could be solved
through this platform.

Pakistan faced political and administrative problems. Pakistan neitherhad any constitution nor had experience
politicians to run the country. As a member of commonwealth Pakistan was able to use Government of India
Act as its constitution. It was difficult for Pakistan to begin life as an independent country withoutassistance and
expertise. British provide Jinnah with the help at the top level of both the military and civil services. Britain also
gave financial and technical aid and advice. New govt. had to rely on senior British officials working for them.

Pakistan wanted to remain the member of commonwealth to get economic support for Industrial development.
In 1947, there was no major industry in Pakistan. Moreover, the country had to have good relations with the rest
of the world for the export of its agricultural products such jute. Britainremained a major buyer of goods from
Pakistan. In 1950, as per Colombo Plan Pakistan was given more than £ one million for Sui Gas. Some other
wealthy countriesalso made individual contributions.

Pakistan joinedcommonwealthalso due to Kashmir issue. Just after independence the problem of accession of
princely states began. India occupied Hyderabad and Junagarh and her next target was Kashmir. Pakistan
expected favor from commonwealth for the solution of this problem. It had the opinion that on this forum every
country was considered equal and many issues with India and other countries could be resolved on the basis of
equality.

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Pakistan, Commonwealth and Britain

Main Events

1947: Pakistan chose to remain the member of commonwealth.

1950. At a commonwealth meeting in Colombo, the Colombo Plan was set up to provide aid for Pakistan. More
than £ one million were given for Sui Gas project. Canada gave $ 40 million towards development of railway.

1949-50: Pakistan hoped that Britain would pressurize India to have plebiscite over Kashmir issue. But, did not
get any support from Britain.

1951: Liaquat Ali Khan threatened not to attend the commonwealth conference in London unless Kashmir issue
was discussed. Many countries supported plebiscite but India refused. Britain failed to pressurize India.

1954-55: Pakistan formally joined SEATO and CENTO, which confirmed Britain and Pakistan as allies in
opposing Soviet Union.

1956: Pakistan declared itself a republic. This meant that the Britishmonarch no longer had any say in how
Pakistan was governed. But, remained the member of commonwealth.

During 1950s large number of displaced people moved to Britain. Britain encouraged this migration as they
needed workers for reconstruction and expansion of their economy after the Second World War.

1962: Commonwealth Immigration Act introduced a voucher System which gave Pakistanis in Britain the
opportunity to arrange jobs and vouchers for their families and friends.

During 1960s and 70s many Pakistanis migrated to Britain.

1965: UK provided no help to Pakistan in the war against India. Imposed arm embargo.

1971: NO help in the war; Britain recognized Bangladesh as an independent country. Bhutto left commonwealth
in Protest.

1972: Bhutto withdrew membership from SEATO.

1977: Britain and other commonwealth countries were against Zia’s military rule.

1979: During Afghan Crisis UK supported Pakistan.

1981: British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visited Pakistan and met Afghan refugees.

1980s: Britain gave millions of aids to Pakistan for Afghan refugees. Britainremained highly important trading
partner withPakistan. £ 376 million worth of trade between the two countriesoccurred by 1986.

1988: Military rule ended in Pakistan. Pakistan became the member of commonwealth again in 1989.

1998: UK opposed Pakistan’s Nuclear tests and Kargil expedition. .

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Pakistan and Iran

Since 1947, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan, had advocated a pro-Iranian policy, and was the
main architect of the policy that Pakistan was to pursue with regard to Iran, its closest Muslim neighbor.

He named Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan as Pakistan's first ambassador to Iran,

In May 1949, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan paid his first state visit to Iran.

In May 1950, a treaty of friendship was signed by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and the Shah of Iran.

TheShah offered Iranian oil and gas to Pakistan on generous terms, and the Iranian and Pakistani armies
cooperated to suppress the rebel movement in Baluchistan. During the Shah's era, Iran moved closer to Pakistan
in many fields.

In 1955, Baghdad Pact was signed which improved trade between the two countries.In 1959, when Iran left, the
Baghdad Pacts renamed as CENTO.

In 1964, Pakistan joined with Iran and Turkey to set up the RCD. Though economic development was expected,
RCD was more successful in education and cultural areas.

Iran played an important role in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, providing Pakistan with nurses, medical
supplies, and a gift of 5,000 tons of petroleum.

In 1971, construction of RCD highwaybegan. This highwaywould connect Pakistan, Iran and Turkey.

In 1973, Iran helped Pakistan tackle the Baloch insurgency.

In 1979, Shah of Iran was overthrown, replaced by a strong anti-American government of ayatollah Khomeini.
Pakistan was one of the first countries to officially recognize the new government but Khomeini was suspicious
of Pakistan because of its previous close relations with Shah of Iran.

Iran was also critical of Pakistan for accepting large amount of aids from US. RCD came to an end. In 1985 Zia
revived it. In 1990, I was renamed as ECO.

In 1980-88 during Iran –Iraq war, it was difficult to achieve close relations.

In 1995 Bhutto paid a lengthy state visit to Iran, which greatly relaxed relations. At a public meeting she spoke
highly of Iran and Iranian society.However, increasing activity by Shia militants in Pakistan strained relations
further.

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's paid visit to Tehran for the 8th OIC Summit Conference on December 1997.
Sharif held talks with President Khatami, with a view to improving bilateral relations.
May 1998, Iran criticised Pakistan for its nuclear testing in the Chagai region, and held Pakistan accountable
for global "atomic proliferation".

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Pakistan and Bangladesh

Pakistan was hostile to Bangladesh in the early 1970s, but by 1974 it was apparent that the new nation would
stand on its own, and in February Pakistan recognized Bangladesh. Diplomatic relations were established in
January 1976, followed by the reestablishment of communications and transportation links later in the year

In February 1974, Sheikh Mujib was invited and attended Islamic Summit Conference held in Lahore. Bhutto
seized this opportunity and met Mujib privately and agreed to recognize Bangladesh as an independent country.
In return the few remaining Pakistani prisoners held in Bangladesh were returned.

In June 1974, Bhutto visited Bangladesh. Mujib claimed the right of half of Pakistan’s assets and also wanted
Pakistan to take all non Bengalis back. Bhutto rejected these demands and called them unreasonable and
unrealistic.

In 1975, Sheikh Mujib was assassinated. In 1976 ambassadors were exchanged. This somehow normalized the
tension. After the establishment of diplomatic ties, Bangladesh and Pakistan entered into a wide variety of
bilateral agreements.

A 1979 Cultural Agreement arranged for the exchange of teachers, scholars, musicians, folklore troupes, art
works, films, and books. Joint economic, commercial, and technical pacts signed after 1978 provided for the
exchange of major exports of both countries: jute and tea from Bangladesh, and cotton and cloth from Pakistan.
By 1986 trade had reached a value of $40 million a year.

In 1983 Pakistan's foreign minister signaled the end of an era of animosity when he visited Bangladesh's
National Martyrs' Monument at Savar, near Dhaka, which commemorates those killed by Pakistan's armed
forces during the war of independence.

Both the countries also joined SAARC in 1985 and relations were further improved. In 1985 and 1988 Pakistan
sent immediate help to Bangladesh when floods hit.

Pakistan's president Mohammad Zia ulHaq later presented Ershad with the country's highest civil award during
the Bangladeshi president's visit to Islamabad in 1986.

Two major areas of disagreement remained between Bangladesh and Pakistan as of mid-1988, . The first issue
concerned the finances of united Pakistan. The second issue concerned the emigration of large numbers of
people, mostly Biharis (non-Bengali Muslims), to Pakistan.

By 1982 about 127,000 had been repatriated, leaving about 250,000 people still demanding repatriation.
Thousands of people who desired to emigrate lived in poor conditions in so-called "Pakistani Relief Camps,"
where they received monthly food allotments.

In 1985 there was some progress in this area when Zia ulHaq agreed to accept the "stranded Pakistanis." In
1986 Pakistan arranged for their immigration yet not much was done due to lack of funds.

Throughout the 1980s, Bangladesh consistently supported Pakistan's policy of opposing Soviet actions in
Afghanistan.

In 1990 due to Cricket diplomacy relations improved. Bangladesh supported Pakistan’s policy over Kashmir
issue and also supported Pakistan’s nuclear tests in 1998. As Bangladesh subsequently adopted a cooler stance
toward India, began to move closer to China and the West, and stressed its Islamic cultural heritage, its interests
became increasingly similar to those of Pakistan.Diplomatic relations have been established.

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Relation with Afghanistan - June 2017

At the time of independence Pakistan was expecting friendly relations with Afghanistan as a neighboring
Muslim state. However, both the countries could not establish cordial relations since beginning.

Firstly, Afghanistan did not recognize Pakistan as an independent country due to the border dispute over parts
of North West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P Now KPK). Afghanistan demanded renegotiation over the border
known as Durand Line with the aim of shifting it eastwards to river Indus. It also supported separatist
movement in N.W.F.P and their claim for Pakhtoonistan. I n September 1947 Afghanistan was the only to cast
vote against Pakistan for the membership in UN. During late 1947 Pakistan offered a transit route through its
land if Afghanistan dropped its support to Pakhtoonistan which Afghan government refused. This resented
Pakistan. Moreover, Afghan government signed an agreement with Russia for the route which disappointed
Pakistan and deteriorated the relations.

During 1950s the situation further worsened as Afghanistan continued to encourage the anti- Pakistan
campaign in N.W.F.P. In March 1955, a mob of Afghans attacked Pakistan Embassy in Kabul . Pakistan
immediately broke off its diplomatic relations and closed borders for 5 months. In 1956, Iskander Mirza tried to
develop relations and paid visit to Afghanistan and made some agreements. However, Afghanistan continuous
support to Pakhtoonistan movement deteriorated the relations.

In May 1961, Pakistan armed forces drove back Afghan militants after they entered N.W.F.P. Once again
Pakistan’s diplomats in Afghanistan were harassed and diplomatic relations broke off. However, in 1963
through the efforts of Shah of Iran relation improved to some extent. But during Indo- Pak wars of 1965 and
1971, Afghanistan took a neutral stance.

In 1970, Bhutto was keen to promote good relations with Islamic countries. He visited Kabul only after three
weeks after taking office. In 1973 when Afghanistan became a Republic , Bhutto paid another visit and worked
hard for friendly relations with the new Afghan leader Daud Khan. His efforts bore fruits in 1976 and relations
improved considerably. Pakistan allowed Afghan aircrafts to fly over Pakistan and Afghan trucks to pass
through the country on the way to India. When Zia came to power in 1977 , he further cemented ties with
Daud. However, after April Revolution in Afghanistan (when Daud was killed in 1978) Pakistan could not
further extend its support due to its anti-communist stance. However, in 1979, when Russia invaded
Afghanistan, Zia extended all his support to defend Afghanistan from Russian invasion. This improved relations
overnight.

Throughout 1980s , Pakistan welcomed and accommodated millions of refugees coming from Afghan borders.
Pakistan also provided military assistance to Afghan Mujahedeen, supplied weapons, information and practical
advice. Due to this support Pakistan became the target of Russian attacks. But Pakistan did not stop its support.
In 1988 USSR withdrew its forces from Afghanistan but the refugees who took shelter in Pakistan were not sent
back due to civil war which broke out in Afghanistan.

During 1990s Pakistan made efforts to settle political and tribal crisis in Afghanistan. Although the victorious
Mujahedeen formed a government in 1992 through the Peshawar Accords, Pakistan remained unhappy with
new leaders due to their foreign policy of maintaining friendly relations with India. Pakistan also supported
different factions of Afghanistan to sign Islamabad Accord in 1993 for power sharing. Moreover, Pakistan was
always praised for humanitarian efforts made to settle Afghan refugees in Pakistan. However, Pakistan had to
face huge influx of illegal weapons which increased crime rates and terrorism in Pakistan. Moreover, illegal
trade of heroin and drugs has further increased Pakistan’s problems.
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Therefore , it can be concluded that in spite of all the efforts, the government of Pakistan failed to develop good
relations with Afghanistan.

1- What was the April Revolution?[4 marks]

In April 1978 Daud Khan together with thirty members of his family, was killed in a violent coup and replaced
by a communist administration. This is called April revolution which was headed by Nur Mohammad Taraki
and was supported by the USSR. However, in 1979, Taraki was killed by rebels.

2- Who was Abdul Ghaffar Khan? [Nigel smith]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a Pashtun Nationalist leader who used non- violent methods in his campaign for an
independent Pakhtoonistan. With the creation of Pakistan he served as a member of the Constituent assembly
but continued his support for Pashtun independence. He was accused of plotting against Pakistan and was
arrested several times. He commanded great respect from his people. He dies in 1988 in Peshawar. The
governments of Pakistan, Afghanistan and India declared a period of official mourning.

3- What is Durand Line? [4 marks]

Durand Line is a borderline which marks the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was established in
1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand and Abdur R-ahman Khan , the Afghan Amir. It is a 2670 km long border.

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PAKISTAN AS MEMBER OF WORLD ORGANIZATION

(c) Pakistan had been a member of the world organization between 1947 and 1999. Pakistan had been
successful with the Muslim countries.

When Pakistan came into being, it became the member of UN in 1947 September. As its member, Pakistan had
raised the question of Kashmir on several occasions and also became the spokesperson for many Asian States
who had not gained independence during the 1950's. Pakistan received financial and technical support from the
World Bank through Indus water treaty in 1960 as well as finance to help establish hydroelectric and soil
reclamation programmes which had been vital for the stimulation of Pakistan's economy and industries. Despite
constant demands by Pakistan in UN for the plebiscite for Kashmir, UN had been unable to enforce it. In much
the same way, Hyderabad's complaint about being dismembered by India inl948 is still before the Security
Council. During 1965 war between India and Pakistan, UN intervened to bring about a cease fire. The Tashkent
Declaration bound both sides to create good friendly relations in accordance with the United Nations charter.
When civil war broke out in East Pakistan in 1971, leading to war with India, Bhutto was sent to UN to plead
Pakistan's case. Bhutto was most unhappy that UN considered its role as to bring about an end to fighting rather
than accept the justice of Pakistan's case,

Pakistan became the member of OIC in 1964. It held its 2nd Summit conference in 1974 at Lahore in which 35
Muslim countries participated. Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause as they were Muslim brothers.
Members of OIC had reinforced the image of Pakistan as one of the world leading Muslim nations and had
provided it with much needed interest free loans and grants. Pakistan also became the member of RCD in 1964
with Iran and Turkey; they had good trade, economic and cultural relations. Later in late 1980's, the name of
RCD changed to ECO. Turkey supported Pakistan in the wars against India, but was unsuccessful in gaining aid
for Pakistan from other countries.

Pakistan was also a member of the commonwealth. In 1956, Pakistan declared itself a Republic but Pakistan
continued as a member of the commonwealth. This membership gave Pakistan political and economic support.
In 1950, Colombo plan, £ 1 million was given for Sui gas project. Canada gave $ 40 million for development of
railways. Sometimes the relations became strained. Many Commonwealth members have often argued against
the policy of its military rule.

Pakistan joined SEATO & CENTO in 1954 and 1955. The treaty said that if any member was attacked it could
appeal other members for support; there was a major problem as far as Pakistan was concerned. The treaty
applied to help against communist aggression. This meant Pakistan received no support in its wars against India,
nor was help provided to prevent East Pakistan breaking away. CENTO also dissolved in 1979 and Pakistan
jointed NAM in 1972. As a member of SAARC it developed trade & cultural relations.

Pakistan become a part of many organizations but remained partly successful in achieving benefits from them,
more successes were seen with the Muslim countries only.

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To what extent did Pakistan achieve a new constitution between 1949 and 1973? Explain your answer. [14] Nov
2019

Constitutional development form 1947- 1999

The first step towards the constitutional development was the formation of the constituent assembly of Pakistan in 1947
out of which 25 member committee known as Basic Principles committee was formed in 1949. This committee successfully
presented its report called the Objectives Resolution in 1949 which was called as the magna carta of Pakistan. It stated
that the country shall observe the principles of democracy, tolerance and equality as enunciated in Islam. This further led
to the formation of the first draft constitution by Liaquat Ali khan in 1950. It suggested bi-cameral legislature with equal
powers. Moreover, in 1952 Khwaja Nazimuddin presented the 2nd draft constitution and appointed a committee of Islamic
specialists to ensure that all legislation conformed to Islamic law. Language issue was also postponed.

In 1956, government of Pakistan was successful in getting its first constitution which made it an Islamic Republic with one
house of parliament. Both Urdu and Bengali were given the status of official languages which pleased East Pakistan. It
also ensured that the President and Prime Minister must be a Muslim. In 1959 Ayub khan came with a new structure of
government and introduced a four tier system called the Basic Democracies Order under which elections were held at
various level and people were elected from grass root level. In 1962 Ayub Khan presented the 2nd constitution and lifted
the martial law.

In 1973, third constitution of Pakistan was unanimously passed by the assembly. It revived democracy in the country with
bi-cameral legislature. The 1973 Constitution also revived the power of the National Assembly and as a result political
parties became more important. It was , thus so far the last legislature of the country.

However, Pakistan faced a lot of criticisms during the constitution making process. First of all Objectives resolution was
criticized by few members of the assembly who believed that it was not sufficiently Islamic. Therefore they criticized the
first draft constitution also as it was based on it. Moreover, East Pakistan also criticized the first and the second draft
constitutions due to language issue and equal representation. Thus both the constitutions were withdrawn for further
consideration. The constitution of 1956 had to last for three years only and was suspended when martial law was imposed
in 1958.

It was also observed that system of basic democracies did not bring any significant change in the political scenario. Most
of the elected candidates were either the major landlords or belonged to elite political class. The constitution of 1962 was
considered a very rigid constitution as it provided all the power to the President. It could not be amended unless 2/3 of
the members disagreed to it. The constitution of 1973 also saw few amendments in its initial years. Moreover in 1985,
Eighth Amendments to the constitution led to many changes in the government in future years. Further amendments
were passed in 1997 by Nawaz Sharif.

Therefore, it can be conclude that the government of Pakistan was finally successful after a long struggle to have its own
constitution in 1973.

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Provision of Education

Question: Why did Pakistan face so many problems with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999?
June 2013

LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer [1] Education is poor

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4] They have many illiterate people. Money is spent on the armed forces
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7] Some 70% of the population are illiterate and many children simply do not
go to school at all. An illiterate society means a poor economy and a poorly educated workforce. The major
problem is the lack of government investment. This is because the military expenditure is excessively high for a
country such as Pakistan and therefore there is little room for spending on education. Education is expensive in
Pakistan. Children are expected to buy their own books and many children drop out of schools.

Answer:

At the time of independence Pakistan was the least developed region of the sub-continent. Hence literacy rate was
too low. Jinnah announced the educational policy but it could not be implemented due to large number of refugees
coming to Pakistan. In 1950 literacy rate was 14 percent only. However, due to severe financial crisis the
government could not spend more on educational projects.

Due to wars with India since 1947 the government had to allocate huge budget for defense therefore there was
little left to spend on education. Public expenditure on education lies on the fringes of 2 percent of GDP of this
nation. Moreover, due to political instability many of the educational reforms could bear fruit.

Another important factor is low turnout of children in primary schools. Many children are not enrolled due to
poverty and child labor. Education is quite expensive for them as they have to purchase their own books and other
accessories so they drop out of school. Many children do not complete their primary schooling due to poor quality
of instructions harsh attitude of teachers and lack of physical facilities.

Pakistani education system faces is the gender disparity in enrollment levels. There is great difference in the rates
of enrollment of boys, as compared to girls in Pakistan. One of the reasons is orthodox religious views which do
not allow female education. According to UNESCO figures, primary school enrolment for girls stands at 60 per
cent as compared to 84 percent for boys. The secondary school enrolment rate stands at a lower rate of 32 percent
for females and 46 per cent males. In such scenario it has been difficult for the government to implement
educational policies successfully.

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Appendix- Source Based Questions
Sources given from this section have been attached.
Refer to the notes for the questions.
Mark Scheme has been attached here.

June 2018

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June 2018

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