5.
TRIANGLES
* A simple closed figure formed by three line segment is called a Triangle
* The line segmenets are called sides
* Three non collineer points are formed a Triangle
* A Triangle has 3 vertices, 3 sides and 3 angles.
* A Trangledivides a plane inits 3 parts.
i) Interior of the Triangle
ii) Boundary of the Triangle
iii) Exterior of the Triangle
* The boundary and Interior of the triangle together is called "Triangular region"
Euclid :
* He is a famous Greek Philosopher and mathematician.
* He has introduced geometry in a logical order in the book "The Elements"
* His geometry known as Euclidion geometry.
A
Parts of Triangle
i) Three sides AB or c.
BC or a.
AC or b. B C
ii) Three vertices A, B, C
iii) Three angles A or BAC or CAB
B or ABC or CBA
C or ACB or BCA
* A triangle have 'Six elements' i.e. 3 sides and 3 angles.
Classification of Triangles :
* Based on the sides Triangles are 3 types.
* A Triangle having all 3 sides are equal length is called an Equilateral Triangle.
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* A Triangle having any two sides are equal length is called Isosceles Triangle.
* If all the 3 sides of a Triangle are different length (or) Any two sides ae not
equal lengh is called a Scalene Triangle.
A A A
B C C
B C B
Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Scalene Triangle
* Based on the angles trainges are 3 types
* A triangle whose all angles are acute is called as acute angled triangle.
* A trianlge whose one angle is obtuse is called an Obtuse angled triangle.
* A triangle whose one angle is right angle is called a right angled triangle.
A A A
B C C B C
B
Acute Obtuse Right
* There is only one abtuse angle is possible in a Triangle.
* There is only one Right angle is possible in a Triangle.
* In Equilateral Traingles the angles are 600, 600, 600 i.e. 1:1:1 Ratio.
* In Right angle Triangle the side which is opposite to Right angle is called
hypotenuse. In Right angle Triangle hypotenuse is the largest side.
* In right Isosceles Triangle the angles are 450, 900, 450 i.e. 1:2:1 Ratio.
* In a Right Isosceles Triangle the hypotenuse is 2 times to its side.
* In a Right angle triangle the sums of other two angles is a right angle (or)
other two angles are complementary angles.
* In isosceles Triangle base angles are equal.
* The sum of any two sides of a Triangle is grater than the third side.
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* The difference of any two sides of a triangle is less than the thrid side.
* The perpendicular drown from a vertex to the opppsoite side of a triangle
is called a Altitude.
* In acute angled triangle the altitude in interior of the triangle.
* In obtuse angled triangle the altitude in exterior of the triangle.
* In right angled triangle the altitude is coincide with the side.
* An atitude can be drawn from each vertex.
* The line segmenet which is joning mid point of a side to the oppsoite
vertex is called median.
* The median lies in interior for evry triangle.
* The intersection of Median is called centroid (G)
* The centroid divides each median in 2:1 ratio
* The intersection of altitudes of a triangle is called ortho-centre (O)
* The sum of three angles of a Tirangle is 1800 (or) Two right angles.
* The Three angles of a Triangle formed a straight angle.
* An exterior angle of triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite
angles.
* The sum of Exterior angles of a Triangle is equal to 3600 (or) 4 right angles
(or) a complete angle.
* To construct a Triangle we need three independent measures.
* To construct a equilateral traingle we need one measure i.e. side.
* To construct a Right angled Isoscles triangle we need one equal side.
* It is not possible to construct a triangle when three angles are given.
* Any two figures are having same shape they are called 'Similar' figures.
* The symbol is used to similar is '~'
* Similar Figures : Two line segmenets, two circles, two squares, two
equilateral triangles.
* Any two figures are having same shape and same size are called congrent
figures.
* The symbol is used to congouence is ' # ' ie. '~' similar ; '=' Equal ..
* If two line segments are said to be congruent they must have equal length.
* If two circles are siad to be congruent they must have equal radius.
* If two sequences are aid to be congruent they must have equal side.
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Congruency Properties :
(1) Side - side - side congruency (S.S.S.) If three sides of a triangle are uqal to
conrresponding three sides of another triagnle then the two triangles are
congruent..
(2) Side - Angle - Side Congruency (S.A.S.) If two sides and the angle between
them is equal to the corresponding two sides and the angle between them,
then the two triangles are congruent.
(3) Angle - Side - Angle Congruency : (A.S.A) If two angles and the included
side of Triangle are equal to the two corresponding angles and included
side of another triangle then the two triangles are congruent.
(4) Right angle - Hypotense - Side Congruency (R.H.S) If the Hypotenuse
and one side a right angled triangle are equal to the corresponding hypotense
and side of the other right angled triangle then the two triangles are
congruenct.
* In two congratuent triangles corresponding parts are equal.
* CPCT - Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles.
* Angles opposite to equal sides of an Isoscles Traingles are equal.
* The sides oposite to equal angles are equal.
* In any triangle the side opposite to larger angle is longer
* In congruent triangles there is a one- one correspondence between the vertices.
* In a Triangle the angles are 1:1:1 Ratio. Then opposite sides are also 1:1:1
Ratio.
* If the angles of triangle in 1:2:3 ratio then the opposite sides are in 1: 3 :2
Ratio.
* If the angles of a Triangle is 1:1:2 Raio then the opposite sides are in 1:1: 2
Ratio.
3
* The altitude of an equilateral triangle is times to its side.
2
* The intersection of perpendicular bisectors of sides of a Triangle is called
circumcentre.
* For acute angled triangle circum centre lies in its interior.
* For obtuse angled Triangle circumcentre lies in its exterior.
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* In Right angle triangle circum centre lies on hypotenuse and its mid point of
Hypotenuase.
* In Right angle triangle the radius of the circumcirle is half of the hypotense.
* The circle which is passing through the veritices of the triangle is called circum
circle.
* For Scalene, Isosceles, equilateral Triangle the circum centre lies in its interior.
* The intersection of Angular bisetors of a Triangle is called Incentre.
* For any Triangle Incentre lies in its Interior.
* In equilateral triangle circum centre (S) In centre (I), Ortho centre (O), Centroid
(G) are coincide.
* In Isosceles Triangle S, I, O, G are lies on the same line. They are called collinear
points. The line is called Euler line.
* The circle which is passing through the sides of triangle is called incircle.
* In Right angle triangle square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square of
other two dies
* In similar Triangles
i) Corresponding sides are in proportion.
ii) Corresponding angle are equal.
* In a triangle the line joining the mid points of any two sides is parallel to the
third side and half in the third side.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. Find x and y from the adjacent figure
Sol : From the diagram AB = AC ==> ABC = ACB = x0
ACB and ACD are formed a linear pair
? ACB + ACD = 1800
x + y = 1800 ................ (1)
from the diagram BAC = 800 [Opposite vertical angles]
? ACD = BAC + ABC 800
[Exterior angle is equal to the sum of opposite interior angles] A
y = 800 + x
y-x = 800 ................. (2)
from (1) + (2)
x+y=1800; x+130= 1800; x=180-130 x y
x=500 y=1300 B C I
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2. One of the exterior angle of a triangle is 1250 and the interior opposite angles are
in the ratio 2:3. Find the angles of the triangle ?
Sol : Exterior Angle = 1250
The Ratio of Interior angles = 2:3
Let the two interior angles = 2 x & 3 x
? 2 x 3 x 1250
5 x 125 2 x =2x25=500
125
x = 250 3 x =3x25=750
5
? The angle of the triangle are 500, 750, 550
3. Two poles of heights 9m and 14m stand upright on a plane ground. If the distance
between their feet is 12 m. Find the distance between their Tops ?
Sol : From the adjacent figure C
' AEC is a Rt. angled triangle
AE = 12; CE = 5; AC = ? 5
from Pythogoras Theorem
A
12 E14
AC 2
AE CE
2 2
9 9
AC 2 122 52
AC 2 144 25
B 12 D
AC 2 169
AC 169 13m
? the distance beteween their Tops is = 13m
4. In ' ABC, AB = 5 cm and BC = 4 cm find the range of values that CA can take?
Sol : We know AB + BC > CA and AB - BC < CA
==> CA < 9 cm and CA > 1 cm
? CA value lies between 1 cm and 9 cm
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5. Can 6, 8, 11 be lengths of the sides of a right triangle ?
Sol : 112 = 121
Sum of the squares of other two sides = 62 82 36 64 100
Since 121 z 100 ,
So 6, 8, 11 cannot be the lenghts of the sides of a right triangle.
6. Find A+ B+ C+ D+ E+ F from the adjascent figure
A
D E Sol : In ' ABC , A+ B+ C=1808
In ' DEF, D+ E+ F=1808
? A+ B+ C+ D+ E+ F=180+180=3600
B C
7. From the adjascent figure find x and y .
Sol : ABC+ CBX = 1800 (Linear pair) y
70+y=180 0
C
x
y = 180 - 70 = 1100
In a triangle exterior angle is equal to
sum of its pposite interior angles
BCY = CAB + ABC 400
y 700
x = 40+y = 40+110 = 1500. A B x
8. If D, E are points on sides AB, AC of ' ABC such that DE//BC.
If B=300 and A=400 find x, y, z
A
Sol : In ' ABC we have
A=40 and B=30
0 0
400
A+ B+ C= 180
0
? C=110
D x z
y=110 E
Given DE//BC
z=y=1100 (Corresponding Angles)
300 y
x=300 (Corresponding Angles) B C
100
PRACTISE BITS :
1. If in ' ABC, A = 500, B=700, C=600 then the ascending order of the
sides is [ ]
a. AB<BC<AC b. BC<AB<AC c. AC<AB<VC d. None
2. If In a ' ABC, A=600 and AB=AC then ' ABC is [ ]
a. an isosceles triangle b. a right angled triangle
c. an isosceles right angled triangle d. an equilateral triangle
3. Two angles of a triangle are 400 and 630 the third angle must be [ ]
a. 670 b. 570 c. 870 d. 770
4. In which of the following cases a right agle traiangle cannot be formed [ ]
a. 12 cm, 5 cm, 13 cm b. 8 cm, 6 cm, 10 cm
c. 24 cm, 7 cm, 25 cm d. None of these
5. In a ' ABC If AB2 = BC2 + AC2 then the right angle is at [ ]
a. A b. B c. C d. None
6. If three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:10 then the largest angle [ ]
a. 240 b .1200 c. 360 d. 720
7. In the figure shows an isosless triangle,
y
the value of x y is [ ]
a.620 b. 700
2x 700
c. 750 d. 830
8. Find the value of x given that ADC is a straight line B [ ]
a. 250 b. 300 800
A x
c. 350 d. 400 D C
3y
9. If AB 2 x 20 cm, BC cm and AC 3z 20 cm where
5
x 20cm, y 100cm, z 40cm then 'ABC [ ]
a. an isosceles b. an equilateral c. a scalane d. none
10. In the figure BAD=3 DBA then ABC = ____ A [ ]
a. 760 b. 190
c. 420 d. 580 1040 D
650
B C
101
A
11. From the adjascent figure AED is equal to [ ]
300 E
a. 750 b. 1150
c. 1050 d. 1000
450 400
B C D
12. In a triangle ABC, the angles are A 2 x 100 , B x 100 , C x then
which of the following is a right angle [ ]
a. A b. B c. C d. None of these
13. In triangle ABC and triangle XYZ, AB=YZ, BC=ZX, AC=XY then which of
the following is true [ ]
a. A= Z b. A= X c. B= X d. C= X
14. Find the relation between x and y in the adjascent figure expressed
with x as subject [ ]
x
a. y=180+2x b. 2x=180+y
1 1 y
c. x 180 y d. x >180 y @ x
2 2
15. If two sides of an isosceles triangle are 3 cm and 8 cm thent he length of the
thrid side is [ ]
a. 3 cm b. 8 cm c. 3 cm or 8 cm d. None of these
16. If in a ' ABC, A=90 and AB=AC then ' ABC is
0
[ ]
a. an Isosceles triangle b. a right angled triangle
c. an Isosceles right angled triangle c. an equilaterial triangle
A
17. If A x 50 , B 2 x 0 and
x+5
ACD 4 x 35
0
a. 450 b. 500
4x-35 2x
c. 400 d. 350 D C B
18. In a ' ABC, If 2A = 3B = 6C then the measure of the smallest angle is
a. 900 b. 600 c. 400 d. 300
19. In a ' ABC If A+ B=1500 and B+ C=700 then B [ ]
a. 350 b. 450 c. 550 d. 250
20. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 6 cm and 9 cm then the possible
length of the third side is [ ]
a. 3 cm b. 15 cm c. 17 cm d. 10 cm
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21. If the sides of a triangle are 4, 4, 4 2 then the triangle is [ ]
a. Isosceles triangle b. Right angled triangle.
c. Right angled Isosceles tirangle d. Equilateral triangle
22. One equal side of a Isosceles right angled triangle is 2 then its
perimeter [ ]
a. 2 1 2 b. 4 2 c. 4 2 2 d. 2 2
23. In ' ABC the angle bisector of B and C meet at O. If A=600 then find
BOC A [ ]
a. 600 b. 1200 O
c. 1000 d. 800 B C
A
24. In the adjacent figure
A=72 , B=50 , DCE= [ ]
0 0
B C D
a. 720 b. 500
E c. 580 d. 480
25. From the adjacent figure value of x is [ ]
a. 20 b. 30 3x
1200 5x
c. 40 d. 25
26. If the exterior angle of a triagnle are 2 x 10 , 3x 5 and
0 0
2 x 40 then x [ ]
0
a. 45 b. 35 c. 25 d. 55
27. Which of the following is the set of measure of the sides of a triangle[ ]
a. 8, 4, 20 b. 9, 17, 25 c. 11, 16, 28 d. None of these
28. The point always lie in the interir of a triangle are [ ]
a. Orthocentre and Incentre b. Incentre and Circum centre
c. Centroid and Orthocentre d. Centroid and Incentre
29. If BAD = CAD, ADB = ADC then ' ADB # ' ADC according
to .................. condition A [ ]
a. SAS b. ASA
c. RHS d. SSS
B C
D
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30. A triangle has [ ]
a. Exactly two acute angles b. exactly one acute angle
c. at least two acute angles d. exactly two obtuse angles
31. In a ' ABC if A= B+ C such that A=3x then x = [ ]
a. 300 b. 600 c. 900 d. 450
32. In a ' ABC, which of the statement correct [ ]
a. AB-BC>CA b. AB+BC<CA c. AB-BC<CA d. AB+CA<BC
33. Which of the following is equidistant from the vertices of the triangle [ ]
a. Incaentre b. Orthocentre c. Centroid d. Circumcentre
34. In ' ABC, AB=AC and AD perpendicular to BC. The property b which '
ADB is congruent to ' ADC is [ ]
a. SAS b. SSS c. RHS d. AAA
35. If the sides of a triangle are doubled then its area [ ]
a. remains the same b. becomes doubled
c. becomes three times d. becomes four times
A
36. In the given figure find Z [ ]
y x
a. 400 b. 1100
c. 450 d. 900 1100 x 250
D C
E B
137. Number of independent measurements required to constuct a triangle [ ]
a. 3 b. 4 c. 2 d. 1
38. In ' ABC if AB = AC and A=500 then [ ]
a. 600 b. 650 c. 700 d. 750
39. If ' ABC # ' PQR and B x 150 , Q 700 , C 5 y 100 and R 350 by
ASA congruence condition then the value of x and y is [ ]
a. 600, 50 b. 550, 50 c. 500, 50 d. 450, 150
40. If three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2:3 then their opposite sides are
in the ratio [ ]
a. 1:2:3 b. 1:1:2 c. 1: 3 :2 d.1: 2 : 3
41. The three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2:1 then the greatest angle is
a. 450 b. 900 c. 600 d. 1200
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42. In ' ABC is an isoscales right angled at C such that AC=5cm then AB=
a. 2.5 cm b. 5 2 cm c. 10 cm d. 5 cm
0
§ 1·
If the measures of the angles of a triangle are 2 x 5 , ¨ 3 x ¸ and
0
43.
© 2¹
0
§ x·
¨ 30 ¸ then x is [ ]
© 2¹
311 309 310 301
a. b. c. d.
9 11 9 9
44. From the adjascent figure x = A [ ]
350
a. 1300 b. 800 450 x
B
c. 95 0
d. 85 0
500
C
45. In a right angled triangle if an angle measures 350 then the measure of other
angle is [ ]
a. 650 b. 550 c. 450 d. 300
***
105
TRIANGLES
KEY
1 B 21 C
2 D 22 A
3 D 23 B
4 D 24 C
5 C 25 B
6 B 26 A
7 C 27 D
8 A 28 D
9 A 29 B
10 D 30 C
11 C 31 A
12 A 32 C
13 D 33 D
14 C 34 C
15 B 35 D
16 C 36 C
17 C 37 A
18 D 38 B
19 B 39 B
20 D 40 C
41 B
42 B
43 A
44 A
45 B
106
