Holi

Holi ( /ˈhoʊliː/) is a popular ancient Hindu festival,[1][9] also known as the Festival of Spring,
the Festival of Colours or the Festival of Love.[1][10][11] The festival celebrates the eternal and
divine love of Radha Krishna.[12][13]
It also signifies the triumph of good over evil,[14][15] as it
celebrates the victory of Lord Vishnu as Narasimha Narayana over Hiranyakashipu.[16][17] It
originated and is predominantly celebrated in the Indian subcontinent but has also spread to
other regions of Asia and parts of the Western world through the Indian diaspora.
 Holi

Krishna playing Holi with Radha and other gopis

Observed by Hindus,[1] Sikhs, Jains,[2] Newar Buddhists,[3] and

others[4]

Type Religious, cultural, spring festival

Celebrations Night after ((Holika Dahan)), Kama Dahan

On Holi: spraying coloured dye, playing with

coloured powder, dancing, greetings, festival
delicacies[5]

Date phālguna māsa, śukla pakṣa, pūrṇimā tithi

2022 date 17-18 March in India[6][7]

17-18 March in Nepal[8]

Frequency Annual

Related to Hola Mohalla

 Explanatory note

Hindu festival dates

The Hindu calendar is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is
uniquely identified by three calendar elements: māsa (lunar month), pakṣa (lunar fortnight) and tithi (lunar day).

Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. amānta / pūrṇimānta. Iff a festival falls in the
waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa.

A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. As a result, most Hindu festivals occur on different days in
successive years on the Gregorian calendar.

v t e (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hindu_festival_date_info&action=edit)

Holi celebrates the arrival of spring, the end of winter, the blossoming of love and for many, it
is a festive day to meet others, play and laugh, forget and forgive, and repair broken
relationships.[18][19] The festival is also an invocation for a good spring harvest season.[18][19]
It lasts for a night and a day, starting on the evening of the Purnima (Full Moon Day) falling in
the Hindu calendar month of Phalguna, which falls around the middle of March in the
Gregorian calendar. The first evening is known as Holika Dahan (burning of Demon Holika) or
Chhoti Holi and the following day as Holi, Rangwali Holi, Dol Purnima, Dhuleti, Dhulandi,[20]
Ukuli, Manjal Kuli,[21] Yaosang, Shigmo[22] or Phagwah,[23] Jajiri.[24]

Holi is an Ancient Indian religious festival that has also become popular outside of India.[18]
In addition to India and Nepal, the festival is celebrated by Indian diaspora in countries such
as Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Malaysia,[25]
Singapore, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands, Canada, Australia, and
New Zealand.[10][26] The festival has spread to parts of Europe and North America as a spring
celebration of love, frolic, and colours.[27][26][28]

Holi celebrations start on the night before Holi with a Holika Dahan where people gather,
perform religious rituals in front of the bonfire, and pray that their internal evil be destroyed
the way Holika, the sister of the demon king Hiranyakashipu, was killed in the fire. The next
morning is celebrated as Rangwali Holi (Dhuleti) – a free-for-all festival of colours,[18] where
people smear each other with colours and drench each other. Water guns and water-filled
balloons are also used to play and colour each other. Anyone and everyone is fair game,
friend or stranger, rich or poor, man or woman, children, and elders. The frolic and fight with
colours occurs in the open streets, parks, outside temples and buildings. Groups carry drums
and other musical instruments, go from place to place, sing and dance. People visit family,
friends and foes come together to throw coloured powders on each other, laugh and gossip,
then share Holi delicacies, food and drinks.[29][30] In the evening, people dress up and visit
friends and family.[5][29]

Cultural significance

Holika bonfire in front of Jagdish Temple in Udaipur, Rajasthan, 2010.

The Holi festival has a cultural significance among various Hindu traditions of the Indian
subcontinent. It is the festive day to end and rid oneself of past errors, to end conflicts by
meeting others, a day to forget and forgive. People pay or forgive debts, as well as deal anew
with those in their lives. Holi also marks the start of spring, an occasion for people to enjoy
the changing seasons and make new friends.[19][31]

Radha Krishna

Radha Krishna playing Holi

In the Braj region of India, where the Hindu deities Radha and Krishna grew up, the festival is
celebrated until Rang Panchmi in commemoration of their divine love for each other. The
festivities officially usher in spring, with Holi celebrated as a festival of love.[12][32] There is a
symbolic legend behind the festival. In his youth, Krishna despaired whether the fair-skinned
Radha would like him because of his dark skin colour. His mother Yashoda, tired of his
desperation, asks him to approach Radha and ask her to colour his face in any colour she
wanted. This Radha did, and Radha and Krishna became a couple. Ever since, the playful
colouring of Radha and Krishna's face has been commemorated as Holi.[13][33] Beyond India,
these legends help to explain the significance of Holi (Phagwah) are common in some
Caribbean and South American communities of Indian origin such as Guyana and Trinidad
and Tobago.[34][35] It is also celebrated with great fervour in Mauritius.[36]

Vishnu

There is a symbolic legend to explain why Holi is celebrated as a festival of triumph of good
over evil in the honour of Hindu god Vishnu and his devotee Prahlada. King Hiranyakashipu
father of Prahlada, according to a legend found in chapter 7 of Bhagavata Purana,[16][17] was
the king of demonic Asuras, and had earned a boon that gave him five special powers: he
could be killed by neither a human being nor an animal, neither indoors nor outdoors, neither
at day nor at night, neither by astra (projectile weapons) nor by any shastra (handheld
weapons), and neither on land nor in water or air. Hiranyakashipu grew arrogant, thought he
was God, and demanded that everyone worship only him.[5]
Hiranyakashipu's own son,
Prahlada, however, disagreed. He was and remained devoted to Vishnu.[29] This infuriated
Hiranyakashipu. He subjected Prahlada to cruel punishments, none of which affected the boy
or his resolve to do what he thought was right. Finally, Holika, Prahlada's evil aunt, tricked him
into sitting on a pyre with her.[5] Holika was wearing a cloak that made her immune to injury
from fire, while Prahlada was not. As the fire roared, the cloak flew from Holika and encased
Prahlada,[29] who survived while Holika burned. Vishnu, the god who appears as an avatar to
restore Dharma in Hindu beliefs, took the form of Narasimha – half human and half lion
(which is neither a human nor an animal), at dusk (when it was neither day nor night), took
Hiranyakashyapu at a doorstep (which was neither indoors nor outdoors), placed him on his
lap (which was neither land, water nor air), and then eviscerated and killed the king with his
lion claws (which were neither a handheld weapon nor a launched weapon).[37]

The Holika bonfire and Holi signifies the celebration of the symbolic victory of good over evil,
of Prahlada over Hiranyakashipu, and of the fire that burned Holika.[19]
Kama and Rati

Among other Hindu traditions such as Shaivism and Shaktism, the legendary significance of
Holi is linked to Shiva in yoga and deep meditation, goddess Parvati wanting to bring back
Shiva into the world, seeks help from the Hindu god of love called Kamadeva on Vasant
Panchami. The love god shoots arrows at Shiva, the yogi opens his third eye and burns Kama
to ashes. This upsets both Kama's wife Rati (Kamadevi) and his own wife Parvati. Rati
performs her own meditative asceticism for forty days, upon which Shiva understands,
forgives out of compassion and restores the god of love. This return of the god of love, is
celebrated on the 40th day after Vasant Panchami festival as Holi.[38][39] The Kama legend
and its significance to Holi has many variant forms, particularly in South India.[40]

Other Indian religions

The Mughal Indian emperor Jahangir celebrating Holi with ladies of the zenana.

The festival has traditionally been also observed by non-Hindus, such as by Jains[2] and
Newar Buddhists (Nepal).[3]

In Mughal India, Holi was celebrated with such exuberance that people of all castes could
throw colour on the Emperor.[41] According to Sharma (2017), "there are several paintings of
Mughal emperors celebrating Holi".[42] Grand celebrations of Holi were held at the Lal Qila,
where the festival was also known as Eid-e-gulaabi or Aab-e-Pashi.[41] Mehfils were held
throughout the walled city of Delhi with aristocrats and traders alike participating.[41] This
changed during the rule of Emperor Aurangzeb. He banned the public celebration of Holi
using a Farman issue in November 1665.[43] However, the celebration were later restarted
after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. Bahadur Shah Zafar himself wrote a song for the
festival, while poets such as Amir Khusrau, Ibrahim Raskhan, Nazeer Akbarabadi and Mehjoor
Lakhnavi relished it in their writings.[41]

Sikhs have traditionally celebrated the festival, at least through the 19th century,[44] with its
historic texts referring to it as Hola.[45] Guru Gobind Singh – the last human guru of the Sikhs
– modified Holi with a three-day Hola Mohalla extension festival of martial arts. The
extension started the day after the Holi festival in Anandpur Sahib, where Sikh soldiers would
train in mock battles, compete in horsemanship, athletics, archery and military
exercises.[46][47][48]

Holi was observed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Sikh Empire that extended across what
are now northern parts of India and Pakistan. According to a report by Tribune India, Sikh
court records state that 300 mounds of colours were used in 1837 by Ranjit Singh and his
officials in Lahore. Ranjit Singh would celebrate Holi with others in the Bilawal gardens, where
decorative tents were set up. In 1837, Sir Henry Fane who was the commander-in-chief of the
British Indian army joined the Holi celebrations organised by Ranjit Singh. A mural in the
Lahore Fort was sponsored by Ranjit Singh and it showed the Hindu god Krishna playing Holi
with gopis. After the death of Ranjit Singh, his Sikh sons and others continued to play Holi
every year with colours and lavish festivities. The colonial British officials joined these
celebrations.[49]

Description

Radha and the Gopis celebrating Holi, with accompaniment of music instruments.
Holi is an important spring festival for Hindus, a national holiday in India and Nepal with
regional holidays in other countries. To many Hindus and some non-Hindus, it is a playful
cultural event and an excuse to throw coloured water at friends or strangers in jest. It is also
observed broadly in the Indian subcontinent. Holi is celebrated at the end of winter, on the
last full moon day of the Hindu luni-solar calendar month marking the spring, making the date
vary with the lunar cycle.[note 1] The date falls typically in March, but sometimes late February
of the Gregorian calendar.[52][53]

The festival has many purposes; most prominently, it celebrates the beginning of Spring. In
17th century literature, it was identified as a festival that celebrated agriculture,
commemorated good spring harvests and the fertile land.[18] Hindus believe it is a time of
enjoying spring's abundant colours and saying farewell to winter. To many Hindus, Holi
festivities mark an occasion to reset and renew ruptured relationships, end conflicts and rid
themselves of accumulated emotional impurities from the past.[19][31]

It also has a religious purpose, symbolically signified by the legend of Holika. The night
before Holi, bonfires are lit in a ceremony known as Holika Dahan (burning of Holika) or Little
Holi People gather near fires, sing and dance. The next day, Holi, also known as Dhuli in
Sanskrit, or Dhulheti, Dhulandi or Dhulendi, is celebrated.[54]

In Northern parts of India, Children and youth spray coloured powder solutions (gulal) at each
other, laugh and celebrate, while adults smear dry coloured powder (abir) on each other's
faces.[5][31] Visitors to homes are first teased with colours, then served with Holi delicacies
(such as puranpoli, dahi-bada and gujia), desserts and drinks.[30][55][56] After playing with
colours, and cleaning up, people bathe, put on clean clothes, and visit friends and family.[19]

Like Holika Dahan, Kama Dahanam is celebrated in some parts of India. The festival of
colours in these parts is called Rangapanchami, and occurs on the fifth day after Poornima
(full moon).[57]

History and rituals

The Holi festival is an ancient Hindu festival with its cultural rituals. It is mentioned in the
Puranas, Dasakumara Charita, and by the poet Kālidāsa during the 4th century reign of
Chandragupta II.[10] The celebration of Holi is also mentioned in the 7th-century Sanskrit
drama Ratnavali.[58] The festival of Holi caught the fascination of European traders and British
colonial staff by the 17th century. Various old editions of Oxford English Dictionary mention
it, but with varying, phonetically derived spellings: Houly (1687), Hooly (1698), Huli (1789),
Hohlee (1809), Hoolee (1825), and Holi in editions published after 1910.[18]
There are several cultural rituals associated with Holi:[59]

Holika Dahan

Preparation

Days before the festival, people start gathering wood and combustible materials for the
bonfire in parks, community centers, near temples and other open spaces. On top of the pyre
is an effigy to signify Holika who tricked Prahalad into the fire. Inside homes, people stock up
on pigments, food, party drinks and festive seasonal foods such as gujiya, mathri, malpuas
and other regional delicacies.

Bonfire

On the eve of Holi, typically at or after sunset, the pyre is lit, signifying Holika Dahan. The
ritual symbolises the victory of good over evil. People gather around the fire to sing and
dance.[19]

Taking a selfie while playing Holi.

Playing with colours

In North and Western India, Holi frolic and celebrations begin the morning after the Holika
bonfire. Children and young people form groups armed with dry colours, coloured solution
and water guns (pichkaris), water balloons filled with coloured water, and other creative
means to colour their targets.[59]

Traditionally, washable natural plant-derived colours such as turmeric, neem, dhak, and
kumkum were used, but water-based commercial pigments are increasingly used nowadays.
All colours are used. Everyone in open areas such as, streets and parks is game, but inside
homes or at doorways only dry powder is used to smear each other's face. People throw
colours and get their targets completely coloured up. It is like a water fight, but with coloured
water. People take delight in spraying coloured water on each other. By late morning,
everyone looks like a canvas of colours. This is why Holi is given the name "Festival of
Colours".

Groups sing and dance, some playing drums and dholak. After each stop of fun and play with
colours, people offer gujiya, mathri, malpuas and other traditional delicacies.[60] Cold drinks,
including drinks made with marijuana,[61] are also part of the Holi festivity.

Other variations

In the Braj region around Mathura, in north India, the festivities may last more than a week.
The rituals go beyond playing with colours, and include a day where men go around with
shields and women have the right to playfully beat them on their shields with sticks.[62] It is
known as Latthmaar Holi, traditionally celebrated in the Barsana village. Barsana is the village
of Radha and women assume the role of gopikas (Radha's friends) and men as gopas
(Krishna's friends).

In southern India, some worship and make offerings to Kamadeva, the god of love in Indian
mythology.

Later in the day

After a day of play with colours, people clean up, wash and bathe, sober up and dress up in
the evening and greet friends and relatives by visiting them and exchanging sweets. Holi is
also a festival of forgiveness and new starts, which ritually aims to generate harmony in
society.[59] Many cities in Uttar Pradesh also organise Kavi Sammelan in the evening.

Regional names, rituals and celebrations

The Holi Festival in March 2013 at the Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Utah County, Utah.

Holi (Hindi: होली, Kannada: ಹೋಳಿ, Marathi: होळी, Nepali: होली, Punjabi: ਹੋਲੀ, Telugu: హోళి) is also
known as Basanto Utsav (Bengali: বসন্ত উত্সব) ("Spring festival") in West Bengal and Assam;
Festival of Colours, or Dol Jatra (Assamese: দ’ল যাত্ৰা) in Assam, Dola jātra (Odia: ଦୋଳଯାତ୍ରା) in
Odisha; also known as Phakuwa or Phagwah (Assamese: ফাকু ৱা). The customs and
celebrations vary between regions of India.

Holi is of particular significance in the Braj region, which includes locations traditionally
associated with the Krishna: Mathura, Vrindavan, Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh, and Barsana,
which become touristic during the season of Holi.[32]

Outside India and Nepal, Holi is observed by Hindus in Bangladesh and Pakistan as well in
countries with large Indian subcontinent diaspora populations such as Suriname, Guyana,
Trinidad and Tobago, South Africa, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada,
Australia, Mauritius, and Fiji. The Holi rituals and customs outside South Asia also vary with
local adaptations.

Celebrations

India

Bihar/Jharkhand

Holi is known as Phaguwa in the local Bhojpuri dialect. In this region as well, the legend of
Holika is prevalent. On the eve of Phalgun Poornima, people light bonfires. They put dried
cow dung cakes, wood of the Araad or Redi tree and Holika tree, grains from the fresh
harvest and unwanted wood leaves in the bonfire. At the time of Holika people assemble near
the pyre. The eldest member of the gathering or a purohit initiates the lighting. He then
smears others with colour as a mark of greeting. Next day the festival is celebrated with
colours and a lot of frolic. Traditionally, people also clean their houses to mark the festival.[63]

Holi Milan is also observed in Bihar, where family members and well-wishers visit each
other's family, apply colours (abeer) on each other's faces, and on feet, if elderly. Usually, this
takes place on the evening of Holi, day after Holi with wet colours is played in the morning
through the afternoon. Due to large-scale internal migration issues faced by the people,
recently, this tradition has slowly begun to transform, and it is common to have Holi Milan on
an entirely different day either before or after the actual day of Holi.[64]
Children and youths take extreme delight in the festival. Though the festival is usually
celebrated with colours, in some places, people also enjoy celebrating Holi with water
solutions of mud or clay. Folk songs are sung at high pitch and people dance to the sound of
the dholak (a two-headed hand-drum) and the spirit of Holi. Intoxicating bhang, made from
cannabis, milk and spices, is consumed with a variety of mouth-watering delicacies, such as
pakoras and thandai, to enhance the mood of the festival.[65]

Goa

Holi is locally called Ukkuli in Konkani. It is celebrated around the Konkani temple called
Gosripuram temple. It is a part of the Goan or Konkani spring festival known as Śigmo or
शिगमो in Koṅkaṇī or Śiśirotsava, which lasts for about a month. The colour festival or Holi is a
part of longer, more extensive spring festival celebrations.[66] Holi festivities (but not Śigmo
festivities) include: Holika Puja and Dahan, Dhulvad or Dhuli vandan, Haldune or offering yellow
and saffron colour or Gulal to the deity.

Gujarat

"Celebration of Spring by Krishna and Radha", 18th-century miniature; in the Guimet Museum, Paris.

In Gujarat, Holi is a two-day festival. On the evening of the first day people light the bonfire.
People offer raw coconut and corn to the fire. The second day is the festival of colour or
"Dhuleti", celebrated by sprinkling coloured water and applying colours to each other. Dwarka,
a coastal city of Gujarat, celebrates Holi at the Dwarkadheesh temple and with citywide
comedy and music festivities.[67] Falling in the Hindu month of Phalguna, Holi marks the
agricultural season of the rabi crop.
In some places, there is a custom in undivided Hindu families that the woman beats her
brother-in-law with a sari rolled up into a rope in a mock rage and tries to drench him with
colours, and in turn, the brother-in-law brings sweets (Indian desserts) to her in the
evening.[68]

Jammu and Kashmir

In Jammu and Kashmir, Holi celebrations are much in line with the general definition of Holi
celebrations: a high-spirited festival to mark the beginning of the harvesting of the summer
crop, with the throwing of coloured water and powder and singing and dancing.[69]

Karnataka

Traditionally, in rural Karnataka, children collect money and wood in the weeks prior to Holi,
and on "Kamadahana" night, all the wood is put together and lit. The festival is celebrated for
two days. People in northern parts of Karnataka prepare special food on this day.

In Sirsi, Karnataka, Holi is celebrated with a unique folk dance called "Bedara Vesha", which is
performed during the nights beginning five days before the actual festival day. The festival is
celebrated every alternate year in the town, which attracts a large number of tourists from
different parts of India.[70]

Maharashtra

In Maharashtra, Holi Purnima is also celebrated as Shimga, festivities that last five to seven
days. A week before the festival, youngsters go around the community, collecting firewood
and money. On the day of Shimga, the firewood is heaped into a huge pile in each
neighbourhood. In the evening, the fire is lit. Every household brings a meal and dessert, in
the honour of the fire god. Puran Poli is the main delicacy and children shout "Holi re Holi
puranachi poli". Shimga celebrates the elimination of all evil. The colour celebrations here
take place on the day of Rang Panchami, five days after Shimga. During this festival, people
are supposed to forget and forgive any rivalries and start new healthy relations with all.

Manipur

Manipuris celebrate Holi for 6 days. Here, this holiday merges with the festival of Yaosang.
Traditionally, the festival commences with the burning of a thatched hut of hay and twigs.
Young children go from house to house to collect money, locally known as nakadeng (or
nakatheng), as gifts on the first two days. The youths at night perform a group folk dance
called Thabal chongba on the full moon night of Lamta (Phalgun), traditionally accompanied
by folk songs and rhythmic beats of the indigenous drum, but nowadays by modern bands
and fluorescent lamps. In Krishna temples, devotees sing devotional songs, perform dances
and celebrate with aber (gulal) wearing traditional white and yellow turbans. On the last day
of the festival, large processions are taken out to the main Krishna temple near Imphal where
several cultural activities are held. In recent decades, Yaosang, a type of Indian sport, has
become common in many places of the valley, where people of all ages come out to
participate in a number of sports that are somewhat altered for the holiday.

Odisha

An 1822 drawing showing elevation of a black stone arch in Puri, Odisha. It carried Vaishnavite gods and goddess, the
ritual noted to be a part of the Holi festival.[71]

The people of Odisha celebrate "Dola" on the day of Holi where the icons of Jagannath
replace the icons of Krishna and Radha. Dola Melana, processions of the deities are
celebrated in villages and bhoga is offered to the deities. "Dola yatra" was prevalent even
before 1560 much before Holi was started where the idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra and
Subhadra used to be taken to the "Dolamandapa" (podium in Jagannath temple).[72] People
used to offer natural colours known as "abira" to the deities and apply on each other's
feats.[73]

Punjab

In Punjab, the eight days preceding Holi are known as luhatak.[74] Sekhon (2000) states that
people start throwing colours many days before Holi.[75]
Holi is preceded by Holika Dahan the night before when a fire is lit. Historically, the Lubana
community of Punjab celebrated holi "with great pomp and show. The Lubanas buried a pice
and betel nut. They heaped up cow-dung cakes over the spot and made a large fire. When the
fire had burnt out, they proceeded to hunt for the pice and betel-nut. Whosoever found these,
was considered very lucky."[76] Elsewhere in Punjab, Holi was also associated with making
fools of others. Bose writing in Cultural Anthropology: And Other Essays in 1929 noted that
"the custom of playing Holi-fools is prevalent in Punjab".[77]

On the day of Holi, people engage in throwing colours[78] on each other.[79] For locals, Holi
marks the end of winter. The Punjabi saying Phaggan phal laggan (Phagun is the month for
fructifying) exemplifies the seasonal aspect of Holi. Trees and plants start blossoming from
the day of Basant and start bearing fruit by Holi.[80]

During Holi in Punjab, walls and courtyards of rural houses are enhanced with drawings and
paintings similar to rangoli in South India, mandana in Rajasthan, and rural arts in other parts
of India. This art is known as chowk-poorana or chowkpurana in Punjab and is given shape by
the peasant women of the state. In courtyards, this art is drawn using a piece of cloth. The
art includes drawing tree motifs, flowers, ferns, creepers, plants, peacocks, palanquins,
geometric patterns along with vertical, horizontal and oblique lines. These arts add to the
festive atmosphere.[81]

Folk theatrical performances known as swang or nautanki take place during Holi,[82] with the
latter originating in the Punjab.[83] According to Self (1993), Holi fairs are held in the Punjab
which may go on for many days.[84] Bose (1961) states that "in some parts of Punjab, Holi is
celebrated with wrestling matches".[85]

Tamil Nadu

In Tamil Nadu, it is celebrated as the Panguni Uthiram festival that signifies the blossoming
of love and marriage. Rati and Kamadeva are worshipped in many parts. Temples also
celebrate the marriages of Parvati and Parameswara, Murugan and Deivanai, Kodhai Aandaal
and Rangamannar on this day. In the Sarangapani temple in Kumbakonam, Narayana marries
Komalavalli Naachiyar and gave Kalyana Kola Seva to his Bhakthas on this day. Valmiki's
Ramayana says it is on this day that Sita's marriage with Rama was celebrated. Devotees
throng to temples to witness the divine wedding ceremonies. It is also an auspicious date for
engagements and weddings to finalise. From Brahmanda Puranam, it is said that on this
Panguni Uthiram, all holy waters join the seven sacred tanks in Tirupati Tirumala.

Telangana
Holi is called as Kamuni Punnami/Kama Purnima or Jajiri in Telugu. Hindus celebrate Holi as
it relates to the legend of Kamadeva. Holi is also known by different names: Kamavilas,
Kamuni Panduga and Kama-Dahanam.[86]

Kama Dahanam (Shiva Turns Kama to Ashes)

It is a 10-day festival in Telangana, of which last two days are of great importance. As in
other parts of India, in rural Telangana, the 9 days preceding Holi, children celebrate kamuda
by playing Kolata sticks along with singing folk songs called jajiri and collect money, rice,
corn and wood.[24] For this reason Holi is well known for "Jajiri Paatalu Kamudi aatalu", which
means festival of "Jajiri songs and Kamudi games" and on 9th night i.e. Holy eve, all the
wood is put together and set on fire representing Kama Dahanam.

Kama Dahanam or Holi Bonfire

Next morning i.e. 10th day is celebrated as Holi, with colours traditionally extracted from
Moduga/Gogu Flowers (Palash/Butea monosperma).[87]

Tripura

In Tripura Holi is known as "Pali" which means colour in Tripuri language, it's celebrated all
over Tripura.

Uttar Pradesh
Colour drenched gopis in Krishna Temple, Mathura, India.

In the Braj region of North India, women have the option to playfully hit men who save
themselves with shields; for the day, men are culturally expected to accept whatever women
dish out to them. This ritual is called Lath Mar Holi.[88]
 A play of colours then a dance at a Hindu temple near Mathura, at Holi.

Barsana, a town near Mathura in the Braj region of Uttar Pradesh, celebrates Lathmar Holi in
the sprawling compound of the Radha Rani temple. Thousands gather to witness the Lath
Mar Holi when women beat up men with sticks as those on the sidelines become hysterical,
sing Holi songs and shout "Radhe Radhe" or "Sri Radhe Krishna".[89] The Holi songs of Braj
Mandal are sung in pure Braj, the local language. Holi celebrated at Barsana is unique in the
sense that here women chase men away with sticks. Males also sing provocative songs in a
bid to invite the attention of women. Women then go on the offensive and use long staves
called lathis to beat the men, who protect themselves with shields.[90]

Mathura, in the Braj region, is the birthplace of Krishna. In Vrindavan this day is celebrated
with special puja and the traditional custom of worshipping Radha Krishna; here the festival
lasts for sixteen days.[32] All over the Braj region[91] and neighbouring places like Hathras,
Aligarh, and Agra, Holi is celebrated in more or less the same way as in Mathura, Vrindavan
and Barsana.

A traditional celebration includes Matki Phod, similar to Dahi Handi in Maharashtra and
Gujarat during Krishna Janmashtami, both in the memory of god Krishna who is also called
makhan chor (literally, butter thief). This is a historic tradition of the Braj region as well as the
western region of India.[92] An earthen pot filled with butter or other milk products is hung
high by a rope. Groups of boys and men climb on each other's shoulders to form pyramids to
reach and break it, while girls and women sing songs and throw coloured water on the
pyramid to distract them and make their job harder.[93] This ritual sport continues in Hindu
diaspora communities.[94]
Outside Braj, in the Kanpur area, Holi lasts seven days with colour. On the last day, a grand
fair called Ganga Mela or the Holi Mela is celebrated. This Mela (fair) was started by freedom
fighters who fought British rule in the First Indian War of Independence in 1857 under the
leadership of Nana Saheb. The Mela is held at various ghats along the banks of the River
Ganga in Kanpur, to celebrate the Hindus and Muslims who together resisted the British
forces in the city in 1857. On the eve of Ganga Mela, all government offices, shops, and
courts generally remain closed. The Ganga Mela marks the official end of "The Festival of
Colours" or Holi in Kanpur.

In Gorakhpur, the northeast district of Uttar Pradesh, the day of Holi starts with a special
puja. This day, called "Holi Milan", is considered to be the most colourful day of the year,
promoting brotherhood among the people. People visit every house and sing Holi songs and
express their gratitude by applying coloured powder (Abeer).

Uttarakhand

Kumaoni Holi in Uttarakhand includes a musical affair. It takes different forms such as the
Baithki Holi, the Khari Holi and the Mahila Holi. In Baithki Holi and Khari Holi, people sing
songs with a touch of melody, fun, and spiritualism. These songs are essentially based on
classical ragas. Baithki Holi (बैठकी होली), also known as Nirvan Ki Holi, begins from the
premises of temples, where Holiyars (होल्यार) sing Holi songs and people gather to participate,
along with playing classical music. The songs are sung in a particular sequence depending
on the time of day; for instance, at noon the songs are based on Peelu, Bhimpalasi and
Sarang ragas, while evening songs are based on the ragas such as Kalyan, Shyamkalyan and
Yaman. The Khari Holi (खड़ी होली) is mostly celebrated in the rural areas of Kumaon. The
songs of the Khari Holi are sung by the people, who, sporting traditional white churidar
payajama and kurta, dance in groups to the tune of ethnic musical instruments such as the
dhol and hurka.[95]

In the Kumaon region, the Holika pyre, known as Cheer (चीर), is ceremonially built in a
ceremony known as Cheer Bandhan (चीर बंधन) fifteen days before Dulhendi. The Cheer is a
bonfire with a green Paiya tree branch in the middle. The Cheer of every village and
neighbourhood is rigorously guarded as rival mohallas try to playfully steal each other's
cheer.[96]

The colours used on Holi are derived from natural sources. Dulhendi, known as Charadi (छरड़ी)
(from Chharad (छरड़)), is made from flower extracts, ash and water. Holi is celebrated with
great gusto much in the same way all across North India.[97]

West Bengal
In West Bengal, Holi is known by the name of "Dol Jatra", "Dol Purnima" or the "Swing
Festival". The festival is celebrated in a dignified manner by placing the icons of Radha and
Krishna on a picturesquely decorated palanquin which is then taken round the main streets of
the city or the village. On the Dol Purnima day in the early morning, students(mainly in
Shantiniketan) dress up in saffron-coloured or pure white clothes and wear garlands of
fragrant flowers. They sing and dance to the accompaniment of musical instruments, such
as the ektara, dubri, and Veena. The devotees take turns to swing them while women dance
around the swing and sing songs. During these activities, the people keep throwing coloured
water and dry colours, abir, at them.

Nepal
Preparing for Holika Dahan, Kathamandu, Nepal.

Locals celebrating Holi in Kathmandu, Nepal.

 Women celebrating Holi in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Holi, along with many other Hindu festivals, is celebrated in Nepal as a national festival. It is
an important major Nepal-wide festival along with Dashain and Tihar (Dipawali).[98] It is
celebrated in the Nepali month of Falgun (Terai region celebrates on the same date as Indian
Holi, while rest of the country celebrates it a day earlier), and signifies the legends of the
Hindu god Krishna.[98] Newar Buddhists and others worship Saraswati shrine in Vajrayogini
temples and celebrate the festival with their Hindu friends.[99]

Traditional concerts are held in most cities in Nepal, including Kathmandu, Narayangarh,
Pokhara, Itahari, Hetauda, and Dharan, and are broadcast on television with various celebrity
guests.

People walk through their neighbourhoods to celebrate Holi by exchanging colours and
spraying coloured water on one another. A popular activity is the throwing of water balloons
at one another, sometimes called lola (meaning water balloon).[100] Many people mix bhang in
their drinks and food, as is also done during Shivaratri. It is believed that the combination of
different colours at this festival takes all sorrow away and makes life itself more colourful.

Pakistan
 Faces smeared with Holi colours

Holi is celebrated by the minority Hindu population in Pakistan. Community events by Hindus
have been reported by Pakistani media in various cities such as Karachi,[101] Hazara,[102]
Rawalpindi, Sindh, Hyderabad, Multan and Lahore.[103] The Hindu tribes of Cholistan in the
Punjab province of Pakistan play the game called Khido in the days leading up to the Holi.
The game Khido is considered sacred by them as it is believed that Parhlad used to play this
game during his childhood.[104]

Holi was not a public holiday in Pakistan from 1947 to 2016. Holi along with Diwali for
Hindus, and Easter for Christians, was adopted as public holiday resolution by Pakistan's
parliament in 2016, giving the local governments and public institutions the right to declare
Holi as a holiday and grant leave for its minority communities, for the first time.[105] This
decision has been controversial, with some Pakistanis welcoming the decision, while others
criticising it, with the concern that declaring Holi a public holiday advertises a Hindu festival
to Pakistani children.[106]

Indian diaspora
Holi festival in London, UK near the Battersea Power Station.

Drummers of Indo-Caribbean community celebrating Phagwah (Holi) in New York City, 2013.
 A celebration of Holi Festival in the United States.

Over the years, Holi has become an important festival in many regions wherever Indian
diaspora were either taken as indentured labourers during colonial era, or where they
emigrated on their own, and are now present in large numbers such as in Africa, North
America, Europe, Latin America, and parts of Asia such as Fiji.[26][28][107][108]

Suriname

Holi is a national holiday in Suriname. It is called Phagwa festival, and is celebrated to mark
the beginning of spring and Hindu mythology. In Suriname, Holi Phagwa is a festival of
colour. It is customary to wear old white clothes on this day, be prepared to get them dirty
and join in the colour throwing excitement and party.[109][110]

Trinidad and Tobago

Phagwa is celebrated with a lot of colour and splendour, along with the singing on traditional
Phagwah songs or Chowtal (gana).

Guyana

Phagwah is a national holiday in Guyana, and peoples of all races and religions participate in
the celebrations.[111] The main celebration in Georgetown is held at the Mandir in Prashad
Nagar.[112]

Fiji
Indo-Fijians celebrate Holi as the festival of colours, folksongs, and dances. The folksongs
sung in Fiji during Holi season are called phaag gaaian. Phagan, also written as Phalgan, is
the last month of the Hindu calendar. Holi is celebrated on the full moon of Phagan. Holi
marks the advent of spring and ripening of crops in Northern India. Not only it is a season of
romance and excitement, folk songs and dances, it is also an occasion of playing with
powder, perfumes, and colours. Many of the Holi songs in Fiji are around the theme of love-
relationship between Radha and Krishna.[113]

Mauritius

Holi in Mauritius comes close on the heels of Shivaratri. It celebrates the beginning of spring,
commemorating good harvests and the fertile land. Hindus believe it is a time of enjoying
spring's abundant colours and saying farewell to winter. It is considered one of the most
exhilarating religious holidays in existence. During this event, participants hold a bonfire,
throw coloured powder at each other, and celebrate wildly.[114]

United States

Holi is celebrated in many US states by mainly Asian Americans, particularly those with
Indian ancestry. It is usually hosted in Hindu temples or cultural halls. Members of Hindu
associations and volunteers assist in hosting the event along with temple devotees. Some of
the places known to celebrate Holi are New Brunswick (NJ), Spanish Fork (Utah), Houston
(TX), Dallas (TX), South El Monte (CA), Milpitas (CA), Boston (MA), Potomac (MD), and
Chicago (IL).[115]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, Indian Indonesians and Balinese Hindu people celebrate Holi as festival of
colours. The main celebrations are in Medan and Bali.[116]

Sometimes the Indian immigrants from other countries may also celebrate a small-scale
version of Holi.

Holi colours
Flowers of Dhak or Palash are used to make traditional colours.

Traditional sources of colours

The spring season, during which the weather changes, is believed to cause viral fever and
cold. The playful throwing of natural coloured powders, called gulal has a medicinal
significance: the colours are traditionally made of neem, kumkum, haldi, bilva, and other
medicinal herbs suggested by Āyurvedic doctors.

Many colours are obtained by mixing primary colours. Artisans produce and sell many of the
colours from natural sources in dry powder form, in weeks and months preceding Holi. Some
of the traditional natural plant-based sources of colours are:[18][117][118]

Orange and red

The flowers of palash or tesu tree, also called the flame of the forest, are typical source of
bright red and deep orange colours. Powdered fragrant red sandalwood, dried hibiscus
flowers, madder tree, radish, and pomegranate are alternate sources and shades of red.
Mixing lime with turmeric powder creates an alternate source of orange powder, as does
boiling saffron (kesar) in water.

Green

Mehendi and dried leaves of gulmohur tree offer a source of green colour. In some areas, the
leaves of spring crops and herbs have been used as a source of green pigment.

Yellow
Colours for Holi on sale at a market in Mysore

Haldi (turmeric) powder is the typical source of yellow colour. Sometimes this is mixed with
chickpea (gram) or other flour to get the right shade. Bael fruit, amaltas, species of
chrysanthemums, and species of marigold are alternate sources of yellow.

Blue

Indigo plant, Indian berries, species of grapes, blue hibiscus, and jacaranda flowers are
traditional sources of blue colour for Holi.

Magenta and purple

Beetroot is the traditional source of magenta and purple colour. Often these are directly
boiled in water to prepare coloured water.

Brown

Dried tea leaves offer a source of brown coloured water. Certain clays are alternate source of
brown.

Black

Species of grapes, fruits of amla (gooseberry) and vegetable carbon (charcoal) offer grey to
black colours.

Synthetic colours

Natural colours were used in the past to celebrate Holi safely by applying turmeric,
sandalwood paste, extracts of flowers and leaves. As the spring-blossoming trees that once
supplied the colours used to celebrate Holi have become rarer, chemically produced
industrial dyes have been used to take their place in almost all of urban India. Due to the
commercial availability of attractive pigments, slowly the natural colours are replaced by
synthetic colours. As a result, it has caused mild to severe symptoms of skin irritation and
inflammation. Lack of control over the quality and content of these colours is a problem, as
they are frequently sold by vendors who do not know their source.

Holi powder

Health impact

A 2007 study found that malachite green, a synthetic bluish-green dye used in some colours
during Holi festival, was responsible for severe eye irritation in Delhi, if eyes were not washed
upon exposure. Though the study found that the pigment did not penetrate through the
cornea, malachite green is of concern and needs further study.[119]

Another 2009 study reports that some colours produced and sold in India contain metal-
based industrial dyes, causing an increase in skin problems to some people in the days
following Holi. These colours are produced in India, particularly by small informal businesses,
without any quality checks and are sold freely in the market. The colours are sold without
labelling, and the consumer lacks information about the source of the colours, their contents,
and possible toxic effects. In recent years, several non-governmental organisations have
started campaigning for safe practices related to the use of colours. Some are producing and
marketing ranges of safer colours derived from natural sources such as vegetables and
flowers.[120]

These reports have galvanised a number of groups into promoting more natural celebrations
of Holi. Development Alternatives, Delhi's CLEAN India campaign,[121] Kalpavriksh
Environment Action Group, Pune,[122] Society for Child Development through its Avacayam
Cooperative Campaign[123] have launched campaigns to help children learn to make their own
colours for Holi from safer, natural ingredients. Meanwhile, some commercial companies
such as the National Botanical Research Institute have begun to market "herbal" dyes, though
these are substantially more expensive than the dangerous alternatives. However, it may be
noted that many parts of rural India have always resorted to natural colours (and other parts
of festivities more than colours) due to availability.

In urban areas, some people wear nose masks and sunglasses to avoid inhaling pigments
and to prevent chemical exposure to eyes.[124]

Environmental impact
An alleged environmental issue related to the celebration of Holi is the traditional Holika
bonfire, which is believed to contribute to deforestation. Activists estimate Holika 30,000
bonfires every year during Holi, with each one burning approximately 100 kilograms (220.46
lbs) of wood.[125] This represents less than 0.0001% of 350 million tons of wood India
consumes every year, as one of the traditional fuels for cooking and other uses.[126]

The use of heavy metal-based pigments during Holi is also reported to cause temporary
wastewater pollution, with the water systems recovering to pre-festival levels within 5
days.[127]

Application

During traditional Holi celebrations in India, Rinehart writes, colours are exchanged in person
by "tenderly applying coloured powder to another person's cheek", or by spraying and dousing
others with buckets of coloured water.[128]

Influence on other cultures

Holi celebrated at the Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Utah, United States.

Holi is celebrated as a social event in parts of the United States.[129] For example, at Sri Sri
Radha Krishna Temple in Spanish Fork, Utah, NYC Holi Hai in Manhattan, New York[130] and
Festival of Colors: Holi NYC in New York City, New York,[129][131] Holi is celebrated as the
Festival of Color, where thousands of people gather from all over the United States, play and
mingle.[4][129][132]

Holi-inspired events
A number of Holi-inspired social events have also surfaced, particularly in Europe and the
United States, often organised by companies as for-profit or charity events with paid
admission, and with varying scheduling that does not coincide with the actual Holi festival.
These have included Holi-inspired music festivals such as the Festival Of Colours Tour and
Holi One[133] (which feature timed throws of Holi powder), and 5K run franchises such as The
Color Run, Holi Run and Color Me Rad,[134] in which participants are doused with the powder
at per-kilometre checkpoints.[135][27] The BiH Color Festival is a Holi-inspired electronic music
festival held annually in Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina.[136][137]

There have been concerns that these events appropriate and trivialise aspects of Holi for
commercial gain—downplaying or completely ignoring the cultural and spiritual roots of the
celebration.[135][27] Organisers of these events have argued that the costs are to cover various
key aspects of their events, such as safe colour powders, safety and security, and
entertainment.[27]

See also

Lathmar Holi

Kha b-Nisan – Assyrian New Year

Midsummer – Holiday held close to the summer solstice

Nowruz – Iranian new year/spring equinox festival

Songkran (Thailand) – Traditional Thai New Year's holiday, famous for ritualised public
water fights

Notes

1. Since ancient times, the Indian subcontinent has had several major Hindu calendars, which places
Holi and other festivals on different local months even though they mean the same date. Some Hindu
calendars emphasise the solar cycle, some the lunar cycle. Further, the regional calendars feature two
traditions of Amanta and Purnimanta systems, wherein the similar-sounding months refer to different
parts of a lunar cycle, thus further diversifying the nomenclature. The Hindu festival of Holi falls on
the first (full moon) day of Chaitra lunar month's dark fortnight in the Purnimanta system, while the
same exact day for Holi is expressed in Amanta system as the lunar day of Phalguna Purnima.[50]
Both time measuring and dating systems are equivalent ways of meaning the same thing, they
continue to be in use in different regions.[50][51] In regions where the local calendar places it in its
Phalguna month, Holi is also called Phaguwa.

References
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31. Holi (http://www.indiaheritage.org/culture/holi.htm) India Heritage: Culture, Fairs and Festivals

(2008)

32. Holi – the festival of colours (http://www.indiaexpress.com/rangoli/holi.html) Archived (https://we

b.archive.org/web/20160201214422/http://www.indiaexpress.com/rangoli/holi.html) 1 February
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33. Lynn Peppas (2010), Holi, Crabtree Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7787-4771-0, pp. 12–15

34. The arrival of Phagwa - Holi (http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/commentary/columnist/2009/03/1

2/arrival-phagwa) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180412021433/http://www.guardian.c
o.tt/archives/commentary/columnist/2009/03/12/arrival-phagwa) 12 April 2018 at the Wayback
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35. Eat, Pray, Smear (https://reflectu.in_r=0) Eat, Pray, Smear (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/23/di

ning/23phagwah.html?_r=0) Julia Moskin, New York Times (22 March 2011)

36. Holi in Mauritius (http://www.holifestival.org/holi-in-mauritius.html) . "Just as the many other major

Hindu festivals, the large Indian majority.. celebrate Holi with a lot of enthusiasm in the island of
Mauritius. It is an official holiday in the country..."

37. Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide (https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vm

D8ghdMC&pg=PA275) . Penguin Books India. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.

38. Robin Rinehart (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice (https://books.google.co
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39. Michelle Lee (2016). Holi (https://books.google.com/books?id=K166DAAAQBAJ) . Scobre. pp. 8–

11. ISBN 978-1-62920-572-4.

40. Usha Sharma (2008). Festivals in Indian Society (https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6OYRUEAF7o

C&pg=PA80) . Mittal Publications. pp. 80–82. ISBN 978-81-8324-113-7.

41. Safvi, Rana (23 March 2016). "In Mughal India, Holi was celebrated with the same exuberance as Eid"
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43. Powers, Janet M. (30 November 2008). Kites over the Mango Tree: Restoring Harmony between
Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat: Restoring Harmony between Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat (https://b
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ISBN 978-0-313-35158-7.

44. W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism (https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg

=PA95) . Scarecrow Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.

45. Christian Roy (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia (https://books.google.com/b

ooks?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA192) . ABC-CLIO. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.

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48. Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia :
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49. Holi on Canvas (http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110313/spectrum/main2.htm) , The Sunday

Tribune Holi on Canvas, Kanwarjit Singh Kang, 13 March 2011

50. Christopher John Fuller (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India (https://b
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0-69112-04-85.

51. Nachum Dershowitz; Edward M. Reingold (2008). Calendrical Calculations. Cambridge University
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ISBN 978-0-521-88540-9.

52. Javier A. Galván (2014). They Do What? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs
from around the World (https://books.google.com/books?id=e2RyBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137) . ABC-
CLIO. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-1-61069-342-4.

53. J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of
Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition (https://books.google.com/books?
id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA1337) . ABC-CLIO. pp. 1337–1338. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.

54. "Holika Dahan Story: Why is the demoness Holika worshipped on Holi? - Times of India" (https://times
ofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/holika-dahan-story-why-demoness-holika-is-worshipped-
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56. Holi Festival (http://www.holifestival.org/holi-festival.html) see Play of Colors (2009)

57. Rangapanchami in Bhopal (http://framework.latimes.com/?attachment_id=26285) Los Angeles

Times (2011)

58. Religions – Hinduism: Holi (http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/holi_1.sht

ml) . BBC. Retrieved 21 March 2011.

59. Rituals of Holi (http://www.holifestival.org/rituals-of-holi.html) Society for the Confluence of

Festivals in India (2010)

60. Holi Festival (http://blog.zhdk.ch/idss/files/2013/07/final-presentation-Festival-Circle.pdf) Rex Li

Indrajeet Deshmukh and Marielle Roth, Festival Circle, IDSS 2013

61. "High on Holi with bhang" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/High-on-Holi-with-bhang/

articleshow/4245535.cms) . The Times of India. Retrieved 26 March 2014.

62. Holi 2013 (http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/449244/20130322/holi-2013-celebrations-begin-lathmar

-photos-mathura.htm) Ankita Mehta, International Business Times, (22 March 2013)

63. "Holi in Jharkhand – Holi Festival in Jharkhand, Holi Celebration in Jharkhand" (https://www.holifestiv
al.org/holi-in-jharkhand.html) . www.holifestival.org. Retrieved 27 March 2021.

64. "Holi Milan" (http://www.indiacitytrip.com/festivals/Destinations-to-enjoy-Festivals-of-India/Holi/east-

india.html) . indiacitytrip.com.

65. "Holi 2014: Festival Of Colors Celebrates Spring (Songs, Photos)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/20
14/03/16/holi-2014_n_4965026.html) . The Huffington Post. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March
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66. Guṅe, Viṭhṭhala Triṃbaka (1979). Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district. Vol. 1.
Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept. p. 263.

67. "You are being redirected..." (http://www.pndwarka.com/news.html) pndwarka.com.

68. topnews.in (http://topnews.in/law/files/Holi_3_0.jpg) , Holi in Gujarat

69. "Holi celebration in Jammu and Kashmir" (https://www.holifestival.org/holi-in-jammu-and-kashmir.h

tml) . holifestival.org.

70. "Karnataka" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090314053547/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stori

es/2009031050660300.htm) . The Hindu. 10 March 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.hi
ndu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050660300.htm) on 14 March 2009. Retrieved
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71. "Elevation of the black stone arch" (http://m.vam.ac.uk/collections/item/O403895/elevation-of-the-bl
ack-stone-drawing-unknown/?q) . V&A: Search the Collections. Victoria and Albert Museum.
Retrieved 10 April 2016. "Object history note: The arch is covered with figures of Vaishnavite gods
and hung with rings. A crowd of Hindus are celebrating the festival of the Dol Jatra or Swing festival
in which the image of Vishnu and his consort are swung in a throne suspended by chains from the
rings of the arch. The celebration is part of the Holi festival and takes place at the full moon of the
month of Phalguna (February to March)."

72. Dipti Ray (2007). Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D.
1540) (https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&pg=PA90) . Northern Book Centre.
pp. 90–. ISBN 978-81-7211-195-3.

73. Biswamoy Pati (2001). Situating Social History: Orissa, 1800-1997 (https://books.google.com/books?
id=uJtnQN3KueEC&pg=PA74) . Orient Blackswan. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-81-250-2007-3.

74. A dictionary of the Panjábí language (1854) Mission Press (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dG

nRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA417&dq=holi+punjab++eight+days&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi724y02pDhAh
UfQxUIHcv4CAAQ6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=holi%20punjab%20%20eight%20days&f=false)

75. Sekhon, Iqbal Singh (2000) The Punjabis. 2. Religion, society, and culture of the Punjabis. COSMOS [2]
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art+throwing+coloured+water+on+one+...&dq=Many+days+ahead+of+it+the+urchins+start+throwing
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AA)

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77. Bose, Nirmal Kumar (1929) Cultural Anthropology: And Other Essays. [Reprinted with Additions]Indian
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78. Parminder Singh Grover and Moga, Davinderjit Singh, Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab [5] (http
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oBw&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=punjab%20%20holi&f=false)

79. Jasbir Singh Khurana, Punjabiyat: The Cultural Heritage and Ethos of the People of Punjab, Hemkunt
Publishers (P) Ltd., ISBN 978-81-7010-395-0

80. Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manager of Publications (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1O0e

AQAAMAAJ&q=%27Phaggan+phal+laggan%27&dq=%27Phaggan+phal+laggan%27&hl=en&sa=X&ved
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81. Drawing Designs on Walls (http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362722/drawing-designs-walls.

html) , Trisha Bhattacharya (13 October 2013), Deccan Herald. Retrieved 7 January 2015
82. Alka Pande (1999) Folk Music & Musical Instruments of Punjab: From Mustard Fields to Disco Lights,
Volume 1. Mapin Pub [6] (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CgraAAAAMAAJ&dq=punjab+swang
++holi&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+swang+)

83. Nandini Gooptu (2001) The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India. Cambridge
University Press. [7] (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wZTLEEGmZfQC&pg=PA219&dq=swang+
prahlad+punjab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj889bY6M3ZAhVpLsAKHSGbAkoQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepag
e&q=swang%20prahlad%20punjab&f=false)

84. Self, David (1993) One Hundred Readings for Assembly. Heinemann (https://books.google.co.uk/boo
ks?id=kr8IyXOmhyAC&pg=PA32&dq=panjab+holi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYjbG61YvhAhWTUhUI
HR3SDZUQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=panjab%20&f=false)

85. Bose, Nirmal Kumar (1961) Cultural Anthropology. Asia Publishing House (https://archive.org/details/
in.gov.ignca.10901)

86. G. Rajagopal (2007). Beyond Bhakti: Steps Ahead (https://books.google.com/books?id=3nnXAAAA

MAAJ) . B.R. Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7646-510-6.

87. The Hans India (5 March 2015). Moduga flowers start blooming (https://www.thehansindia.com/post
s/index/Telangana/2015-03-05/Moduga-flowers-start-blooming/135443) .

88. Lathmar Holi Festival (http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/03/lathmar_holi_festival.html)

Lane Turner, Boston Globe, (5 March 2012)

89. "Play Holi Song" (https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2019/03/20/holi-songs-

celebrations-festival-playlist.html) .

90. "ganga Mela Kanpur" (https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-KAN-kanpur-people-celebrate-ganga-mela-

after-holi-festival-5284748-PHO.html) . bhaskar.com. 27 March 2016.

91. "So drop colors – Holi, Brij Lal was" (http://www.jagran.com/spiritual/religion-so-drop-colors-holi-brij-l

al-was-11169083.html?src=HP-REL-ART) . jagran. 19 March 2014.

92. David Gellner (2009). Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=N9CGAwAAQBAJ) . SAGE Publications. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-81-321-0422-3.

93. Tradition of Holi (http://www.holifestival.org/tradition-of-holi.html) , Society for the Confluence of

Festivals in India (2016)

94. Indo American News (http://www.houstonholi.com/assets/2014reduced.pdf) , Volume 33, No. 14, 4

April 2014, p. 5

95. "kumaoni Holi Uttrakhand" (https://www.euttarakhand.com/kumaon-ki-holi) . euttarakhand.com. 4

March 2015.

96. "kumaoni holi" (https://www.euttarakhand.com/kumaon-ki-holi) . euttarakhand.com. 4 March 2015.

97. Kumaoni Holi – Uttaranchal Fairs and Festivals (http://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/fairs_festivals/

kumaoni_holi.php) . Euttaranchal.com. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
 98. William Brook Northey; C. J. Morris (2001). The Gurkhas: Their Manners, Customs, and Country (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=aSaX09InyIoC&pg=PA80) . Asian Educational Services. pp. 79–80.
ISBN 978-81-206-1577-9.

99. Bal Gopal Shrestha (2012). The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion
and Society in Nepal (https://books.google.com/books?id=9EwsBwAAQBAJ) . Cambridge Scholars
Publishing. pp. 269, 240–241, 283–284. ISBN 978-1-4438-3825-2.

100. Happy Holi week (http://www.nepalitimes.com.np/issue/2005/03/25/Arts/9) Archived (https://we

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129. "Festival of Colors – Holi NYC 2016" (http://festivalofcolors.org) . Festival of Colors: Holi NYC.

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participants joined in to dance and generally cover each other in colored powder. The powders used
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dance, performance art and visual stimulation. Holi One brings this unforgettable experience to cities
all around the world."

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136. "Oboji svoje ljeto uz BiH Color Festival 28. i 29. jula u Brčkom" (http://www.6yka.com/novost/126379/
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Retrieved 17 April 2018.

External links

Holi
at Wikipedia's sister projects

Definitions from Wiktionary

Media from Commons

Data from Wikidata

Holi (https://curlie.org/Society/Holidays/Holi/) at Curlie

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