The Synchronisation of Telecommunications Networks

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Contents
I. The Need for Synchronisation II. Characterizing Synchronisation Quality III. Synchronisation Distribution: General Principles IV. Synchronisation Distribution: SDH/SONET-based Solution
1. Elements 2. Architecture 3. Synchronisation Status Message (SSM)

V. Synchronisation Distribution: GPS-based and MixedSolution

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Contents
VI. Synchronisation Distribution: From Co-operating Network VII. Summary on Standards VIII. How to Synchronize Mixed Technology Networks
1. Mixed Technology Network Example 2. SDH and SONET Networks 3. The Public Switched Telephony Network

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Contents
VIII. How to Synchronize Mixed Technology Networks (cont d)
4. ATM Networks 5. Optical Networks 6. GSM and UMTS-FDD Radio Access Networks 7. cdmaOne and cdma2000 Radio Access Networks

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Abbreviations

ADM ATM BITS bit/s

Add Drop Multiplexer Asynchronous Transfer Mode Building Integrated Timing Supply bits per second 1kbit/s = 1,000 bits/s 1Mbit/s = 1,000,000 bits/s 1Gbit/s = 1,000,000,000 bit/s Constant Bit Rate Cell Delay Variation Do Not Use Digital Cross-Connect frequency First-In First-Out Global Positioning System Graphical User Interface High Stability Clock

Hz

Hertz (cycles per second) 1mHz = 0.001Hz 1 Hz = 0.000001Hz International Telecommunications Union kilo = 1,000 Loss Of Signal Line Terminal Maximum Time Interval Error Network Element Operating System pointer

ITU k LOS LT MTIE NE OS p

CBR CDV DNU DXC f FIFO GPS GUI HSC

OC-N Optical Carrier level N

PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange PDH PEC PLL Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Plesiochronous Equipment Clock Phase Locked Loop

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Abbreviations

PRC

Primary Reference Clock

SSM SSU

Synchronisation Status Message Synchronisation Supply Unit

ps/km/C pico seconds per kilometre per degree centigrade QL QOS s Quality Level Quality Of Service second 1ms = 0.001s

STM-N Synchronous Transport Module level N STS-N Synchronous Transport Signal level N TF TIE TS0 VBR VCO VC VT VTG UN W w d Transfer Function Time Interval Error Time Slot Zero Variable Bit Rate Voltage Controlled Oscillator Virtual Container Virtual Tributary Virtual Tributary Group Undefined Wander radians per second variation

SASE Stand Alone Synchronous Equipment SD SDH SC SEC Synchronisation Distribution Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SONET Clock Synchronous Equipment Clock

SETG Synchronous Equipment Timing Generator SETS Synchronous Equipment Timing Source sin SOH Sine function Section OverHead

SONET Synchronous Optical Network SRTS Synchronous Residual Time Stamp

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The Need for Synchronisation

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Frequency synchronisation
System A System B

fA = fB
Clock signal of system A TA = 1 / fA

t
Clock signal of system B TB = 1 / fB

t
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Phase synchronisation
System A System B

Clock signal of system A

t
Clock signal of system B

!
t

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Time synchronisation
System A System B

Time signal of system A

14/01/00 [Link]

14/01/00 [Link]

14/01/00 [Link]

t
Time signal of system B
14/01/00 [Link] 14/01/00 [Link] 14/01/00 [Link]

t
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Where do we need synchronisation? Three examples

Public Switched Telephone Networks SONET and SDH transport networks Cellular mobile telecom networks

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Public Switched Telephone Network: Synchronous Multiplexing

30 x 64 kbit/s
1

1 x 2.048 Mbit/s

2 1 2 30

Multiplexer

30

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Public Switched Telephone Network: Space-Time Switching

N x 2.048 Mbit/s
12 34 5 6

N x 2.048 Mbit/s

Switch
1 2 34 5 6

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What is a slip?
A slip occurs when a buffer over- or underflows due to differences in timing

Incoming data rate Incoming data rate

Slip

Outgoing data rate

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Some services affected by slips

Voice
Uncompressed - only 5% of slips lead to clicks Compressed - a slip will cause an audible click

Facsimile
A slip can wipe out several lines

Modem
A slip can cause several seconds of drop out

Compressed video
A slip can wipe out several lines More slips can freeze frames for several

seconds

Encrypted/compressed data protocol

Slips will reduce transmission throughput
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Slip rate due to frequency deviation

Slip rate = fractional freq. dev / frame duration For 2 Mbit/s signals, frame duration = 125 microseconds :
10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5
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= = = = = = =

1 slip in 4.8 months 1 slip in 14.5 days 1 slip in 1.45 days 6.9 slips per day 2.9 slips per hour 28.8 slips per hour 4.8 slips per minute
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A customer affected by slips:

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SDH/SONET Transport Networks:

Nominally Synchronous Multiplexing
63 x E1
1

1 x STM-1

2
OH

1 2

63

Multiplexer

63

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Wander induced by pointer activity

TIE of E1 signal
PRC

TIE of E1 signal

E1 ADM NE NE

NE

E1 ADM

SDH/SONET Network Synchronisation distribution trails affected by wander

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SDH/SONET Transport Networks:

Nominally Synchronous Multiplexing
PDH tributaries need not be synchronous with the SDH aggregates (pointer technique). However, relative wander between the incoming PDH tributary and the SDH aggregates induce wander on the outgoing PDH tributary (pointer adjustments!). If excessive, this tributary wander causes slips.
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Cellular Mobile Telecom Networks

Successful handover requires synchronisation between base transceiver stations (BTS)

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

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Cellular Mobile Telecom Networks

Radio carrier frequencies must be synchronized precisely in order to prevent cross-talk

Radio spectrum

Frequency

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Characterizing Synchronisation Quality

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Definition of jitter : ITU-T Rec. G.810

The short term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their reference positions in time Greater than 10Hz in modulation frequency

Ideal

Jittered Sampling (reading) points

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Definition of jitter : ITU-T Rec. G.810

The short term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their reference positions in time Greater than 10Hz in modulation frequency

Ideal

Jittered Sampling (reading) points

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Definition of wander : ITU-T Rec. G.810

The long term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their reference positions in time Less than 10Hz in modulation frequency
Ideal

Wandered Sampling points

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Sampling points
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Time Error or Phase-Time x(t)

x(t) = jitter + wander T(t)

Tref(t)

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Fractional Frequency Deviation y(t)

y(t) = where (t) = NOM = actual frequency of the signal specified nominal frequency (t) - NOM NOM

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Synchronisation Distribution: General Principles

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Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 1

Master-slave intra-network synchronisation
transmission link data + clock

data

Master System

Slave System

data

clock
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Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 2

The slave system continually adjusts its own clock to the incoming signal
The incoming signal contains both the clock and data information

Therefore both the master and slave systems have the same transmit and receive rates
There are no slips
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Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 3

Inter-network synchronisation

data

Network A System

transmission link data

Network B System

data

atomic clock
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atomic clock
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Synchronisation between telecommunication systems : 4

Each system is synchronised by separate atomic clocks The atomic clocks have nearly the same free running frequency
There is little difference between the transmit and receive rates at both ends

The slip rate is only one in every 72 days

Totally acceptable for inter-national and intra-national traffic of every kind of services
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Physical synchronisation network : 1

mastermaster-slave chains

SEC

SSU

SDH Equipment Clock

PRC

Synchronisation Supply Unit

Telecom equipment clocks

PRC = Primary Reference Clock

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Physical synchronisation network : 2

Not every system in the network can have a direct connection to the master network clock. Therefore the telecommunication systems are synchronised in chains or trees
Each system clock is the master clock of the subordinate system clocks slaved to it The chains can be very long or very short

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Physical synchronisation network : 3

clock quality traceable back to the SEC clock quality traceable back to the SSU

SEC

SSU

SEC SD trail

PRC

SSU SD trail

PRC SD trail

clock quality traceable back to the PRC

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Synchronisation Distribution (SD) Trails

The clock frequency along a SD trail is the SAME as the head-end, ie PRC, SSU or SEC SD trails can be very long or very short There can be hundreds of SD trails in a synchronisation network

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Causes of jitter
Phase-noise generated by clock recovery circuits in transmission network elements Phase-noise generated by low-quality equipment clocks

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Causes of wander
Temperature variations induce low-frequency phase-noise in network element clocks Temperature variations (e.g. between day and night) modify the propagation delays in transmission cables

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Jitter and wander control

Jitter and wander must be kept below predefined limits called Network Limits Two distinct techniques are used for the following jitter and wander components:
Jitter and wander in the spectral domain above 1 mHz Wander in the spectral domain below 1 mHz

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Jitter and wander filtering

Required to prevent excessive accumulation of jitter and wander in the spectral domain above 1 mHz Use very narrow bandwidth ( 1 mHz) slave clocks (SSUs) at intervals on the SD trails

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PLL transfer function (TF)

TF = A plot of : Amplitude of output jitter (frequency) Amplitude of input jitter (frequency)
Gain in dB 10 peak 0 -3 -10 -20 modulation frequency
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Filter Bandwidth

Roll-off

0.001f 0.01f
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0.1f

fpeak

10f 100f fcut- off cut-

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Wander buffering on input ports

Wander in the spectral domain below the bandwidth of the SSUs cannot be attenuated This low frequency wander accumulates across the synchronisation network Buffer stores on traffic input ports must be able to absorb at least 18 s of wander

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Input wander greater than 18s

The size of the buffer in telecommunications systems is usually just slightly larger than 18s. If the input wander is greater than the size of the buffer, then the buffer over- or underflows, thus causing slips. To prevent slips the level of wander in the network must be kept below 18 s.

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Synchronisation Distribution: SDH-Based Solution

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1. Elements
Clocks and Links

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Clocks
Primary Reference Clock (PRC) Node Clock or Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)
If it is an independent piece of equipment, then it is called a SASE (Stand-Alone Synchronisation Equipment)

SDH Equipment Clock (SEC)

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Primary Reference Clock (PRC)

Master clock used to synchronise the entire network with a frequency accuracy of

< 1 x 10-11
Based on atomic Cesium clocks

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PRC Implementation
Autonomous equipment with one or several atomic Cesium clocks Radio-controlled clock synchronized to remote atomic Cesium clocks (e.g. Global Positioning System - GPS) A combination of the above

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Node Clock or Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)

Input Interface Jitter/Wander Low-Pass Filter Input Interface Reference Selector Output Interface Output Interface Output Interface Input Interface Holdover Memory Output Interface
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Node Clock or Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)

Selects an input reference signal based on
priority table, or SSM signaling and priority table.

Attenuates the jitter and wander present at the input via narrow-band (mHz) low-pass filtering. If all reference signals are lost, maintains the last phase & frequency as good as it can (holdover mode).
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Node Clock or Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)

SSU Type Application Type I 2048 kbit/s based Type II 1544 kbit/s based Type III 1544 kbit/s based Frequency accuracy N/A 1.6E-8 4.6E-6 Holdover frequency departure Bandwith

5E-10 + t x 2E-10 / day 3 mHz 1E-10 + t x 1E-10 / day 1 mHz 1E-9 + t x 1E-9 / day 1 mHz

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SDH network element s synchronisation function

Synchronous Equipment Timing Source (SETS)
Selector A STM-N input Selector C external timing output (2 MHz or 1.5 Mbit/s, or 2 Mbit/s)

PDH input

SDH Equipmemt Clock

Selector B
Synchronous Equipment Timing Generator

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NE internal timing

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SDH SEC features

Input synchronisation signals are :
STM-N aggregates and tributaries 2 Mbit/s tributaries 2 MHz, 2 or 1.5 Mbit/s (non traffic) timing inputs

Input selection is determined by :

a priority table, that is user definable Synchronisation Status Message (SSM) on the STM-N and 2 Mbit/s interfaces

Output synchronisation signals are :

All STM-N aggregates and tributaries 2 MHz, 2 or 1.5 Mbit/s (non traffic) timing outputs
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Interworking between SDH NE and SASE

SDH NE
noisy traffic & timing input External timing output External timing input cleaned traffic & timing outputs

SASE
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SEC Performance

Type Application Option 1 2048 kbit/s based Option 2 1544 kbit/s based

Frequency Accuracy 4.6E-6 20E-6

Holdover frequency departure 5E-8 + t x 1E-8 / day 5E-8 + t x 5E-7 / day

Bandwith 1 .. 10 Hz 0.1 Hz

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SDH synchronisation link connections

Supported by an SDH multiplex section trail i.e. the timing information is carried by the STM-N data rate ( N x 155 Mbits/s) SDH regenerator timing generators are not counted as elements of the synchronisation distribution layer, they belong to the synchronisation link connection

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2. Architecture

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2.1. Inter-Node Distribution Architecture

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Master-slave principle
A designated master clock is used as a reference frequency generator. The frequency generated by the master clock is disseminated to all other clocks which are slaved to the master clock.

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Master-slave principle
PRC
SEC SEC

= master
SEC

= slave
SEC

= slave

SSU
SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC

SSU = slave
SEC

= slave = slave
SSU = slave
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SEC

SSU
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SSU
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Principle of trail redundancy

Each slave clock should get at least two reference signals form the master clock via geographically separate trails. Sometimes it is not possible to fulfill this principle for all nodes of the network (depending on connectivity).

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Hierachy of clock quality levels

There is a hierarchy of clock quality levels: The higher the clock quality level, the higher the frequency accuracy of the clock Frequency accuracy: either overall free-run accuracy or holdover accuracy over a limited time period

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Clock quality levels

2048 kbit/s based: PRC: SSU I: SEC 1: 1E-11 2E-10/d 4.6E-6 1544 kbit/s based: PRC: SSU II: SEC 2: 1E-11 1.6E-8/1 yr 20E-6

SSU III/IV: 4.6E-6

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Hierarchical distribution rule

A clock of a given quality level must always (also under failure conditions) take timing (directly or indirectly) from a source clock with the same or higher quality level.

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Synchronisation network with SSM

PRC
SEC SEC SEC

Link failure!
SEC

SSU
SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC

Holdover mode! SSU

SEC SEC

SSU
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SSU
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SSU
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Synchronisation network with SSM

Link failure within a chain of SECs! SSM signaling prevents the downstream SSU form following a SEC in holdover mode. Instead, the first SSU enters holdover mode and becomes the source clock for the cut off sub-network.

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The control of jitter and wander

SDH requires that jitter and wander be kept below tight network limits. This is achieved by inserting narrowbandwith SSUs in the synchronisation chain (SEC bandiwth is relatively wide). Narrow-bandwith SSUs attenuate jitter and wander components that lie outside the SSU bandwith.

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SDH Synchronisation reference chain

PRC
SEC

max. 20 SEC
SEC

SSU max. 10 x
SEC

max. 20 SEC
SEC

max. 60 SEC

SSU
SEC

max. 20 SEC
SEC

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SDH synchronisation reference chain

For SDH (not SONET!) see ITU-T G.803 or ETSI EN 300 462-2 The ITU-T/ETSI synchronisation reference chain meets the network limits on jitter and wander:
Not more than 60 SECs in a chain Not more than 20 SECs between two SSUs Not more than 10 SSUs in the chain

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Summary - 1
PRC

Ext. timing signal

SDH/SONET NE

SDH/SONET Network Ext. timing signal

Synchronisation carried by STM-N signals

SDH/SONET NE

SSU/SASE PSTN Switch

Ext. timing signal

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2.2. Intra-Node Distribution Architecture

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Intra-node star topology

Primary PRC SD trail Secondary PRC SD trail

SEC

SDH equipment clock Other equipment clock

Node boundary

SSU

SEC

SEC

PRC SD trail to other nodes

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Interworking between SDH NE, SASE, and other equipment

SDH NE
noisy traffic & timing input External timing output External timing input cleaned traffic & timing outputs

e.g. Switch

SASE

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3. Synchronisation Status Message (SSM)

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Functions of the SSM signaling layer

Signal the source clock quality level from clock to clock down the synchronisation chains, in order to
enable clocks to select the best available reference timing signal enable clocks to go into holdover mode if reference timing signals are of low quality prevent timig loops in SDH chains and rings
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Synchronisation Status Messages

The clock source quality level is indicated by the Synchronisation Status Message (SSM):
QL-PRC QL-SSU-T QL-SSU-L QL-SEC QL-DNU

= Primary Reference Clock = SSU Transit Node Clock = SSU Local Node Clock = SDH Equipment Clock = Do not use

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Transmission Channels for the SSM

The timing quality level carried by STM-N signals is indicated by S1 byte in the STM-N Multiplex Section Over Head (MSOH) The timing quality level carried over 2048 kbit/s synchronisation signals is indicated in one of the bits Sa4 to Sa8 in Time Slot Zero (TS0). OC-N signals (SONET): Multiplex Section Overhead 1544 kbit/s T1 signals: see ITU-T Rec. G.704

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SSM-based reference selection

Always select the timing input with the highest QL, and if a number of equal QL timing inputs are available, then select the highest priority timing input In the locked mode, the output SSMs are set to the selected input SSM, e.g. QL-PRC in => QLPRC out The SSM in the return signal of the selected input is automatically set to DNU

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If all the timing inputs are bad

The SEC enters hold-over mode: it remembers the phase and frequency values of the previously good input, but drifts towards y = 4.6 x 10-6 (4.6ppm) STM-N outputs get SSM = QL-SEC 2 MHz ext. timing outputs are squelched (cut off) 2 Mbit/s ext. timing outputs get SSM = QL-SEC or AIS = true

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Ring synchronisation with SSM: normal condition

Primary PRC SSM = QL - PRC QL1 SSM =QL - PRC =QL2 SSM = QL - DNU QL1 2 Secondary PRC SSM = QL - PRC QL-

QLQL-PRC

QLQL-PRC

QLQL-DNU

QLQL-PRC

SSM = QL - DNU QL1 SSM = QL - PRC QL-

2 1

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Ring synchronisation with SSM primary PRC section failure

Primary PRC Secondary PRC SSM = QL - PRC QL1 SSM = QL - DNU QL1 2

SSM = QL - PRC QL2 input 1 = LOS detected SEC selects input 3 input 2 = QL -PRC detected QLSEC selects input 2 QLQL-DNU QLQL-PRC QLQL-PRC

QLQL-PRC

SSM = QL - DNU QL1 SSM = QL - PRC QL-

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Synchronisation Distribution: GPS-Based and Mixed Solutions

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The Global Positioning System (GPS)

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The Global Positioning System (GPS)

It s a global navigation satellite system owned by the US DoD. 24 satellites broadcast time and their positions (orbits). Based on signals from four or more satellites, GPS receivers calculate their position and time. Synchronization signals can be derived from that time information.
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The Global Positioning System (GPS)

Orbit and time information that is broadcast on civilian satellite signals can be degraded during times of war ( Selected Availability - S/A). Frequency accuracy of GPS receivers is typically better than 110-12 over 24 hours. Time error is typically better than 150 ns (when degraded by S/A).
Oscilloquartz SA

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The Global Positioning System (GPS)

S/A degradation on timing can be (at least partially) removed by appropriate filtering techniques. Good GPS receivers (good S/A filtering!) comply with the PRC specification of ITU-T Rec. G.811. GPS reception is subject to interference and can be jammed intentionally.
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Synchronisation distribution architectures based on the GPS

1) Master-slave distribution tree plus GPSreceivers in important nodes 2) Cellular synchronisation distribution

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Network example used for the comparison

= SDH node = Multiplex section

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Master-slave tree plus GPS-receivers in important nodes

S M S

S G

S G

S G

M = Master PRC S = SSU/SASE G =GPS-based PRC

S G

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Master-slave tree plus GPS-receivers in important nodes

Conventionnel master-slave distribution tree with a central PRC and SSU/SASEs GPS-receivers as back-up reference sources in nodes equiped with SSU/SASEs

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Master-slave tree plus GPS-receivers in important nodes

Redundancy is provided by the GPS Therefore master-slave tree need not necessariliy provide redundant synchronisation distribution, thus simplifying network design Easier to modify (network evolution) than with redundant master-slave tree

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Master-slave tree plus GPS-receivers in important nodes

Lower risk of creating timing loops than with redundant master-slave tree Equipment cost somewhat higher than with redundant master-slave tree (additional GPS-receivers): that s the price to pay for all the advantages

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 Cellular synchronisation distribution

G G

G = GPS-based PRC

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 Cellular synchronisation distribution : Cell pattern A

GPS 1 1 1 1

GPS 2

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.95

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

 Cellular synchronisation distribution : Failure of a GPS-receiver

GPS 1 1 1 1

GPS 2

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.96

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

 Cellular synchronisation distribution : Link failure

GPS 1 1 1 1

GPS 2

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.97

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

 Cellular synchronisation distribution : Cell pattern B

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.98

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

 Cellular synchronisation distribution : Interconnection rules

Each of the two synchronization inputs of a B-cell must be connected to a different synchronization output of an A-cell An A-cell s synchronization output may be connected to one or many synchronization inputs of B-cells

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.99

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

 Cellular synchronisation distribution

G
A B B B

G
A B A B

G = GPS-based PRC

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.100

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

 Cellular synchronisation distribution : Protection against failures

All nodes get two reference signals coming from two GPS receivers located in different sites via geographically separate routes Protection against failures of links, clocks and GPS-receivers (including local corruption of the GPS radio signal)

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.101

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

 Cellular synchronisation distribution : Timing loop prevention

Cells cannot be looped since A-cells only deliver synchronization, and B-cells only receive synchronization Cells are protected against timing loop formation by the SSM protocol

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.102

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

 Cellular synchronisation distribution : Simple and scaleable network design

Simple internal cell structure Simple interconnection rules Network can be expanded easily by
Adding new cells Increasing cell length Spitting a cell into several smaller cells

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.103

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Summary
The GPS provides a synchronisation source compliant to ITU-T Rec. G.811 Architectures must provide protection against failure of the GPS radio signal, e.g.:
Master-slave tree plus GPS-receivers in important nodes Cellular synchronisation distribution

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.104

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronisation Distribution: From Co-operating Network

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.105

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Taking synchronisation from a co-operating network

There is no PRC in the network All clocks in the network are slaved to synchronization signals from a cooperating network. Under normal operating conditions all slave clocks operate at the same frequency as the PRC in the co-operating network. There are normally no slip for on-net and off-net traffic to the co-operating network.
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.106 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Taking synchronisation from a co-operating network

The clock signals from the co-operating network may be received at only a few synchronisation gateway nodes. The clock signals from the co-operating network may also be received at every node, or at every sub-network.

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.107

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Taking synchronisation from a co-operating network

PRC COCO- OPERATING NETWORK

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.108

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Taking synchronisation from a co-operating network

PRC COCO- OPERATING NETWORK

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.109

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Taking synchronisation from a co-operating network

PRC

COCO- OPERATING NETWORK

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.110

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Critical issues
The networks synchronisation performance is dependent on the quality of the synchronisation signals from the co-operating network. There must be an agreement with the cooperating operator on service level The cost to lease the synchronisation signals can be high.

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.111

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Agreement on synchronization interfaces

Physical interface specification (e.g. 2 Mbit/s, G.703) SSM configuration Guaranteed synchronization quality (e.g. G.823 Network Limit) Upstream synchronisation chain length (number of clocks) Guaranteed availability of agreed quality (e.g. 0.9999)
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.112 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Agreement on synchronization interfaces

Mean Time to Repair in case of failure Worst case quality degradation in case of failure (e.g. max. frequency error, max. frequency drift, max. jitter & wander) Alarming method in case of failure (e.g. SSM) Quality monitoring criteria

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.113

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Summary on Standards

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.114

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Standardisation Bodies
International level : Regional level, Europe: USA: Industry level: e.g. Company level: e.g.
ITU : ETSI : ANSI : TIA:
Issue 05/01

ITU

Recommendations

ETSI Legaly binding standards ANSI Legaly binding standards TIA Industry standards Internal standards

Bellcore

International Telecommunication Union European Telecommunications Standards Institute American National Standards Institute Telecommunication Industry Association [Link] Oscilloquartz SA Slide 1.115

ITU-T Rec. concerning synch.

G.703 G.781 G.783 G.803 G.810 G.811 G.812

Electrical characteristics of digital interfaces Synchronisation layer function of SDH NEs SDH equipment functional blocks Architecture of SDH transport networks Definitions and terminology Specification for PRCs Specification for SSUs

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.116

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

ITU-T Rec. concerning synch.

G.813 G.823

Specification for SECs Jitter and wander control in 2048 kbit/sbased PDH networks (incl. synch. interfaces) Jitter and wander control in 1544 kbit/sbased PDH networks (incl. synch. interfaces) Jitter and wander control in SDH networks Jitter and wander control in the OTN

G.824

G.825 G.8251

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.117

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Cross-Reference Table
Definitions Architecture ITU-T
G.810 G.803

Network Network Limits

PDH: G.823 G.824 SDH: G.825

Clocks SSM
G.704 G.832

PRC
G.811

SSU/BITS
G.812

SEC
G.813 G.781

ETSI

ETS 300 462-1 ETS 300 462-2 sync.: ETS 417-6-1 ETS 300 462-3 ETS 300 147 non sync.: ETS 302 084

ETS 300 462-6 ETS 300 462-4 ETS 300 462-5 ETS 417-6-1

ANSI Telcordia

T1.101

T1.101

T1.101 T1.105.03

T1.105.09

GR-436-CORE(1) GR-499-CORE GR-253-CORE GR-2830-CORE GR-378-CORE GR-253-CORE

GR-253-CORE GR-253-CORE

GR-1244-CORE

Note (1): Synchronisation Planning

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.118

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

How to Synchronize Mixed Technology Networks

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.119

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

1. Mixed Technology Network Example

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.120

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Core Network Layers

64 kbit/s E1 or DS1
ATM ATM

IP
MPLS Adaption layer

SDH or SONET OTN

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.121

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Access Network Layers

Compressed Voice

IP

64 kbit/s Voice ISDN xDSL

IP Ethernet

UMTS-FDD RAN

Wireless access network

Wired access network

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.122

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Symbols and Terminolgy

PSTN switch
PSTN

IP Router
IP

IP Label Switching Router

IP LSR

ATM Switch
ATM

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.123

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Symbols and Terminolgy

UMTS Base Station
BS

C
RNC

UMTS Radio Network Controller Mobile Switching Center

MSC

Mobile Packet Router

MPR

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.124

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Symbols and Terminolgy

SDH/SONET Add-Drop-Multiplexer
SDH

SDH/SONET Crossconnect
SDH

Wavelength Add-Drop-Multiplexer
OTN

Wavelength Crossconnect
OTN

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.125

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Core Network Layers

IP/PSTN
IP P M IP P IP

ATM
A A A

SDH/ SONET

S S

S S

S O

OTN
O O

O O O

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.126

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Wired Access Network

64 kbit/s Voice Ethernet LAN
Modem

PBX

xDSL E1 or DS1
DSLAM
IP ATM

Core Network
PSTN IP

ATM

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.127

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Wireless Access Network

PSTN
MSC

C
BS RNC

N x E1/DS1
MPR

IP Network

ATM

BS

N x E1/DS1
S

SDH/ SONET

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.128

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

2. SDH and SONET Networks

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.129

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization requirements
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: 4.6E-6 (SDH Eqmt. Clock) 2E-5 (SONET Minimum Clock)

Jitter and Wander:

ITU-T G.825 (Network Limits) ANSI T1.101, 7.2 and 7.3 (MTIE, TDEV, phase transients)

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.130

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization distribution architecture

Tree of slave clocks locked to a master clock (master-slave distribution) Independent synchronization islands synchronized by GPS-receivers or other local PRCs A combination of master-slave distribution and local PRCs in important nodes

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.131

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization issues
Jitter and wander levels more critical than frequency accuracy (therefore need for low-bandwith slave clocks in master-slave networks). Establishment and maintenace of a network plan with trail redundancy Avoiding timing loops

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.132

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

3. The Public Switched Telephone Network

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.133

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization requirements
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: depends on clock level or stratum

Jitter and Wander:

ITU-T Rec. G.823 & G.824 (Network Limits) ANSI T1.101, 7.2 (MTIE, TDEV, phase transients)
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.134 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization distribution architecture

Synchronization distribution based on PDH transport network (E1 or DS1 signals as synchronization carriers). Synchronization distribution based on SDH/SONET transport network (STM-n or OC-n signals as synchronization carriers). Synchronization distribution based on the GPS Mixed solutions

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.135

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization issues
Frequency accuracy more critical than jitter and wander levels (therefore need for clocks with good holdover stability). The SDH/SONET network is not transparent for timing of E1 and DS1 signals (wander induced by SDH/SONET pointer adjustments).

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.136

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

4. ATM Networks

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.137

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization requirements
Frequency synchronization Frequency accuracy for synchronous physical layer:
Normal operation: 1E-11 Failure conditions: 2E-5

Frequency accuracy for asynchronous physical layer:

Failure conditions: 2E-5

Jitter & wander: ITU-T G.825 Network Limits

Issue 05/01 Slide 1.138 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization distribution architecture

Take synchronization from SONET-based synchronization distribution network Master-slave distribution tree using ATM traffic signals as synchronization carriers Take synchronization from GPS-receivers Combinations of the above techniques

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.139

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization from the SONET network

ATM NE

ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE

ATM network

ATM NE

Clock

Clock Clcok

SONET-based synch. distribution

PRS
Clock

Clock

Clock

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.140

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Master-slave synchronization distribution

ATM NE

ATM NE ATM NE

ATM network
PRS
ATM NE ATM NE

ATM NE

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.141

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

GPS-receivers

GPS GPS ATM NE

GPS GPS GPS ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE

ATM network

ATM NE

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.142

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Mixed solution

GPS

ATM NE

ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE ATM NE

ATM network

ATM NE

SONET-based synch. distribution

Clock

PRS

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.143

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization issues
SDH/SONET-based synchronization not always available (e.g. in case of ATM over ON) How can we achieve protection against reference failures in cases where SDH/SONET-based synchronization is not available?

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.144

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

5. Optical Networks

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.145

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Todays Optical Networks (ON)

Transmission: optical fibre Multiplexing: (Dense) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM, DWDM) Switching: circuit switching, where lightpaths are the circuits Control plane:
ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network) by ITU-T (G.8080/Y.1304) GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching) by IETF (draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-signaling-07)
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.146 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Optical Transport Networks

The remaining slides are about todays lightpath switched ONs as standardized by ITU-T; they are called Optical Transport Networks (OTN) (ITU-T Rec. G.709, G.871/Y.1301, G.872)

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.147

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

General OTN Features

New transport networking layer DWDM, each wavelength transports an Optical Channel (Och) Lightpath switching Data-rate per wavelength:
2.5 Gbit/s or 10 Gbit/s or 40 Gbit/s

Service transparency for clients Asynchronous and bit-synchronous payload mappings

Issue 05/01 Slide 1.148 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

OTN Network Layers

Client Information1 ...... Client InformationN

OCh layer network

OPU/ODU/OTU Overhead OCh Overhead

+
OTU1 OCh 1

+
OTUN OChN

OMS layer network

OMS Overhead

+
OMU

OTS layer network

OTS/COMMS Overhead
OTM

wavelengthN optical fibre

wavelength1
OSC

wavelength0

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.149

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

OTN Abbreviations
OCh OPU ODU OTU OMS OMU OTS OTM Optical Channel Optical Channel Payload Unit Optical Channel Data Unit Optical Channel Transport Unit Optical Multiplex Section Optical Multiplex Unit Optical Transmission Section Optical Transport Module

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.150

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

OTN Abbreviations
OSC COMMS OADM OXC LC REG Optical Supervisory Channel Management Communications Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer Optical Cross-Connect Link Connection Regenerator

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.151

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

OTN Architecture
Client (e.g. SDH) Link Connection OCh Link Connection (LC) OMS LC OTS LC OMS LC OTS LC OCh Link Connection (LC) OMS LC OTS LC OMS LC OTS LC

OCh matrix

OADM

REG

OXC

REG

OADM

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.152

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronisation Issues
The OTN is required to limit jitter and wander accumulation.
Hence there are Network Limit specifications (ITU-T Rec, G.8251).

The OTN itself is not required to transport synchronisation.

No requirement for different optical channels to by synchronous.

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.153

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronisation Issues
The OTN is required to allow the transport of synchronisation via SDH/SONET client connections.
SDH/SONET client connections must meet G.825 Network Limits after transport over the OTN. A synchronisation reference chain which meets G.825 Network Limits is proposed in ITU-T Rec. G.8251.

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.154

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

SDH synchronisation link connections

Supported by an SDH multiplex section trail The SDH multiplex section trail may be supported by an optical channel of the OTN (Optical Transport Network)

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.155

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

SDH synchronisation link connections

Synchronization

PRC

Synch. link connection

SSU

SDH/ SONET

SDH multiplex section trail

SDH SDH

OTN
OTN

Optical trail
OTN

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.156

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

The control of jitter and wander

SDH requires that jitter and wander be kept below tight network limits. This is achieved by inserting narrowbandwith SSUs in the synchronisation chain. Narrow-bandwith SSUs attenuate jitter and wander components that lie outside the SSU bandwith.

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.157

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronisation reference chain for SDH over OTN

PRC OTN Island typ. 10 OTN NEs

SSU
x

n (n < 10)

max. n x 10 OTN NEs

OTN Island

typ. 10 OTN NEs

SSU
SEC

max. 20 SEC
SEC

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.158

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronisation reference chain for SDH over OTN

ITU-T Rec. G.8251 for SDH over Optical Transport Network (OTN):
Not more than 10 OTN islands in the chain Insertion of an SSU after each OTN island Not more than 10 OTN NEs per OTN island (may be redivided freely over the OTN islands) Not more than 20 SECs in the pure SDH tail

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.159

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronisation reference chain for SDH over OTN

PRC
SEC

max. 20 SECs
SEC

SSU

n x SDH m x OTN n + m < 10 typ. 10 OTN NEs max. (60 SECs + m x 10 OTN NEs)

OTN Island

SSU
SEC

max. 20 SEC
SEC

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.160

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronisation reference chain for SDH over OTN

There may be a mix of pure SDH islands and SDH-over-OTN islands.
Not more than 10 islands alltogether Insertion of an SSU after each island Not more than 20 SECs in a pure SDH island Not more than 60 SECs in the entire chain

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.161

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

6. GSM and UMTS-FDD Radio Access Networks

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.162

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

GSM Network Architecture

MSC BTS MS

BSC Transport Network

BTS

MSC: Mobile Switching Center

BTS

BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station MS: Mobile Station (handy)

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.163

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

UMTS Network Architecture

MSC BS UE

BS Transport Network

BS

MSC: Mobile Switching Center

BS

RNC: Radio Network Controller BS: Base Station UE: User Equipment (handy)

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.164

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Relevant GSM Standards

ETS 300 577: Digital cellular telecommunications systems (Phase 2+); Radio transmission and reception ETS 300 912: Digital cellular telecommunications systems (Phase 2+); Radio subsystem synchronization (GSM 05.10)

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.165

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Relevant UMTS-FDD Standards

3G TS 25.401: , UTRAN Overall Description. 3G TS 25.402: , Synchronisation in UTRAN Stage 2. 3G TS 25.305: ..., Stage 2 Functional Specification of Location Services in UTRAN.

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.166

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

GSM Synchronisation Requirements

(at the radio interface)
Max. frequency error: 0.05 ppm for observation intervals down to 0.577 ms Max. phase error over a 0.577 ms long burst : 20 degrees peak-to-peak 5 degrees RMS Burst timing error: 1 microsecond over 0.5 s observation interval Holdover capability to keep within 0.05 ppm max. freq. error over the repair time

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.167

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

UMTS Synchronisation Requirements

(at the radio interface)

Max. frequency error: 0.05 ppm Holdover capability to keep within 0.05 ppm max. freq. error over the repair time

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.168

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronisation Network Architectures

PDH-based solution SDH-based solution GPS-based solution

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.169

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

PDH-Based Synchronisation
PRC MS

Switch
E1

MSC
E1 E1

BSC
E1 E1

BTS
E1

PDH MUX

PDH MUX

PDH MUX

PDH MUX

PDH MUX

PDH MUX

PDH transport network

Issue 05/01 Slide 1.170 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

SDH-Based Synchronisation
MS PRC
SYNC

MSC
SYNC

BSC
SYNC

BTS RET
E1 E1

E1

E1

E1

E1

SDH NE

SDH NE

SDH NE

SDH NE

SDH transport network

Issue 05/01 Slide 1.171 [Link]

RET = retiming
Oscilloquartz SA

GPS-based Synchronisation
GPS satellites

MSC

BTS

BSC Transport Network BTS

Issue 05/01 Slide 1.172

BTS

MS

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

The problem with PDH over SDH

IMPORTANT:
PDH path layers supported by SDH path layers are not suitable for transporting synchronisation.

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.173

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Wander from pointer adjustments

The payload is asynchronously mapped using bit stuffing, but since its position is referenced to the STM-N frame, each pointer adjustment causes a phase step to the PDH tributary desynchroniser
TRAFFIC SIGNAL 1.5Mbit/s 2Mbit/s 34,45Mbit/s 140Mbit/s SONET/SDH PAYLOAD VC-11, VT1.5 VC-12, VT2 VC-3, STS-1 VC-4 TRIBUTARY OUTPUT WANDER 4.63s 3.47s 0.16s 0.16s

Therefore unlike PDH, SONET and SDH are NOT suitable to transport 1.5Mbit/s or 2Mbit/s SD trails
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.174 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Typical 2Mbit/s output TIE plot for a VC-12 pointer adjustment

TIE (s) 4E-6 3E-6 3.6E-6 3.1E-6 d = 1E-7 dt = Frequency offset

2E-6 1E-6 0 0
Issue 05/01

Time (s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Oscilloquartz SA
Slide 1.175 [Link]

Retiming I
E1 or DS1 data in Buffer memory Retimed data out read

write Clock recovery

Timing signal

Equipment clock

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.176

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Retiming II
Retiming is applied on E1 or DS1 traffic signals affected by excessive wander. The long-term frequency (data rate) of the traffic signal must locked to the network PRC. The retiming buffer transmits the incoming traffic at the data rate of the timing signal, thus removing the excessive wander. Retiming is used when E1/DS1 traffic signals transported over SDH/SONET are used as synchronisation links (e.g. GSM BST).
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.177 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

7. cdmaOne, cdma2000 and UMTS-TDD Radio Access Networks

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.178

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

cdmaOne/2000 Synchronization Requirements

Phase synchronization Frequency accuracy of base station transmit carrier: 5E-8 Phase-time accuracy of base station time base:
Normal operation: 3 s Reference failure: 10 s over 8 h failure period

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.179

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

UMTS-TDD Synchronization Requirements

Phase synchronization Frequency accuracy of base station transmit carrier: 5E-8 Phase-time accuracy of base station time base in normal operation: 1.25 s

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.180

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization distribution architecture

A GPS-receiver in each base station A GPS-receiver per cluster of cells or microcells

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.181

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

A GPS-receiver in each base station

GPS

C
RNC BS

MSC

GPS

BS

Transport Network
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.182 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

A GPS-receiver per cluster of cells or microcells

Time transfer signal & protocol
GPS

C
BSC BS

MSC

BS

Transport Network
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.183 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Synchronization issues
So far the GPS is the only practical source for phase synchronization - it may be accessed directly or indirectly (via other signals carrying GPS time or phase). Redundant GPS-receivers and GPSantennas do not protect against degradation of the GPS radio signal due to interference or jamming.

Issue 05/01

Slide 1.184

[Link]

Oscilloquartz SA

Thank you
Issue 05/01 Slide 1.185 [Link]

Oscilloquartz SA